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#NUR1114 Bioscience > Week 1: The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Week 1: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

Strong, fibrous proteins that provide tensile strength and structural support in connective tissues.

A

Define

Collagen Fibers

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2
Q

Definition

The central cavity of a long bone shaft, where yellow bone marrow is stored.

A

Define

Medullary cavity

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3
Q

Definition

A hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna.

A

Define

Elbow Joint

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4
Q

Define

Saddle Joint

A

A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom and looks like a saddle.

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5
Q

Define

Sutures

A

Immovable fibrous joints found between skull bones.

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6
Q

Definition

The shaft or central part of a long bone, providing leverage and weight support.

A

Define

Diaphysis

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7
Q

Define

Ball and Socket Joint

A

A joint that allows movement in multiple planes and rotation.

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8
Q

Definition

Multipotent stem cells found in red bone marrow that give rise to all types of blood cells.

A

Define

Hematopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

Definition

Bone tissue with a porous, lattice-like structure, found primarily at the ends of long bones and within flat bones.

A

Define

Spongy Bone

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10
Q

Definition

The stage where the soft callus is replaced by a hard bony callus, stabilizing the fracture.

A

Define

Bony Callus Formation

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11
Q

Define

Spiral Fracture

A

A fracture where the bone has been twisted apart.

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12
Q

Definition

A joint that allows movement in one plane, similar to a door hinge.

A

Define

Hinge Joint

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13
Q

Definition

A fracture where the bone pierces the skin, increasing the risk of infection.

A

Define

Open Fracture

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14
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing the release of calcium from bones.

A

Define

Parathyroid hormone

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15
Q

Define

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Multipotent stem cells found in red bone marrow that give rise to all types of blood cells.

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16
Q

Definition

The fibrocartilaginous pads between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and allowing for movement.

A

Define

Intervertebral Discs

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17
Q

Define

Pelvic girdle

A

The structure formed by the hip bones, supporting the lower limbs and protecting the pelvic organs.

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18
Q

Definition

Freely movable joints.

A

Define

Diarthroses

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19
Q

Define

Condylar Joint

A

A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom.

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20
Q

Definition

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.

A

Define

Supination

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21
Q

Definition

Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the femur and humerus, providing leverage and support.

A

Define

Long bones

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22
Q

Define

Retraction

A

Moving a body part backward.

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23
Q

Definition

Turning a limb toward the midline of the body.

A

Define

Medial Rotation

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24
Q

Definition

The bony structure formed by the ribs and sternum that protects the heart and lungs.

A

Define

Rib cage

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25
Q

Definition

Slightly movable joints.

A

Define

Amphiarthroses

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26
Q

Define

Articular Capsule

A

A double-layered structure that surrounds synovial joints, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.

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27
Q

Definition

Circular movement of a limb or eye.

A

Define

Circumduction

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28
Q

Define

Long bones

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the femur and humerus, providing leverage and support.

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29
Q

Define

Ligaments

A

Strong, fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support.

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30
Q

Definition

A fracture of the scaphoid bone in the wrist, often from a fall on an outstretched hand.

A

Define

Scaphoid Fracture

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31
Q

Define

Elbow Joint

A

A hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna.

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32
Q

Definition

The part of the body extending from the hip to the foot, including the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

A

Define

Lower limb

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33
Q

Definition

Bones that are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness, such as the carpals and tarsals, providing stability and some movement.

A

Define

Short bones

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34
Q

Define

Sprains

A

Injuries involving the twisting or pulling of joints, leading to the stretching or tearing of ligaments.

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35
Q

Define

Ground Substance

A

The amorphous, gel-like component of the extracellular matrix, in which cells and fibers are embedded, and which contains water, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.

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36
Q

Define

Comminuted Fracture

A

A fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.

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37
Q

Define

Bony Callus Formation

A

The stage where the soft callus is replaced by a hard bony callus, stabilizing the fracture.

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38
Q

Definition

Joints connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.

A

Define

Fibrous Joints

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39
Q

Define

Articular Cartilage

A

The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, allowing for easy movement.

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40
Q

Define

Pott’s Fracture

A

A fracture involving one or both malleoli of the ankle.

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41
Q

Definition

Moving a body part forward.

A

Define

Protraction

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42
Q

Definition

Growth that occurs by adding new layers to the surface, leading to an increase in thickness.

A

Define

Appositional growth

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43
Q

Define

Anatomy

A

The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.

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44
Q

Definition

The ability of a tissue, particularly muscles and joints, to move through their full range of motion without restriction or pain.

A

Define

Flexibility

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45
Q

Define

Synovial Joints

A

Joints characterized by articular cartilage and a fluid-filled cavity, allowing a wide range of movement.

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46
Q

Define

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Joints connected by cartilage with no joint cavity.

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47
Q

Definition

Joints characterized by articular cartilage and a fluid-filled cavity, allowing a wide range of movement.

A

Define

Synovial Joints

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48
Q

Definition

The movable attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.

A

Define

Insertion

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49
Q

Define

Medullary cavity

A

The central cavity of a long bone shaft, where yellow bone marrow is stored.

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50
Q

Define

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb or eye.

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51
Q

Define

Skeletal Muscles

A

Muscles attached to the skeleton that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing. They are under voluntary control.

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52
Q

Definition

A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, forming at the fracture site.

A

Define

Hematoma

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53
Q

Define

Intervertebral Discs

A

The fibrocartilaginous pads between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and allowing for movement.

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54
Q

Definition

C-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage in the knee joint that act as shock absorbers and provide stability.

A

Define

Menisci

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55
Q

Definition

A space within a synovial joint that contains synovial fluid, providing lubrication and reducing friction.

A

Define

Joint Cavity

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56
Q

Define

Fibrocartilage

A

A tough, dense type of cartilage that provides strength and rigidity, found in intervertebral discs and menisci.

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57
Q

Define

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending the foot upward at the ankle.

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58
Q

Define

Scaphoid Fracture

A

A fracture of the scaphoid bone in the wrist, often from a fall on an outstretched hand.

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59
Q

Define

Bone deposition

A

The process by which osteoblasts produce new bone matrix, adding minerals and strengthening the bone.

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60
Q

Define

Lateral Rotation

A

Turning a limb away from the midline of the body.

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61
Q

Definition

A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

A

Define

Extracellular Matrix

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62
Q

Definition

Injuries involving the twisting or pulling of joints, leading to the stretching or tearing of ligaments.

A

Define

Sprains

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63
Q

Definition

Moving a body part backward.

A

Define

Retraction

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64
Q

Definition

The rounded end of a long bone, where it articulates with another bone, providing joint stability and movement.

A

Define

Epiphysis

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65
Q

Define

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

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66
Q

Define

Elastic Cartilage

A

Cartilage that contains elastic fibers, allowing it to maintain shape after bending, found in the ear and epiglottis.

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67
Q

Definition

The increase in the diameter of bones through appositional growth.

A

Define

Bone widening

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68
Q

Definition

A fracture where the bone has been twisted apart.

A

Define

Spiral Fracture

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69
Q

Define

Open Fracture

A

A fracture where the bone pierces the skin, increasing the risk of infection.

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70
Q

Definition

Rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals.

A

Define

Bones

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71
Q

Define

Human skeleton

A

The internal framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones in adults, that provides support, protection, and facilitates movement.

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72
Q

Definition

A fracture where a bone is pressed inward, often seen in skull fractures.

A

Define

Depressed Fracture

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73
Q

Define

Neuromuscular Disease

A

Disorders that affect the muscles and the nerves that control them, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

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74
Q

Definition

Bending the foot downward at the ankle.

A

Define

Plantar Flexion

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75
Q

Definition

Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and protection.

A

Define

Compact Bone

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76
Q

Define

Pronation

A

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.

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77
Q

Definition

The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.

A

Define

Anatomy

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78
Q

Define

Cartilage formation

A

The process by which cartilage is developed from chondroblasts, which produce the cartilaginous matrix.

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79
Q

Define

Osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, causing pain and stiffness.

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80
Q

Definition

Immovable fibrous joints found between skull bones.

A

Define

Sutures

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81
Q

Definition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.

A

Define

Opposition

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82
Q

Definition

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) that attach them to the axial skeleton.

A

Define

Appendicular skeleton

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83
Q

Definition

A flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body including joints, ear, nose, and windpipe. It provides structure and cushioning in the joints.

A

Define

Cartilage

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84
Q

Definition

The resistance of a material to breaking under tension, an important property of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments.

A

Define

Tensile Strength

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85
Q

Define

Calcium Phosphate Crystals

A

Confer hardness and resistance to compression.

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86
Q

Define

Carpal Bones

A

Bones of the wrist involved in plane joints.

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87
Q

Define

Hinge Joint

A

A joint that allows movement in one plane, similar to a door hinge.

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88
Q

Define

Bones

A

Rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals.

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89
Q

Definition

The final phase of bone healing where the bony callus is remodeled into strong, compact bone.

A

Define

Bone Remodeling

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90
Q

Define

Lower limb

A

The part of the body extending from the hip to the foot, including the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

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91
Q

Define

Insertion

A

The movable attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.

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92
Q

Definition

The initial phase of bone healing involving bleeding and inflammation.

A

Define

Inflammatory Phase

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93
Q

Definition

The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the lower back, protecting the spinal cord and providing structural support.

A

Define

Vertebral column

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94
Q

Definition

Thin, flattened, and often curved bones, such as those of the skull, ribs, and sternum, that provide protection and surface area for muscle attachment.

A

Define

Flat bones

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95
Q

Define

Plane Joint

A

A joint that allows gliding movements.

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96
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by promoting the storage of calcium in bones.

A

Define

Calcitonin

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97
Q

Define

Hematopoiesis

A

The formation and development of blood cells, occurring primarily in the red bone marrow.

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98
Q

Definition

Increasing the angle between two bones.

A

Define

Extension

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99
Q

Define

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release calcium and phosphate.

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100
Q

Define

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix, balancing collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals.

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101
Q

Define

Transverse Fracture

A

A fracture that occurs at a right angle to the bone’s axis.

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102
Q

Define

Hematoma

A

A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, forming at the fracture site.

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103
Q

Definition

Immovable joints.

A

Define

Synarthroses

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104
Q

Definition

The process by which osteoblasts produce new bone matrix, adding minerals and strengthening the bone.

A

Define

Bone deposition

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105
Q

Definition

Growth that occurs within the interior of cartilage, leading to an increase in length.

A

Define

Interstitial growth

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106
Q

Define

Bone widening

A

The increase in the diameter of bones through appositional growth.

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107
Q

Definition

Bone-forming cells that produce collagen fibers and ground substance, contributing to bone building.

A

Define

Osteoblasts

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108
Q

Definition

A joint that allows movement in multiple planes and rotation.

A

Ball and Socket Joint

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109
Q

Define

Plantar Flexion

A

Bending the foot downward at the ankle.

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110
Q

Definition

Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix, balancing collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals.

A

Define

Osteocytes

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111
Q

Definition

A joint that allows rotation around a single axis.

A

Define

Pivot Joint

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112
Q

Definition

Breaks or cracks in bones caused by trauma, overuse, or conditions that weaken bones.

A

Define

Fractures

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113
Q

Definition

A fracture involving one or both malleoli of the ankle.

A

Define

Pott’s Fracture

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114
Q

Define

Diaphysis

A

The shaft or central part of a long bone, providing leverage and weight support.

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115
Q

Definition

Decreasing the angle between two bones.

A

Define

Flexion

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116
Q

Definition

A tough connective tissue membrane covering compact bone, with a rich blood supply.

A

Define

Periosteum

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117
Q

Define

Bone resorption

A

The process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing minerals into the blood.

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118
Q

Define

Osseous Tissue

A

Specialized bone cells and extracellular matrix.

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119
Q

Define

Bone formation

A

The process by which bone is created, starting with the formation of a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone tissue.

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120
Q

Define

Pivot Joint

A

A joint that allows rotation around a single axis.

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121
Q

Define

Supination

A

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.

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122
Q

Define

Periosteum

A

A tough connective tissue membrane covering compact bone, with a rich blood supply.

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123
Q

Define

Epiphysis

A

The rounded end of a long bone, where it articulates with another bone, providing joint stability and movement.

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124
Q

Define

Interstitial growth

A

Growth that occurs within the interior of cartilage, leading to an increase in length.

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125
Q

Define

Resilience

A

The ability of a tissue or material to absorb energy when it is deformed and release that energy upon unloading, allowing it to return to its original shape.

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126
Q

Definition

The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the more stable bone during muscle contraction.

A

Define

Origin

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127
Q

Define

Osteoprogenitors

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

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128
Q

Define

Inflammatory Phase

A

The initial phase of bone healing involving bleeding and inflammation.

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129
Q

Define

Origin

A

The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the more stable bone during muscle contraction.

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130
Q

Definition

An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction.

A

Define

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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131
Q

Definition

A type of bone marrow that primarily stores fat and is found in the central cavities of long bones.

A

Define

Yellow bone marrow

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132
Q

Definition

A type of cartilage that is smooth and translucent, providing flexible support and reducing friction in joints.

A

Define

Hyaline Cartilage

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133
Q

Definition

Thin, needle-like structures that form a lattice network within spongy bone.

A

Define

Trabeculae

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134
Q

Define

Upper limb

A

The part of the body extending from the shoulder to the hand, including the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

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135
Q

Definition

The internal framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones in adults, that provides support, protection, and facilitates movement.

A

Define

Human skeleton

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136
Q

Define

Osteoporosis

A

A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.

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137
Q

Define

Bone Fractures

A

Breaks or cracks in bones resulting from trauma, disease, or overuse.

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138
Q

Define

Trabeculae

A

Thin, needle-like structures that form a lattice network within spongy bone.

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139
Q

Definition

Structural units of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of matrix.

A

Define

Osteons

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140
Q

Definition

Forces that press or squeeze an object, important in understanding how bones and cartilage absorb impact and weight.

A

Define

Compression Forces

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141
Q

Definition

Bones of the wrist involved in plane joints.

A

Define

Carpal Bones

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142
Q

Define

Endosteum

A

A membrane lining the inner surfaces of bones, including the trabeculae of spongy bone.

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143
Q

Define

Auricle (Pinna)

A

The outer part of the ear that captures sound waves and directs them into the ear canal.

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144
Q

Define

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between two bones.

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145
Q

Definition

The formation and development of blood cells, occurring primarily in the red bone marrow.

A

Define

Hematopoiesis

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146
Q

Define

Reposition

A

Movement of the thumb back to its anatomical position.

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147
Q

Define

Atlas-Axis Joint

A

The joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.

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148
Q

Definition

A double-layered structure that surrounds synovial joints, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.

A

Define

Articular Capsule

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149
Q

Define

Medial Rotation

A

Turning a limb toward the midline of the body.

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150
Q

Definition

Cartilage that contains elastic fibers, allowing it to maintain shape after bending, found in the ear and epiglottis.

A

Define

Elastic Cartilage

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151
Q

Definition

Tough, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement.

A

Define

Tendons

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152
Q

Define

Fat Pads

A

Collections of adipose tissue that protect and cushion synovial joints.

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153
Q

Definition

A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom and looks like a saddle.

A

Define

Saddle Joint

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154
Q

Definition

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

A

Define

Abduction

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155
Q

Definition

The stage where a soft callus forms around the fracture.

A

Define

Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

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156
Q

Define

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells that produce collagen fibers and ground substance, contributing to bone building.

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157
Q

Define

Pathological Fracture

A

A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease.

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158
Q

Definition

Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans.

A

Define

Chondrocytes

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159
Q

Definition

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.

A

Define

Pronation

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160
Q

Definition

Specialized bone cells and extracellular matrix.

A

Define

Osseous Tissue

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161
Q

Definition

The process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing minerals into the blood.

A

Define

Bone resorption

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162
Q

Definition

Bending the foot upward at the ankle.

A

Define

Dorsiflexion

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163
Q

Define

Osteons

A

Structural units of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of matrix.

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164
Q

Define

Closed Fracture

A

A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.

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165
Q

Definition

A fracture that occurs when bone is crushed, often seen in vertebrae.

A

Define

Compression Fracture

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166
Q

Define

Tensile Strength

A

The resistance of a material to breaking under tension, an important property of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments.

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167
Q

Define

Tendons

A

Tough, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement.

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168
Q

Define

Tendon Sheaths

A

Tubular structures surrounding tendons that contain fluid to reduce friction during movement.

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169
Q

Define

Bone Remodeling

A

The final phase of bone healing where the bony callus is remodeled into strong, compact bone.

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170
Q

Define

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

A fracture involving the growth plate of a bone, affecting bone growth.

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171
Q

Define

Fibrous Joints

A

Joints connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.

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172
Q

Definition

The ability of a tissue or material to absorb energy when it is deformed and release that energy upon unloading, allowing it to return to its original shape.

A

Define

Resilience

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173
Q

Define

Avulsion Fracture

A

A fracture where a fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament.

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174
Q

Define

Depressed Fracture

A

A fracture where a bone is pressed inward, often seen in skull fractures.

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175
Q

Define

Central Canal

A

A channel within osteons that contains an artery, vein, and nerve.

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176
Q

Definition

Movement of the thumb back to its anatomical position.

A

Define

Reposition

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177
Q

Define

Rib cage

A

The bony structure formed by the ribs and sternum that protects the heart and lungs.

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178
Q

Definition

A fracture that occurs at a right angle to the bone’s axis.

A

Define

Transverse Fracture

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179
Q

Definition

Strong, fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support.

A

Define

Ligaments

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180
Q

Define

Yellow bone marrow

A

A type of bone marrow that primarily stores fat and is found in the central cavities of long bones.

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181
Q

Definition

Lowering a body part.

A

Define

Depression

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182
Q

Definition

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

A

Define

Eversion

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183
Q

Definition

Confer hardness and resistance to compression.

A

Define

Calcium Phosphate Crystals

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184
Q

Define

Compression Fracture

A

A fracture that occurs when bone is crushed, often seen in vertebrae.

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185
Q

Definition

Distinctive features on bones, such as ridges, bumps, and grooves, that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments or passageways for nerves and blood vessels.

A

Define

Bone landmarks

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186
Q

Define

Fractures

A

Breaks or cracks in bones caused by trauma, overuse, or conditions that weaken bones.

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187
Q

Define

Carpometacarpal Joint (Thumb)

A

A saddle joint located between the carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb.

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188
Q

Define

Chondrocytes

A

Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans.

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189
Q

Define

Compact Bone

A

Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and protection.

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190
Q

Definition

Bone-resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release calcium and phosphate.

A

Define

Osteoclasts

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191
Q

Definition

Tubular structures surrounding tendons that contain fluid to reduce friction during movement.

A

Define

Tendon Sheaths

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192
Q

Definition

A fracture of the distal radius in the wrist with dorsal displacement.

A

Define

Colles’ Fracture

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193
Q

Define

Costal Cartilage

A

The bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum, providing flexibility and expansion during breathing.

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194
Q

Define

Flat bones

A

Thin, flattened, and often curved bones, such as those of the skull, ribs, and sternum, that provide protection and surface area for muscle attachment.

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195
Q

Definition

The amorphous, gel-like component of the extracellular matrix, in which cells and fibers are embedded, and which contains water, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.

A

Define

Ground Substance

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196
Q

Define

Cartilage

A

A flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body including joints, ear, nose, and windpipe. It provides structure and cushioning in the joints.

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197
Q

Define

Appositional growth

A

Growth that occurs by adding new layers to the surface, leading to an increase in thickness.

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198
Q

Define

Greenstick Fracture

A

A partial fracture where one side of the bone bends, common in children.

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199
Q

Definition

A membrane lining the inner surfaces of bones, including the trabeculae of spongy bone.

A

Define

Endosteum

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200
Q

Definition

The process by which structures or tissues are maintained in a stable position, preventing unwanted movement and providing support during physical activity.

A

Define

Stabilization

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201
Q

Definition

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

A

Define

Osteoprogenitors

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202
Q

Define

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that produce collagen fibers and play a critical role in wound healing.

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203
Q

Define

Joint Cavity

A

A space within a synovial joint that contains synovial fluid, providing lubrication and reducing friction.

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204
Q

Define

Appendicular skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) that attach them to the axial skeleton.

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205
Q

Define

Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates)

A

Areas of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents; they determine the future length and shape of the mature bone.

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206
Q

Definition

The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, allowing for easy movement.

A

Define

Articular Cartilage

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207
Q

Definition

Collections of adipose tissue that protect and cushion synovial joints.

A

Define

Fat Pads

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208
Q

Define

Extracellular Matrix

A

A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

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209
Q

Definition

A tough, dense type of cartilage that provides strength and rigidity, found in intervertebral discs and menisci.

A

Define

Fibrocartilage

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210
Q

Define

Red bone marrow

A

A type of bone marrow that produces blood cells and is found in the cavities of certain bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and sternum.

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211
Q

Definition

The cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones, providing slight mobility and absorbing shock during walking.

A

Define

Pubic Symphysis

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212
Q

Definition

A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom.

A

Define

Condylar Joint

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213
Q

Define

Calcitonin

A

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by promoting the storage of calcium in bones.

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214
Q

Define

Short bones

A

Bones that are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness, such as the carpals and tarsals, providing stability and some movement.

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215
Q

Definition

A slightly movable fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula.

A

Define

Tibiofibular Joint

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216
Q

Define

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

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217
Q

Define

Vertebral column

A

The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the lower back, protecting the spinal cord and providing structural support.

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218
Q

Define

Elevation

A

Raising a body part.

219
Q

Definition

The joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.

A

Define

Atlas-Axis Joint

220
Q

Definition

A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease.

A

Define

Pathological Fracture

221
Q

Definition

A joint that allows gliding movements.

A

Define

Plane Joint

222
Q

Definition

Muscles attached to the skeleton that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing. They are under voluntary control.

A

Define

Skeletal Muscles

223
Q

Definition

Condylar joints located between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers.

A

Define

Metacarpophalangeal Joints

224
Q

Define

Metacarpophalangeal Joints

A

Condylar joints located between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers.

225
Q

Definition

A channel within osteons that contains an artery, vein, and nerve.

A

Define

Central Canal

226
Q

Definition

Injuries where bones are forced out of their normal position in a joint, often requiring medical intervention to realign.

A

Define

Dislocations

227
Q

Define

Pubic Symphysis

A

The cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones, providing slight mobility and absorbing shock during walking.

228
Q

Definition

The bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum, providing flexibility and expansion during breathing.

A

Define

Costal Cartilage

229
Q

Definition

A fracture involving the growth plate of a bone, affecting bone growth.

A

Define

Epiphyseal Fracture

230
Q

Definition

The part of the body extending from the shoulder to the hand, including the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

A

Define

Upper limb

231
Q

Define

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

232
Q

Definition

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, causing pain and stiffness.

A

Define

Osteoarthritis

233
Q

Definition

A fracture where a fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament.

A

Define

Avulsion Fracture

234
Q

Define

Spongy Bone

A

Bone tissue with a porous, lattice-like structure, found primarily at the ends of long bones and within flat bones.

235
Q

Define

Axial skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head, neck, and trunk, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

236
Q

Definition

A saddle joint located between the carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb.

A

Define

Carpometacarpal Joint (Thumb)

237
Q

Define

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction.

238
Q

Define

Parathyroid hormone

A

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing the release of calcium from bones.

239
Q

Definition

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

A

Define

Adduction

240
Q

Define

Dislocations

A

Injuries where bones are forced out of their normal position in a joint, often requiring medical intervention to realign.

241
Q

Define

Hyaline Cartilage

A

A type of cartilage that is smooth and translucent, providing flexible support and reducing friction in joints.

242
Q

Definition

A type of bone marrow that produces blood cells and is found in the cavities of certain bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and sternum.

A

Define

Red bone marrow

243
Q

Definition

The process by which cartilage is developed from chondroblasts, which produce the cartilaginous matrix.

A

Define

Cartilage formation

244
Q

Define

Depression

A

Lowering a body part.

245
Q

Define

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.

246
Q

Define

Bursae

A

Small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts in a joint.

247
Q

Definition

Areas of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents; they determine the future length and shape of the mature bone.

A

Define

Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates)

248
Q

Define

Diarthroses

A

Freely movable joints.

249
Q

Define

Eversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

250
Q

Definition

Turning a limb away from the midline of the body.

A

Define

Lateral Rotation

251
Q

Define

Tibiofibular Joint

A

A slightly movable fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula.

252
Q

Definition

Small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts in a joint.

A

Define

Bursae

253
Q

Define

Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

A

The stage where a soft callus forms around the fracture.

254
Q

Definition

Breaks or cracks in bones resulting from trauma, disease, or overuse.

A

Define

Bone Fractures

255
Q

Define

Bone landmarks

A

Distinctive features on bones, such as ridges, bumps, and grooves, that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments or passageways for nerves and blood vessels.

256
Q

Define

Musculoskeletal System

A

The system in the body composed of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that provides structure, support, stability, and movement

257
Q

Definition

The joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra.

A

Define

Atlanto-occipital Joint

258
Q

Define

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two bones.

259
Q

Definition

Structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for varying degrees of movement.

A

Define

Joints (Articulations)

260
Q

Define

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints.

261
Q

Define

Protraction

A

Moving a body part forward.

262
Q

Definition

Cells that produce collagen fibers and play a critical role in wound healing.

A

Define

Fibroblasts

263
Q

Definition

Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as the vertebrae and certain skull bones, providing protection and support.

A

Define

Irregular bones

264
Q

Definition

The system in the body composed of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that provides structure, support, stability, and movement

A

Define

Musculoskeletal System

265
Q

Define

Colles’ Fracture

A

A fracture of the distal radius in the wrist with dorsal displacement.

266
Q

Define

Collagen Fibers

A

Strong, fibrous proteins that provide tensile strength and structural support in connective tissues.

267
Q

Definition

Raising a body part.

A

Define

Elevation

268
Q

Define

Atlanto-occipital Joint

A

The joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra.

269
Q

Definition

Disorders that affect the muscles and the nerves that control them, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

A

Define

Neuromuscular Disease

270
Q

Definition

The outer part of the ear that captures sound waves and directs them into the ear canal.

A

Define

Auricle (Pinna)

271
Q

Define

Irregular bones

A

Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as the vertebrae and certain skull bones, providing protection and support.

272
Q

Definition

The structure formed by the hip bones, supporting the lower limbs and protecting the pelvic organs.

A

Define

Pelvic girdle

273
Q

Define

Compression Forces

A

Forces that press or squeeze an object, important in understanding how bones and cartilage absorb impact and weight.

274
Q

Define

Stabilization

A

The process by which structures or tissues are maintained in a stable position, preventing unwanted movement and providing support during physical activity.

275
Q

Definition

Joints connected by cartilage with no joint cavity.

A

Define

Cartilaginous Joints

276
Q

Definition

A partial fracture where one side of the bone bends, common in children.

A

Define

Greenstick Fracture

277
Q

Definition

A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.

A

Define

Closed Fracture

278
Q

Define

Menisci

A

C-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage in the knee joint that act as shock absorbers and provide stability.

279
Q

Define

Elastin Fibers

A

Elastic fibers in connective tissue that allow tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.

280
Q

Definition

A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.

A

Define

Osteoporosis

281
Q

Define

Flexibility

A

The ability of a tissue, particularly muscles and joints, to move through their full range of motion without restriction or pain.

282
Q

Definition

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

A

Define

Inversion

283
Q

Definition

A fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.

A

Define

Comminuted Fracture

284
Q

Define

Joints (Articulations)

A

Structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for varying degrees of movement.

285
Q

Definition

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head, neck, and trunk, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

A

Define

Axial skeleton

286
Q

Define

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints.

287
Q

Definition

The process by which bone is created, starting with the formation of a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone tissue.

A

Define

Bone formation

288
Q

Definition

Elastic fibers in connective tissue that allow tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.

A

Define

Elastin Fibers

289
Q

Why is it essential for health professionals to know the bones, joints, and muscles that form the musculoskeletal system?

A

Understanding the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system is crucial for evaluating, treating, and rehabilitating patients with musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

290
Q

What types of conditions commonly encountered by health professionals relate to the musculoskeletal system?

A

Conditions such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuromuscular diseases, fractures, and dislocations.

291
Q

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

A

206 bones.

292
Q

What is the role of joints (articulations) in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Joints facilitate body movement and provide mobility and flexibility.

293
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Ligaments connect one bone to another and stabilize the connecting bones at a joint.

294
Q

How do tendons contribute to body movement?

A

Tendons connect skeletal muscles to bones, enabling body movements by muscle contractions.

295
Q

Approximately how many skeletal muscles are there in the human body?

A

Over 650 skeletal muscles.

296
Q

What are the primary functions of cartilage in the body?

A

Cartilage supports body structures, connects bones, maintains the shape of structures, resists compression, and has tensile strength.

297
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) of developing bones?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

298
Q

What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones at joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage).

299
Q

Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci within the knee joint.

300
Q

What is the primary function of elastic cartilage, and where is it found?

A

Elastic cartilage maintains the shape of certain structures and is found in the auricle (pinna) of the external ear.

301
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

It generates the somatic motor output leading to skeletal muscle contraction.

302
Q

Differentiate between upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN).

A

UMNs conduct somatic motor output through the CNS to the LMNs, which then conduct the output from the CNS to the skeletal muscle.

303
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by LMNs at the synapse with skeletal muscles, and what does it bind to?

A

LMNs release acetylcholine (ACh), which binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles, initiating contraction.

304
Q

What are the main components of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bones, muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and cartilage.

305
Q

What role do bones play in providing structural support to the body?

A

Bones provide a solid framework that supports the body’s weight and maintains its shape.

306
Q

Give an example of how bones provide structural support.

A

The rib cage supports the thoracic wall, and the bones of the legs act as pillars supporting the body trunk.

307
Q

What are the five functions of bones?

A

Structural support
Protection
Storage of minerals and triglycerides
Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
Movement

308
Q

What would happen to the body’s shape without bones?

A

Without bones, the body would lack definite shape, resembling blobs of wobbly flesh.

309
Q

How do bones protect internal organs?

A

Bones surround and enclose body tissues and organs, protecting them from injury.

310
Q

Give an example of bones protecting vital organs.

A

Skull bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.

311
Q

What is stored in bones that helps maintain homeostatic blood calcium levels?

A

Bones store essential minerals such as calcium and phosphate.

312
Q

Which hormones regulate the release and absorption of calcium in bones?

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate the release and absorption of calcium in bones.

313
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do in relation to calcium levels in bones?

A

Parathyroid hormone releases calcium from bones into the blood when calcium levels are low.

314
Q

What is the function of calcitonin regarding calcium levels in bones?

A

Calcitonin stimulates bones to absorb calcium from the blood when calcium levels are high.

315
Q

What does yellow bone marrow consist of, and what is its function?

A

Yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells that store fat, which can be broken down to produce energy when needed.

316
Q

Where does blood cell production (hematopoiesis) occur?

A

Blood cell production occurs in the red bone marrow.

317
Q

What types of cells are produced in the red bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

318
Q

At what rate are red blood cells produced in the red bone marrow?

A

Red blood cells are produced at a rate of around 2,000,000 per second.

319
Q

How do bones contribute to body movement?

A

Bones act as levers to move body parts when skeletal muscles attach to them and pull on them during contraction.

320
Q

What are the points of muscle attachment to bones called, and what are their roles?

A

Origin: The fixed point of muscle attachment where the bone does not move when the muscle contracts.
Insertion: The moveable point of muscle attachment where the bone moves when the muscle contracts.

321
Q

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

322
Q

What are the four groups that bones are classified into according to shape?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

323
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

324
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

7 cervical vertebrae

325
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

12 thoracic vertebrae

326
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

5 lumbar vertebrae

327
Q

What bones make up the rib cage?

A

Sternum and ribs (12 pairs)

328
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

Upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdles, pelvic girdle

329
Q

What bones are in the upper limbs?

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

330
Q

What bones are in the lower limbs?

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, patella

331
Q

What bones make up the shoulder girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

332
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Hip bones and sacrum

333
Q

What are the components of long bones?

A

Shaft (diaphysis) and bone ends (epiphysis)

334
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Tarsals, carpals, patella

335
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

Sternum, ribs, scapula, most skull bones

336
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae, hip bones

337
Q

What is the largest bone in the upper limb?

A

Humerus

338
Q

What bones compose the hand?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

339
Q

What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?

A

Femur

340
Q

Which bone is thicker and the main weight-bearing bone in the lower limb?

A

Tibia

341
Q

What mnemonic can help remember the tibia and fibula?

A

T for Tibia (Thick), F for Fibula (“Fin”)

342
Q

What bone protects the knee joint?

A

Patella

343
Q

What bones compose the foot?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

344
Q

What mnemonic helps remember the vertebral regions?

A

Breakfast at 7 (Cervical), Lunch at 12 (Thoracic), Dinner at 5 (Lumbar), and 5 and 4 make 9 (Sacral and Coccyx regions)

345
Q

What are the main types of connective tissues found in bones?

A

Osseous tissue, adipose tissue, hyaline cartilage

346
Q

What role do sensory neurons play in bone structure?

A

Provide pain sensation and feedback

347
Q

Which tissues support and protect bone structure besides connective tissue?

A

Muscle and epithelial tissue

348
Q

What is the function of blood vessels in bones?

A

Supply nutrients and remove waste

349
Q

What type of connective tissue is osseous tissue?

A

Contains specialized cells and an extracellular matrix

350
Q

What is the ground substance in the bone matrix like?

A

Gel-like, consisting of water and proteins

351
Q

What do collagen fibers in bones provide?

A

Flexibility and tensile strength

352
Q

What do calcium phosphate crystals in bones provide?

A

Hardness and compressive strength

353
Q

How would bones without calcium phosphate crystals behave?

A

Soft, very flexible, lack compressive strength

354
Q

How would bones without collagen fibers behave?

A

Hard, brittle, lack flexibility and tensile strength

355
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Differentiate into osteoblasts when stimulated

356
Q

What is the main function of osteoblasts?

A

Produce and secrete collagen fibers and ground substance

357
Q

What mnemonic can help remember the function of osteoblasts?

A

B for bone building

358
Q

What is the main function of osteoclasts?

A

Secrete chemicals to break down or dissolve the matrix

359
Q

What mnemonic can help remember the function of osteoclasts?

A

C for carve out bone

360
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintain the matrix and ensure correct amounts of collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals

361
Q

What are the three main components of the bone matrix?

A

Ground substance, collagen fibers, calcium phosphate crystals

362
Q

What types of tissues are bones composed of?

A

Connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue

363
Q

What are the two main types of bone?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

364
Q

What does the periosteum cover?

A

The outer surface of compact bone

365
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A

Nourishes bone tissue and assists in growth and repair

366
Q

What does the endosteum line?

A

The internal surface of bone, covering spongy bone

367
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

Composed of osteons, which include a central canal, concentric circles of matrix, and osteocytes

368
Q

What are osteons?

A

Structural units of compact bone

369
Q

What does each osteon contain?

A

A central canal with blood vessels and nerves, concentric circles of matrix, and osteocytes

370
Q

What is the primary function of compact bone?

A

Acts as a weight-bearing pillar and resists forces applied to the ends of the bone

371
Q

Where is compact bone primarily found in long bones?

A

In the shaft (diaphysis)

372
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A

An irregular lattice of thin, needle-like structures called trabeculae

373
Q

What do trabeculae contain?

A

Concentric circles of matrix with embedded osteocytes

374
Q

What surrounds the trabeculae in spongy bone?

A

Red bone marrow

375
Q

What is the primary function of spongy bone?

A

Hematopoiesis, weight reduction, and force distribution

376
Q

How does spongy bone contribute to hematopoiesis?

A

Red bone marrow between trabeculae is involved in blood cell production

377
Q

Why is spongy bone lighter than compact bone?

A

To reduce the overall weight of the skeleton and make it easier for muscles to move bones

378
Q

How does the lattice structure of spongy bone help?

A

Allows spongy bone to withstand forces from various directions and transfer weight effectively

379
Q

Where is spongy bone mainly located in long bones?

A

At the proximal and distal ends (epiphyses)

380
Q

What type of growth lengthens bones after birth?

A

Interstitial growth

381
Q

What type of growth widens bones after birth?

A

Appositional growth

382
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur in long bones?

A

At the epiphyseal plates

383
Q

What happens to new cartilage in the process of interstitial growth?

A

New cartilage forms at the top of the epiphyseal plate

384
Q

What happens to old cartilage during interstitial growth?

A

Old cartilage at the bottom of the plate is replaced by bone

385
Q

What is the result of new bone formation at the bottom of the epiphyseal plate?

A

The diaphysis (shaft) lengthens

386
Q

Where does appositional growth occur?

A

At the outer surface of all bones

387
Q

What do osteoblasts do during appositional growth?

A

They secrete new layers of matrix onto the bone surface, forming compact bone and increasing bone width

388
Q

What do osteoclasts do during appositional growth?

A

They gradually remove old matrix from the inner surface, enlarging the medullary cavity and preventing excessive thickening of the bone

389
Q

Which hormones control bone growth during childhood?

A

Growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormone (TH)

390
Q

Which additional hormones regulate bone growth during adolescence?

A

Testosterone (males) and estrogen (females)

391
Q

What effect do Testosterone (males) and estrogen (females) have during adolescence?

A

They promote the adolescent growth spurt and induce epiphyseal plate closure

392
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate eventually replaced by?

A

The epiphyseal line

393
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

An ongoing process throughout life that maintains bone mass and strength

394
Q

What do osteoclasts do in the bone remodeling process?

A

They break down old bone matrix

395
Q

What do osteoblasts do in the bone remodeling process?

A

They produce new bone matrix

396
Q

In healthy young adults, what is the balance between bone deposition and resorption?

A

Bone deposition equals bone resorption, maintaining constant bone mass

397
Q

What happens to bone mass with aging?

A

Decline in sex hormones leads to increased bone resorption, resulting in a loss of bone mass, making bones thin, weak, and brittle

398
Q

When do bones begin to develop during embryogenesis?

A

Around the 8th week

399
Q

What processes elongate and widen bones after birth?

A

Interstitial growth and appositional growth

400
Q

What does new cartilage form at the top of the epiphyseal plate during interstitial growth?

A

Hyaline cartilage

401
Q

What is the constant thickness of the epiphyseal plate due to?

A

The rate of cartilage formation at the top equals the rate of bone formation at the bottom

402
Q

What forms osteons during appositional growth?

A

New layers of matrix secreted by osteoblasts beneath the periosteum

403
Q

What do osteoclasts break down during appositional growth?

A

The old matrix surrounding the medullary cavity

404
Q

When is epiphyseal plate closure typically complete in females and males?

A

By age 18 in females and 21 in males

405
Q

What imbalance occurs in bone remodeling with aging?

A

Increased osteoclast activity leads to more bone resorption than deposition

406
Q

When does bone loss begin in females, and what accelerates it?

A

Around age 30, accelerates at 45, and continues into old age

407
Q

Why do males experience a slower rate of bone loss compared to females?

A

Due to ongoing testosterone production

408
Q

What are the essential nutrients for bone health?

A

Calcium, phosphate, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamins K and B12

409
Q

What type of exercise stimulates osteoblast activity?

A

Weight-bearing exercise

410
Q

Why is regular exercise important for bone health?

A

It increases bone mass and strength by stimulating osteoblast activity

411
Q

What is the role of calcium in bone health?

A

It is a key component of bone matrix

412
Q

What is the role of phosphate in bone health?

A

It is a key component of bone matrix

413
Q

What does vitamin C do for bone health?

A

It is required for collagen synthesis

414
Q

What does vitamin A do for bone health?

A

It stimulates osteoblasts for collagen and ground substance production

415
Q

What does vitamin D do for bone health?

A

It is necessary for calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract

416
Q

What roles do vitamins K and B12 play in bone health?

A

They are important for protein synthesis in the ground substance

417
Q

What are common causes of bone fractures in youth?

A

Sporting injuries, car accidents, or falls.

418
Q

Why do bones become more prone to fractures in old age?

A

Bones become thin, weak, and brittle.

419
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

A fracture where the bone breaks internally without penetrating the skin.

420
Q

How can a closed fracture be detected?

A

By an X-ray.

421
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

A fracture where the broken bone protrudes through the skin.

422
Q

Why is an open fracture considered more serious?

A

It increases the risk of infection and uncontrolled bleeding.

423
Q

What is the infection risk for an untreated open fracture?

A

If untreated for six hours, it is considered infected.

424
Q

What characterizes a comminuted fracture?

A

The bone shatters into three or more pieces.

425
Q

In which age group are comminuted fractures more common, and why?

A

In elderly individuals due to weakened bones.

426
Q

What causes a compression fracture?

A

When a bone is crushed by the weight it supports.

427
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

A fracture where the bone bends and cracks without breaking completely into separate pieces.

428
Q

Why are greenstick fractures more common in children?

A

Children have more flexible bones.

429
Q

What causes a spiral fracture?

A

Excessive twisting forces.

430
Q

Where are spiral fractures commonly seen?

A

In sports injuries.

431
Q

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

A fracture that occurs along the epiphyseal plate.

432
Q

What can happen if an epiphyseal fracture affects the blood supply or becomes infected?

A

Bone growth can be stunted.

433
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A fracture where the bone breaks completely across the diaphysis (shaft).

434
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

A fracture where the broken bone is pushed inward.

435
Q

What commonly causes a depressed fracture?

A

Blunt force trauma like being hit by a hammer or rock.

436
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

A fracture where a tendon or ligament pulls away from a bone, taking a small fragment of bone with it.

437
Q

Where are avulsion fractures common?

A

In the elbow, hip, and foot.

438
Q

What activities often cause avulsion fractures?

A

High-impact sports or sudden movements, and during growth spurts.

439
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

A fracture caused by diseases such as osteoporosis that weaken the bone structure.

440
Q

Give an example of a pathological fracture.

A

A hip fracture where the neck of the femur breaks.

441
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture?

A

A displacement and angulation of the distal end of the radius.

442
Q

What is a scaphoid fracture?

A

A common wrist fracture.

443
Q

What are symptoms of a scaphoid fracture?

A

Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb, with sensitivity in the anatomical snuff box.

444
Q

What is the anatomical snuff box?

A

A triangular depression at the base of the thumb.

445
Q

What is a Pott’s fracture?

A

A break in the malleoli (bony prominences) on either side of the ankle.

446
Q

What causes Pott’s fractures?

A

Awkward landings, direct blows, or rolling the ankle.

447
Q

What is the first phase of bone healing?

A

The inflammatory phase.

448
Q

What happens during the inflammatory phase of bone healing?

A

Torn blood vessels bleed extensively, forming a hematoma, and the tissue at the site becomes inflamed, sore, and bruised.

449
Q

What is the second phase of bone healing?

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.

450
Q

What happens during the fibrocartilaginous callus formation phase?

A

Fibroblasts and chondrocytes infiltrate the site, secreting collagen fibers and producing cartilage, forming a fibrocartilaginous callus that unites the broken bone ends.

451
Q

What is the third phase of bone healing?

A

Bony callus formation.

452
Q

What happens during the bony callus formation phase?

A

Osteoblasts begin secreting matrix, and spongy bone starts forming within the fibrocartilaginous callus. Around two months later, the callus of spongy bone replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus, firmly uniting the bone ends.

453
Q

What is the final phase of bone healing?

A

Bone remodeling.

454
Q

What happens during the bone remodeling phase?

A

Osteoclasts remove excess bone or remaining fragments, and any spongy bone at the surface or diaphysis is replaced by compact bone. The remodeled area eventually resembles the original unbroken bone.

455
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint?

A

An immovable joint.

456
Q

Give an example of a synarthrosis joint.

A

Sutures in the skull.

457
Q

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

A

A slightly movable joint.

458
Q

Give two examples of amphiarthrosis joints.

A

Pubic symphysis, tibiofibular joint.

459
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A

A freely movable joint.

460
Q

Give four examples of diarthrosis joints.

A

Shoulder joint, elbow joint, knee joint, hip joint.

461
Q

What unites articulating bones in fibrous joints?

A

Fibrous connective tissue.

462
Q

Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?

A

No, they do not have a joint cavity.

463
Q

Are fibrous joints generally immovable or movable?

A

They are generally immovable (synarthrosis) or slightly movable (amphiarthrosis).

464
Q

Give two examples of fibrous joints.

A

Sutures (immovable) and tibiofibular joint (slightly movable).

465
Q

What unites articulating bones in cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage).

466
Q

Do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?

A

No, they do not have a joint cavity.

467
Q

Are cartilaginous joints generally immovable or movable?

A

They are generally immovable or slightly movable.

468
Q

Give two examples of cartilaginous joints.

A

Intervertebral joints (slightly movable) and first sternocostal joint (immovable).

469
Q

What covers the ends of articulating bones in synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage.

470
Q

Do synovial joints have a joint cavity?

A

Yes, they have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

471
Q

Are synovial joints generally movable?

A

Yes, they are freely movable (diarthrosis).

472
Q

Give three examples of synovial joints and the movements they allow.

A

Elbow joint: Allows flexion and extension of the forearm.
Knee joint: Allows flexion, extension, and limited rotation.
Shoulder joint: Allows a wide range of motion including rotation, abduction, and adduction.

473
Q

What movements does the hip joint allow?

A

Flexion, extension, rotation, and abduction.

474
Q

What movements does the wrist joint allow?

A

Flexion, extension, and some lateral movement.

475
Q

What movements does the ankle joint allow?

A

Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and some inversion and eversion.

476
Q

What is the function of the articular capsule in synovial joints?

A

It surrounds and encloses the entire joint, providing strength and flexibility to prevent dislocations during joint movement.

477
Q

What are the two layers of the articular capsule?

A

The outer layer is composed of tough connective tissue, and the inner layer is known as the synovial membrane.

478
Q

What is contained within the joint cavity of synovial joints?

A

Synovial fluid.

479
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

It produces synovial fluid.

480
Q

What covers the ends of each articulating bone in a synovial joint?

A

Articular cartilage.

481
Q

Why is articular cartilage important?

A

It reduces friction between bones and absorbs compression forces, protecting the bones from being crushed.

482
Q

What is the role of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?

A

They stabilize and strengthen the joint.

483
Q

Where are most reinforcing ligaments located in relation to the articular capsule?

A

Most are located outside the articular capsule.

484
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons in synovial joints?

A

They are responsible for proprioception (sense of joint position) and pain sensation.

485
Q

Why can joint injuries be quite painful?

A

Because sensory neurons in the joint are responsible for pain sensation.

486
Q

What do blood vessels supply to the synovial membrane?

A

They supply essential nutrients and oxygen.

487
Q

What are menisci and where can they be found?

A

Menisci are discs of fibrocartilage found between the articulating bones, such as in the knee joint between the femur and tibia.

488
Q

What are the functions of menisci in synovial joints?

A

They help stabilize the joint, reduce friction, protect bones from compression forces, and absorb shock during activities.

489
Q

What are bursae and what is their role?

A

Bursae are small, flat fluid sacs located between bones and muscles or bones and ligaments, reducing friction between adjacent joint structures.

490
Q

What are tendon sheaths and what do they do?

A

Tendon sheaths are elongated sacs of synovial fluid that wrap around muscle tendons, helping to reduce friction.

491
Q

What are fat pads and what is their function?

A

Fat pads are localized masses of adipose tissue that provide cushioning and protection to underlying joint structures.

492
Q

Why might individuals who are “double-jointed” be more prone to joint dislocations?

A

Because they possess more elastic articular capsules and ligaments, which increase flexibility but decrease joint stability.

493
Q

What type of movement does a pivot joint allow?

A

Rotation around an axis.

494
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint.

A

Proximal radioulnar joint or atlas-axis joint.

495
Q

What type of movement does a plane joint allow?

A

Sliding or gliding movements.

496
Q

Where can you find plane joints in the body?

A

Between the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the foot.

497
Q

What type of movement does a condylar joint allow?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

498
Q

Give an example of a condylar joint.

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles).

499
Q

What type of movement does a saddle joint allow?

A

Similar movements to the condylar joint, including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

500
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint.

A

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

501
Q

What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?

A

Movement in one plane, specifically flexion and extension.

502
Q

Give two examples of hinge joints.

A

Elbow joint and knee joint.

503
Q

What type of movement does a ball and socket joint allow?

A

Permits the widest range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

504
Q

Give two examples of ball and socket joints.

A

Hip joint and shoulder joint.

505
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

A. Support
B. Protection
C. Hormone production
D. Blood cell production

A

Answer: C. Hormone production

506
Q

Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?

A. Femur
B. Humerus
C. Sternum
D. Scapula

A

Answer: C. Sternum

507
Q

Which bone is classified as a long bone?

A. Carpals
B. Femur
C. Vertebrae
D. Patella

A

Answer: B. Femur

508
Q

What is the main function of the rib cage?

A. Movement
B. Protection
C. Mineral storage
D. Hormone regulation

A

Answer: B. Protection

509
Q

Which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

A. Skull bones
B. Vertebrae
C. Pelvic bones
D. Sternum

A

Answer: C. Pelvic bones

510
Q

Which component of osseous tissue provides flexibility and tensile strength?

A. Calcium phosphate
B. Collagen fibers
C. Osteocytes
D. Hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Answer: B. Collagen fibers

511
Q

Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption?

A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteocytes
C. Osteoclasts
D. Chondrocyte

A

Answer: C. Osteoclasts

512
Q

What is the main mineral stored in bones?

A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium

A

Answer: C. Calcium

513
Q

Which component of osseous tissue is primarily responsible for its hardness?

A. Collagen fibers
B. Osteocytes
C. Hydroxyapatite crystals
D. Periosteum

A

Answer: C. Hydroxyapatite crystals

514
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

A. Bone resorption
B. Bone formation
C. Maintenance of bone matrix
D. Cartilage formation

A

Answer: B. Bone formation

515
Q

Which type of bone tissue is arranged in osteons?

A. Compact bone
B. Spongy bone
C. Both compact and spongy bone
D. Neither compact nor spongy bone

A

Answer: A. Compact bone

516
Q

Where is spongy bone primarily located?

A. Diaphysis of long bones
B. Epiphysis of long bones
C. Outer layer of all bones
D. Surface of flat bones

A

Answer: B. Epiphysis of long bones

517
Q

What is the main function of compact bone?

A. Producing red blood cells
B. Providing strength and support
C. Storing fat
D. Reducing bone weight

A

Answer: B. Providing strength and support

518
Q

What is the trabeculae in spongy bone?

A. Dense connective tissue
B. Thin columns and plates of bone
C. Blood vessels
D. Bone marrow

A

Answer: B. Thin columns and plates of bone

519
Q

Which type of bone is more vascularized?

A. Compact bone
B. Spongy bone
C. Both equally vascularized
D. Neither compact nor spongy bone

A

Answer: B. Spongy bone

520
Q

Which type of bone growth occurs in the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate?

A. Appositional growth
B. Interstitial growth
C. Endochondral growth
D. Intramembranous growth

A

Answer: B. Interstitial growth

521
Q

What is appositional growth?

A. Growth in length
B. Growth in diameter/thickness
C. Growth in the epiphyseal plate
D. Growth in the bone marrow

A

Answer: B. Growth in diameter/thickness

522
Q

Which cells are involved in bone remodeling?

A. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes
B. Osteoclasts and osteocytes
C. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
D. Chondrocytes and osteocytes

A

Answer: C. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

523
Q

What triggers bone remodeling?

A. Mechanical stress and hormonal changes
B. Vitamin deficiency
C. Blood calcium levels only
D. Changes in muscle mass

A

Answer: A. Mechanical stress and hormonal changes

524
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur?

A. Within bone marrow
B. At the surface of bones
C. In the cartilage of growth plates
D. In the periosteum

A

Answer: C. In the cartilage of growth plates

525
Q

Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone breaking into multiple pieces?

A. Greenstick fracture
B. Comminuted fracture
C. Spiral fracture
D. Simple fracture

A

Answer: B. Comminuted fracture

526
Q

What is the first stage of fracture repair?

A. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus
B. Formation of a bony callus
C. Hematoma formation
D. Bone remodeling

A

Answer: C. Hematoma formation

527
Q

During which stage of fracture repair does new bone tissue form?

A. Hematoma formation
B. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
C. Bony callus formation
D. Bone remodeling

A

Answer: C. Bony callus formation

528
Q

Which type of fracture involves a bone being broken and the ends driven into each other?

A. Greenstick fracture
B. Compression fracture
C. Impacted fracture
D. Transverse fracture

A

Answer: C. Impacted fracture

529
Q

What is the final stage of fracture repair?

A. Hematoma formation
B. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
C. Bony callus formation
D. Bone remodeling

A

Answer: D. Bone remodeling

530
Q

Which functional classification of joints describes immovable joints?

A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Diarthrosis
D. Synovial

A

Answer: A. Synarthrosis

531
Q

Which structural classification of joints involves fibrous connective tissue?

A. Synovial joints
B. Cartilaginous joints
C. Fibrous joints
D. Hinge joints

A

Answer: C. Fibrous joints

532
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Diarthrosis
D. Synovial

A

Answer: B. Amphiarthrosis

533
Q

Which type of joint allows free movement?

A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Diarthrosis
D. Cartilaginous

A

Answer: C. Diarthrosis

534
Q

Which type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?

A. Synovial
B. Fibrous
C. Cartilaginous
D. Hinge

A

Answer: B. Fibrous

535
Q

What is the function of the articular capsule?

A. Reduces friction between bones
B. Surrounds and encloses the joint
C. Produces synovial fluid
D. Provides cushioning

A

Answer: B. Surrounds and encloses the joint

536
Q

What is found within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?

A. Blood vessels
B. Articular cartilage
C. Synovial fluid
D. Ligaments

A

Answer: C. Synovial fluid

537
Q

What is the role of synovial fluid?

A. Connects bones together
B. Cushions the joint
C. Nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage
D. Produces bone tissue

A

Answer: C. Nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage

538
Q

Which structure is responsible for reducing friction in a synovial joint?

A. Articular cartilage
B. Menisci
C. Ligaments
D. Synovial fluid

A

Answer: A. Articular cartilage

539
Q

What is the function of bursae in synovial joints?

A. Produce synovial fluid
B. Act as cushioning sacs to reduce friction
C. Connect bones
D. Form the joint capsule

A

Answer: B. Act as cushioning sacs to reduce friction

540
Q

Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement?

A. Hinge joint
B. Pivot joint
C. Saddle joint
D. Condyloid joint

A

Answer: B. Pivot joint

541
Q

What type of movement does a hinge joint permit?

A. Rotation
B. Gliding
C. Flexion and extension
D. Circumduction

A

Answer: C. Flexion and extension

542
Q

Which synovial joint allows for the widest range of movements?

A. Plane joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Ball and socket joint
D. Pivot joint

A

Answer: C. Ball and socket joint

543
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A. Shoulder joint
B. Hip joint
C. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
D. Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Answer: D. Metacarpophalangeal joint

544
Q
A

#NUR1114 Bioscience (12 decks)

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