Week 1: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Definition
Strong, fibrous proteins that provide tensile strength and structural support in connective tissues.
Define
Collagen Fibers
Definition
The central cavity of a long bone shaft, where yellow bone marrow is stored.
Define
Medullary cavity
Definition
A hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna.
Define
Elbow Joint
Define
Saddle Joint
A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom and looks like a saddle.
Define
Sutures
Immovable fibrous joints found between skull bones.
Definition
The shaft or central part of a long bone, providing leverage and weight support.
Define
Diaphysis
Define
Ball and Socket Joint
A joint that allows movement in multiple planes and rotation.
Definition
Multipotent stem cells found in red bone marrow that give rise to all types of blood cells.
Define
Hematopoietic stem cells
Definition
Bone tissue with a porous, lattice-like structure, found primarily at the ends of long bones and within flat bones.
Define
Spongy Bone
Definition
The stage where the soft callus is replaced by a hard bony callus, stabilizing the fracture.
Define
Bony Callus Formation
Define
Spiral Fracture
A fracture where the bone has been twisted apart.
Definition
A joint that allows movement in one plane, similar to a door hinge.
Define
Hinge Joint
Definition
A fracture where the bone pierces the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
Define
Open Fracture
Definition
A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing the release of calcium from bones.
Define
Parathyroid hormone
Define
Hematopoietic stem cells
Multipotent stem cells found in red bone marrow that give rise to all types of blood cells.
Definition
The fibrocartilaginous pads between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and allowing for movement.
Define
Intervertebral Discs
Define
Pelvic girdle
The structure formed by the hip bones, supporting the lower limbs and protecting the pelvic organs.
Definition
Freely movable joints.
Define
Diarthroses
Define
Condylar Joint
A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom.
Definition
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.
Define
Supination
Definition
Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the femur and humerus, providing leverage and support.
Define
Long bones
Define
Retraction
Moving a body part backward.
Definition
Turning a limb toward the midline of the body.
Define
Medial Rotation
Definition
The bony structure formed by the ribs and sternum that protects the heart and lungs.
Define
Rib cage
Definition
Slightly movable joints.
Define
Amphiarthroses
Define
Articular Capsule
A double-layered structure that surrounds synovial joints, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.
Definition
Circular movement of a limb or eye.
Define
Circumduction
Define
Long bones
Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the femur and humerus, providing leverage and support.
Define
Ligaments
Strong, fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support.
Definition
A fracture of the scaphoid bone in the wrist, often from a fall on an outstretched hand.
Define
Scaphoid Fracture
Define
Elbow Joint
A hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna.
Definition
The part of the body extending from the hip to the foot, including the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
Define
Lower limb
Definition
Bones that are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness, such as the carpals and tarsals, providing stability and some movement.
Define
Short bones
Define
Sprains
Injuries involving the twisting or pulling of joints, leading to the stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Define
Ground Substance
The amorphous, gel-like component of the extracellular matrix, in which cells and fibers are embedded, and which contains water, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.
Define
Comminuted Fracture
A fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.
Define
Bony Callus Formation
The stage where the soft callus is replaced by a hard bony callus, stabilizing the fracture.
Definition
Joints connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.
Define
Fibrous Joints
Define
Articular Cartilage
The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, allowing for easy movement.
Define
Pott’s Fracture
A fracture involving one or both malleoli of the ankle.
Definition
Moving a body part forward.
Define
Protraction
Definition
Growth that occurs by adding new layers to the surface, leading to an increase in thickness.
Define
Appositional growth
Define
Anatomy
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Definition
The ability of a tissue, particularly muscles and joints, to move through their full range of motion without restriction or pain.
Define
Flexibility
Define
Synovial Joints
Joints characterized by articular cartilage and a fluid-filled cavity, allowing a wide range of movement.
Define
Cartilaginous Joints
Joints connected by cartilage with no joint cavity.
Definition
Joints characterized by articular cartilage and a fluid-filled cavity, allowing a wide range of movement.
Define
Synovial Joints
Definition
The movable attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
Define
Insertion
Define
Medullary cavity
The central cavity of a long bone shaft, where yellow bone marrow is stored.
Define
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb or eye.
Define
Skeletal Muscles
Muscles attached to the skeleton that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing. They are under voluntary control.
Definition
A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, forming at the fracture site.
Define
Hematoma
Define
Intervertebral Discs
The fibrocartilaginous pads between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and allowing for movement.
Definition
C-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage in the knee joint that act as shock absorbers and provide stability.
Define
Menisci
Definition
A space within a synovial joint that contains synovial fluid, providing lubrication and reducing friction.
Define
Joint Cavity
Define
Fibrocartilage
A tough, dense type of cartilage that provides strength and rigidity, found in intervertebral discs and menisci.
Define
Dorsiflexion
Bending the foot upward at the ankle.
Define
Scaphoid Fracture
A fracture of the scaphoid bone in the wrist, often from a fall on an outstretched hand.
Define
Bone deposition
The process by which osteoblasts produce new bone matrix, adding minerals and strengthening the bone.
Define
Lateral Rotation
Turning a limb away from the midline of the body.
Definition
A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Define
Extracellular Matrix
Definition
Injuries involving the twisting or pulling of joints, leading to the stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Define
Sprains
Definition
Moving a body part backward.
Define
Retraction
Definition
The rounded end of a long bone, where it articulates with another bone, providing joint stability and movement.
Define
Epiphysis
Define
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Define
Elastic Cartilage
Cartilage that contains elastic fibers, allowing it to maintain shape after bending, found in the ear and epiglottis.
Definition
The increase in the diameter of bones through appositional growth.
Define
Bone widening
Definition
A fracture where the bone has been twisted apart.
Define
Spiral Fracture
Define
Open Fracture
A fracture where the bone pierces the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
Definition
Rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals.
Define
Bones
Define
Human skeleton
The internal framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones in adults, that provides support, protection, and facilitates movement.
Definition
A fracture where a bone is pressed inward, often seen in skull fractures.
Define
Depressed Fracture
Define
Neuromuscular Disease
Disorders that affect the muscles and the nerves that control them, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.
Definition
Bending the foot downward at the ankle.
Define
Plantar Flexion
Definition
Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and protection.
Define
Compact Bone
Define
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.
Definition
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Define
Anatomy
Define
Cartilage formation
The process by which cartilage is developed from chondroblasts, which produce the cartilaginous matrix.
Define
Osteoarthritis
A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, causing pain and stiffness.
Definition
Immovable fibrous joints found between skull bones.
Define
Sutures
Definition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.
Define
Opposition
Definition
The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Define
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
A flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body including joints, ear, nose, and windpipe. It provides structure and cushioning in the joints.
Define
Cartilage
Definition
The resistance of a material to breaking under tension, an important property of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments.
Define
Tensile Strength
Define
Calcium Phosphate Crystals
Confer hardness and resistance to compression.
Define
Carpal Bones
Bones of the wrist involved in plane joints.
Define
Hinge Joint
A joint that allows movement in one plane, similar to a door hinge.
Define
Bones
Rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals.
Definition
The final phase of bone healing where the bony callus is remodeled into strong, compact bone.
Define
Bone Remodeling
Define
Lower limb
The part of the body extending from the hip to the foot, including the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
Define
Insertion
The movable attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
Definition
The initial phase of bone healing involving bleeding and inflammation.
Define
Inflammatory Phase
Definition
The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the lower back, protecting the spinal cord and providing structural support.
Define
Vertebral column
Definition
Thin, flattened, and often curved bones, such as those of the skull, ribs, and sternum, that provide protection and surface area for muscle attachment.
Define
Flat bones
Define
Plane Joint
A joint that allows gliding movements.
Definition
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by promoting the storage of calcium in bones.
Define
Calcitonin
Define
Hematopoiesis
The formation and development of blood cells, occurring primarily in the red bone marrow.
Definition
Increasing the angle between two bones.
Define
Extension
Define
Osteoclasts
Bone-resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release calcium and phosphate.
Define
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix, balancing collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals.
Define
Transverse Fracture
A fracture that occurs at a right angle to the bone’s axis.
Define
Hematoma
A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, forming at the fracture site.
Definition
Immovable joints.
Define
Synarthroses
Definition
The process by which osteoblasts produce new bone matrix, adding minerals and strengthening the bone.
Define
Bone deposition
Definition
Growth that occurs within the interior of cartilage, leading to an increase in length.
Define
Interstitial growth
Define
Bone widening
The increase in the diameter of bones through appositional growth.
Definition
Bone-forming cells that produce collagen fibers and ground substance, contributing to bone building.
Define
Osteoblasts
Definition
A joint that allows movement in multiple planes and rotation.
Ball and Socket Joint
Define
Plantar Flexion
Bending the foot downward at the ankle.
Definition
Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix, balancing collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals.
Define
Osteocytes
Definition
A joint that allows rotation around a single axis.
Define
Pivot Joint
Definition
Breaks or cracks in bones caused by trauma, overuse, or conditions that weaken bones.
Define
Fractures
Definition
A fracture involving one or both malleoli of the ankle.
Define
Pott’s Fracture
Define
Diaphysis
The shaft or central part of a long bone, providing leverage and weight support.
Definition
Decreasing the angle between two bones.
Define
Flexion
Definition
A tough connective tissue membrane covering compact bone, with a rich blood supply.
Define
Periosteum
Define
Bone resorption
The process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing minerals into the blood.
Define
Osseous Tissue
Specialized bone cells and extracellular matrix.
Define
Bone formation
The process by which bone is created, starting with the formation of a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone tissue.
Define
Pivot Joint
A joint that allows rotation around a single axis.
Define
Supination
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.
Define
Periosteum
A tough connective tissue membrane covering compact bone, with a rich blood supply.
Define
Epiphysis
The rounded end of a long bone, where it articulates with another bone, providing joint stability and movement.
Define
Interstitial growth
Growth that occurs within the interior of cartilage, leading to an increase in length.
Define
Resilience
The ability of a tissue or material to absorb energy when it is deformed and release that energy upon unloading, allowing it to return to its original shape.
Definition
The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the more stable bone during muscle contraction.
Define
Origin
Define
Osteoprogenitors
Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Define
Inflammatory Phase
The initial phase of bone healing involving bleeding and inflammation.
Define
Origin
The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically located on the more stable bone during muscle contraction.
Definition
An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction.
Define
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
A type of bone marrow that primarily stores fat and is found in the central cavities of long bones.
Define
Yellow bone marrow
Definition
A type of cartilage that is smooth and translucent, providing flexible support and reducing friction in joints.
Define
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
Thin, needle-like structures that form a lattice network within spongy bone.
Define
Trabeculae
Define
Upper limb
The part of the body extending from the shoulder to the hand, including the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
Definition
The internal framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones in adults, that provides support, protection, and facilitates movement.
Define
Human skeleton
Define
Osteoporosis
A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.
Define
Bone Fractures
Breaks or cracks in bones resulting from trauma, disease, or overuse.
Define
Trabeculae
Thin, needle-like structures that form a lattice network within spongy bone.
Definition
Structural units of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of matrix.
Define
Osteons
Definition
Forces that press or squeeze an object, important in understanding how bones and cartilage absorb impact and weight.
Define
Compression Forces
Definition
Bones of the wrist involved in plane joints.
Define
Carpal Bones
Define
Endosteum
A membrane lining the inner surfaces of bones, including the trabeculae of spongy bone.
Define
Auricle (Pinna)
The outer part of the ear that captures sound waves and directs them into the ear canal.
Define
Extension
Increasing the angle between two bones.
Definition
The formation and development of blood cells, occurring primarily in the red bone marrow.
Define
Hematopoiesis
Define
Reposition
Movement of the thumb back to its anatomical position.
Define
Atlas-Axis Joint
The joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
Definition
A double-layered structure that surrounds synovial joints, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.
Define
Articular Capsule
Define
Medial Rotation
Turning a limb toward the midline of the body.
Definition
Cartilage that contains elastic fibers, allowing it to maintain shape after bending, found in the ear and epiglottis.
Define
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Tough, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement.
Define
Tendons
Define
Fat Pads
Collections of adipose tissue that protect and cushion synovial joints.
Definition
A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom and looks like a saddle.
Define
Saddle Joint
Definition
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Define
Abduction
Definition
The stage where a soft callus forms around the fracture.
Define
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Define
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that produce collagen fibers and ground substance, contributing to bone building.
Define
Pathological Fracture
A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease.
Definition
Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans.
Define
Chondrocytes
Definition
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.
Define
Pronation
Definition
Specialized bone cells and extracellular matrix.
Define
Osseous Tissue
Definition
The process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing minerals into the blood.
Define
Bone resorption
Definition
Bending the foot upward at the ankle.
Define
Dorsiflexion
Define
Osteons
Structural units of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of matrix.
Define
Closed Fracture
A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.
Definition
A fracture that occurs when bone is crushed, often seen in vertebrae.
Define
Compression Fracture
Define
Tensile Strength
The resistance of a material to breaking under tension, an important property of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments.
Define
Tendons
Tough, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement.
Define
Tendon Sheaths
Tubular structures surrounding tendons that contain fluid to reduce friction during movement.
Define
Bone Remodeling
The final phase of bone healing where the bony callus is remodeled into strong, compact bone.
Define
Epiphyseal Fracture
A fracture involving the growth plate of a bone, affecting bone growth.
Define
Fibrous Joints
Joints connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.
Definition
The ability of a tissue or material to absorb energy when it is deformed and release that energy upon unloading, allowing it to return to its original shape.
Define
Resilience
Define
Avulsion Fracture
A fracture where a fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament.
Define
Depressed Fracture
A fracture where a bone is pressed inward, often seen in skull fractures.
Define
Central Canal
A channel within osteons that contains an artery, vein, and nerve.
Definition
Movement of the thumb back to its anatomical position.
Define
Reposition
Define
Rib cage
The bony structure formed by the ribs and sternum that protects the heart and lungs.
Definition
A fracture that occurs at a right angle to the bone’s axis.
Define
Transverse Fracture
Definition
Strong, fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support.
Define
Ligaments
Define
Yellow bone marrow
A type of bone marrow that primarily stores fat and is found in the central cavities of long bones.
Definition
Lowering a body part.
Define
Depression
Definition
Turning the sole of the foot outward.
Define
Eversion
Definition
Confer hardness and resistance to compression.
Define
Calcium Phosphate Crystals
Define
Compression Fracture
A fracture that occurs when bone is crushed, often seen in vertebrae.
Definition
Distinctive features on bones, such as ridges, bumps, and grooves, that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments or passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
Define
Bone landmarks
Define
Fractures
Breaks or cracks in bones caused by trauma, overuse, or conditions that weaken bones.
Define
Carpometacarpal Joint (Thumb)
A saddle joint located between the carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb.
Define
Chondrocytes
Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans.
Define
Compact Bone
Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and protection.
Definition
Bone-resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release calcium and phosphate.
Define
Osteoclasts
Definition
Tubular structures surrounding tendons that contain fluid to reduce friction during movement.
Define
Tendon Sheaths
Definition
A fracture of the distal radius in the wrist with dorsal displacement.
Define
Colles’ Fracture
Define
Costal Cartilage
The bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum, providing flexibility and expansion during breathing.
Define
Flat bones
Thin, flattened, and often curved bones, such as those of the skull, ribs, and sternum, that provide protection and surface area for muscle attachment.
Definition
The amorphous, gel-like component of the extracellular matrix, in which cells and fibers are embedded, and which contains water, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.
Define
Ground Substance
Define
Cartilage
A flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body including joints, ear, nose, and windpipe. It provides structure and cushioning in the joints.
Define
Appositional growth
Growth that occurs by adding new layers to the surface, leading to an increase in thickness.
Define
Greenstick Fracture
A partial fracture where one side of the bone bends, common in children.
Definition
A membrane lining the inner surfaces of bones, including the trabeculae of spongy bone.
Define
Endosteum
Definition
The process by which structures or tissues are maintained in a stable position, preventing unwanted movement and providing support during physical activity.
Define
Stabilization
Definition
Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Define
Osteoprogenitors
Define
Fibroblasts
Cells that produce collagen fibers and play a critical role in wound healing.
Define
Joint Cavity
A space within a synovial joint that contains synovial fluid, providing lubrication and reducing friction.
Define
Appendicular skeleton
The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Define
Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates)
Areas of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents; they determine the future length and shape of the mature bone.
Definition
The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, allowing for easy movement.
Define
Articular Cartilage
Definition
Collections of adipose tissue that protect and cushion synovial joints.
Define
Fat Pads
Define
Extracellular Matrix
A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Definition
A tough, dense type of cartilage that provides strength and rigidity, found in intervertebral discs and menisci.
Define
Fibrocartilage
Define
Red bone marrow
A type of bone marrow that produces blood cells and is found in the cavities of certain bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and sternum.
Definition
The cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones, providing slight mobility and absorbing shock during walking.
Define
Pubic Symphysis
Definition
A joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom.
Define
Condylar Joint
Define
Calcitonin
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by promoting the storage of calcium in bones.
Define
Short bones
Bones that are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness, such as the carpals and tarsals, providing stability and some movement.
Definition
A slightly movable fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula.
Define
Tibiofibular Joint
Define
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
Define
Vertebral column
The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the lower back, protecting the spinal cord and providing structural support.
Define
Elevation
Raising a body part.
Definition
The joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
Define
Atlas-Axis Joint
Definition
A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease.
Define
Pathological Fracture
Definition
A joint that allows gliding movements.
Define
Plane Joint
Definition
Muscles attached to the skeleton that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing. They are under voluntary control.
Define
Skeletal Muscles
Definition
Condylar joints located between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers.
Define
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Define
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Condylar joints located between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers.
Definition
A channel within osteons that contains an artery, vein, and nerve.
Define
Central Canal
Definition
Injuries where bones are forced out of their normal position in a joint, often requiring medical intervention to realign.
Define
Dislocations
Define
Pubic Symphysis
The cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones, providing slight mobility and absorbing shock during walking.
Definition
The bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum, providing flexibility and expansion during breathing.
Define
Costal Cartilage
Definition
A fracture involving the growth plate of a bone, affecting bone growth.
Define
Epiphyseal Fracture
Definition
The part of the body extending from the shoulder to the hand, including the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
Define
Upper limb
Define
Adduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Definition
A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, causing pain and stiffness.
Define
Osteoarthritis
Definition
A fracture where a fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament.
Define
Avulsion Fracture
Define
Spongy Bone
Bone tissue with a porous, lattice-like structure, found primarily at the ends of long bones and within flat bones.
Define
Axial skeleton
The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head, neck, and trunk, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Definition
A saddle joint located between the carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb.
Define
Carpometacarpal Joint (Thumb)
Define
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction.
Define
Parathyroid hormone
A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing the release of calcium from bones.
Definition
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Define
Adduction
Define
Dislocations
Injuries where bones are forced out of their normal position in a joint, often requiring medical intervention to realign.
Define
Hyaline Cartilage
A type of cartilage that is smooth and translucent, providing flexible support and reducing friction in joints.
Definition
A type of bone marrow that produces blood cells and is found in the cavities of certain bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and sternum.
Define
Red bone marrow
Definition
The process by which cartilage is developed from chondroblasts, which produce the cartilaginous matrix.
Define
Cartilage formation
Define
Depression
Lowering a body part.
Define
Opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.
Define
Bursae
Small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts in a joint.
Definition
Areas of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents; they determine the future length and shape of the mature bone.
Define
Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates)
Define
Diarthroses
Freely movable joints.
Define
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward.
Definition
Turning a limb away from the midline of the body.
Define
Lateral Rotation
Define
Tibiofibular Joint
A slightly movable fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula.
Definition
Small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts in a joint.
Define
Bursae
Define
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
The stage where a soft callus forms around the fracture.
Definition
Breaks or cracks in bones resulting from trauma, disease, or overuse.
Define
Bone Fractures
Define
Bone landmarks
Distinctive features on bones, such as ridges, bumps, and grooves, that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments or passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
Define
Musculoskeletal System
The system in the body composed of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that provides structure, support, stability, and movement
Definition
The joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra.
Define
Atlanto-occipital Joint
Define
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones.
Definition
Structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for varying degrees of movement.
Define
Joints (Articulations)
Define
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints.
Define
Protraction
Moving a body part forward.
Definition
Cells that produce collagen fibers and play a critical role in wound healing.
Define
Fibroblasts
Definition
Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as the vertebrae and certain skull bones, providing protection and support.
Define
Irregular bones
Definition
The system in the body composed of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that provides structure, support, stability, and movement
Define
Musculoskeletal System
Define
Colles’ Fracture
A fracture of the distal radius in the wrist with dorsal displacement.
Define
Collagen Fibers
Strong, fibrous proteins that provide tensile strength and structural support in connective tissues.
Definition
Raising a body part.
Define
Elevation
Define
Atlanto-occipital Joint
The joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra.
Definition
Disorders that affect the muscles and the nerves that control them, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.
Define
Neuromuscular Disease
Definition
The outer part of the ear that captures sound waves and directs them into the ear canal.
Define
Auricle (Pinna)
Define
Irregular bones
Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as the vertebrae and certain skull bones, providing protection and support.
Definition
The structure formed by the hip bones, supporting the lower limbs and protecting the pelvic organs.
Define
Pelvic girdle
Define
Compression Forces
Forces that press or squeeze an object, important in understanding how bones and cartilage absorb impact and weight.
Define
Stabilization
The process by which structures or tissues are maintained in a stable position, preventing unwanted movement and providing support during physical activity.
Definition
Joints connected by cartilage with no joint cavity.
Define
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
A partial fracture where one side of the bone bends, common in children.
Define
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.
Define
Closed Fracture
Define
Menisci
C-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage in the knee joint that act as shock absorbers and provide stability.
Define
Elastin Fibers
Elastic fibers in connective tissue that allow tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.
Definition
A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.
Define
Osteoporosis
Define
Flexibility
The ability of a tissue, particularly muscles and joints, to move through their full range of motion without restriction or pain.
Definition
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
Define
Inversion
Definition
A fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.
Define
Comminuted Fracture
Define
Joints (Articulations)
Structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for varying degrees of movement.
Definition
The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head, neck, and trunk, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Define
Axial skeleton
Define
Synarthroses
Immovable joints.
Definition
The process by which bone is created, starting with the formation of a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone tissue.
Define
Bone formation
Definition
Elastic fibers in connective tissue that allow tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.
Define
Elastin Fibers
Why is it essential for health professionals to know the bones, joints, and muscles that form the musculoskeletal system?
Understanding the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system is crucial for evaluating, treating, and rehabilitating patients with musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.
What types of conditions commonly encountered by health professionals relate to the musculoskeletal system?
Conditions such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuromuscular diseases, fractures, and dislocations.
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206 bones.
What is the role of joints (articulations) in the musculoskeletal system?
Joints facilitate body movement and provide mobility and flexibility.
What is the function of ligaments?
Ligaments connect one bone to another and stabilize the connecting bones at a joint.
How do tendons contribute to body movement?
Tendons connect skeletal muscles to bones, enabling body movements by muscle contractions.
Approximately how many skeletal muscles are there in the human body?
Over 650 skeletal muscles.
What are the primary functions of cartilage in the body?
Cartilage supports body structures, connects bones, maintains the shape of structures, resists compression, and has tensile strength.
Which type of cartilage forms the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) of developing bones?
Hyaline cartilage.
What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones at joints?
Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage).
Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci within the knee joint.
What is the primary function of elastic cartilage, and where is it found?
Elastic cartilage maintains the shape of certain structures and is found in the auricle (pinna) of the external ear.
What is the role of the primary motor cortex?
It generates the somatic motor output leading to skeletal muscle contraction.
Differentiate between upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN).
UMNs conduct somatic motor output through the CNS to the LMNs, which then conduct the output from the CNS to the skeletal muscle.
What neurotransmitter is released by LMNs at the synapse with skeletal muscles, and what does it bind to?
LMNs release acetylcholine (ACh), which binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles, initiating contraction.
What are the main components of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones, muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and cartilage.
What role do bones play in providing structural support to the body?
Bones provide a solid framework that supports the body’s weight and maintains its shape.
Give an example of how bones provide structural support.
The rib cage supports the thoracic wall, and the bones of the legs act as pillars supporting the body trunk.
What are the five functions of bones?
Structural support
Protection
Storage of minerals and triglycerides
Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
Movement
What would happen to the body’s shape without bones?
Without bones, the body would lack definite shape, resembling blobs of wobbly flesh.
How do bones protect internal organs?
Bones surround and enclose body tissues and organs, protecting them from injury.
Give an example of bones protecting vital organs.
Skull bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
What is stored in bones that helps maintain homeostatic blood calcium levels?
Bones store essential minerals such as calcium and phosphate.
Which hormones regulate the release and absorption of calcium in bones?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate the release and absorption of calcium in bones.
What does parathyroid hormone do in relation to calcium levels in bones?
Parathyroid hormone releases calcium from bones into the blood when calcium levels are low.
What is the function of calcitonin regarding calcium levels in bones?
Calcitonin stimulates bones to absorb calcium from the blood when calcium levels are high.
What does yellow bone marrow consist of, and what is its function?
Yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells that store fat, which can be broken down to produce energy when needed.
Where does blood cell production (hematopoiesis) occur?
Blood cell production occurs in the red bone marrow.
What types of cells are produced in the red bone marrow?
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
At what rate are red blood cells produced in the red bone marrow?
Red blood cells are produced at a rate of around 2,000,000 per second.
How do bones contribute to body movement?
Bones act as levers to move body parts when skeletal muscles attach to them and pull on them during contraction.
What are the points of muscle attachment to bones called, and what are their roles?
Origin: The fixed point of muscle attachment where the bone does not move when the muscle contracts.
Insertion: The moveable point of muscle attachment where the bone moves when the muscle contracts.
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What are the four groups that bones are classified into according to shape?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
What does the axial skeleton include?
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
7 cervical vertebrae
How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
12 thoracic vertebrae
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
5 lumbar vertebrae
What bones make up the rib cage?
Sternum and ribs (12 pairs)
What does the appendicular skeleton include?
Upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdles, pelvic girdle
What bones are in the upper limbs?
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
What bones are in the lower limbs?
Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, patella
What bones make up the shoulder girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Hip bones and sacrum
What are the components of long bones?
Shaft (diaphysis) and bone ends (epiphysis)
What are examples of short bones?
Tarsals, carpals, patella
What are examples of flat bones?
Sternum, ribs, scapula, most skull bones
What are examples of irregular bones?
Vertebrae, hip bones
What is the largest bone in the upper limb?
Humerus
What bones compose the hand?
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?
Femur
Which bone is thicker and the main weight-bearing bone in the lower limb?
Tibia
What mnemonic can help remember the tibia and fibula?
T for Tibia (Thick), F for Fibula (“Fin”)
What bone protects the knee joint?
Patella
What bones compose the foot?
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
What mnemonic helps remember the vertebral regions?
Breakfast at 7 (Cervical), Lunch at 12 (Thoracic), Dinner at 5 (Lumbar), and 5 and 4 make 9 (Sacral and Coccyx regions)
What are the main types of connective tissues found in bones?
Osseous tissue, adipose tissue, hyaline cartilage
What role do sensory neurons play in bone structure?
Provide pain sensation and feedback
Which tissues support and protect bone structure besides connective tissue?
Muscle and epithelial tissue
What is the function of blood vessels in bones?
Supply nutrients and remove waste
What type of connective tissue is osseous tissue?
Contains specialized cells and an extracellular matrix
What is the ground substance in the bone matrix like?
Gel-like, consisting of water and proteins
What do collagen fibers in bones provide?
Flexibility and tensile strength
What do calcium phosphate crystals in bones provide?
Hardness and compressive strength
How would bones without calcium phosphate crystals behave?
Soft, very flexible, lack compressive strength
How would bones without collagen fibers behave?
Hard, brittle, lack flexibility and tensile strength
What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?
Differentiate into osteoblasts when stimulated
What is the main function of osteoblasts?
Produce and secrete collagen fibers and ground substance
What mnemonic can help remember the function of osteoblasts?
B for bone building
What is the main function of osteoclasts?
Secrete chemicals to break down or dissolve the matrix
What mnemonic can help remember the function of osteoclasts?
C for carve out bone
What is the function of osteocytes?
Maintain the matrix and ensure correct amounts of collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals
What are the three main components of the bone matrix?
Ground substance, collagen fibers, calcium phosphate crystals
What types of tissues are bones composed of?
Connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue
What are the two main types of bone?
Compact bone and spongy bone
What does the periosteum cover?
The outer surface of compact bone
What are the functions of the periosteum?
Nourishes bone tissue and assists in growth and repair
What does the endosteum line?
The internal surface of bone, covering spongy bone
What is the structure of compact bone?
Composed of osteons, which include a central canal, concentric circles of matrix, and osteocytes
What are osteons?
Structural units of compact bone
What does each osteon contain?
A central canal with blood vessels and nerves, concentric circles of matrix, and osteocytes
What is the primary function of compact bone?
Acts as a weight-bearing pillar and resists forces applied to the ends of the bone
Where is compact bone primarily found in long bones?
In the shaft (diaphysis)
What is the structure of spongy bone?
An irregular lattice of thin, needle-like structures called trabeculae
What do trabeculae contain?
Concentric circles of matrix with embedded osteocytes
What surrounds the trabeculae in spongy bone?
Red bone marrow
What is the primary function of spongy bone?
Hematopoiesis, weight reduction, and force distribution
How does spongy bone contribute to hematopoiesis?
Red bone marrow between trabeculae is involved in blood cell production
Why is spongy bone lighter than compact bone?
To reduce the overall weight of the skeleton and make it easier for muscles to move bones
How does the lattice structure of spongy bone help?
Allows spongy bone to withstand forces from various directions and transfer weight effectively
Where is spongy bone mainly located in long bones?
At the proximal and distal ends (epiphyses)
What type of growth lengthens bones after birth?
Interstitial growth
What type of growth widens bones after birth?
Appositional growth
Where does interstitial growth occur in long bones?
At the epiphyseal plates
What happens to new cartilage in the process of interstitial growth?
New cartilage forms at the top of the epiphyseal plate
What happens to old cartilage during interstitial growth?
Old cartilage at the bottom of the plate is replaced by bone
What is the result of new bone formation at the bottom of the epiphyseal plate?
The diaphysis (shaft) lengthens
Where does appositional growth occur?
At the outer surface of all bones
What do osteoblasts do during appositional growth?
They secrete new layers of matrix onto the bone surface, forming compact bone and increasing bone width
What do osteoclasts do during appositional growth?
They gradually remove old matrix from the inner surface, enlarging the medullary cavity and preventing excessive thickening of the bone
Which hormones control bone growth during childhood?
Growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormone (TH)
Which additional hormones regulate bone growth during adolescence?
Testosterone (males) and estrogen (females)
What effect do Testosterone (males) and estrogen (females) have during adolescence?
They promote the adolescent growth spurt and induce epiphyseal plate closure
What is the epiphyseal plate eventually replaced by?
The epiphyseal line
What is bone remodeling?
An ongoing process throughout life that maintains bone mass and strength
What do osteoclasts do in the bone remodeling process?
They break down old bone matrix
What do osteoblasts do in the bone remodeling process?
They produce new bone matrix
In healthy young adults, what is the balance between bone deposition and resorption?
Bone deposition equals bone resorption, maintaining constant bone mass
What happens to bone mass with aging?
Decline in sex hormones leads to increased bone resorption, resulting in a loss of bone mass, making bones thin, weak, and brittle
When do bones begin to develop during embryogenesis?
Around the 8th week
What processes elongate and widen bones after birth?
Interstitial growth and appositional growth
What does new cartilage form at the top of the epiphyseal plate during interstitial growth?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the constant thickness of the epiphyseal plate due to?
The rate of cartilage formation at the top equals the rate of bone formation at the bottom
What forms osteons during appositional growth?
New layers of matrix secreted by osteoblasts beneath the periosteum
What do osteoclasts break down during appositional growth?
The old matrix surrounding the medullary cavity
When is epiphyseal plate closure typically complete in females and males?
By age 18 in females and 21 in males
What imbalance occurs in bone remodeling with aging?
Increased osteoclast activity leads to more bone resorption than deposition
When does bone loss begin in females, and what accelerates it?
Around age 30, accelerates at 45, and continues into old age
Why do males experience a slower rate of bone loss compared to females?
Due to ongoing testosterone production
What are the essential nutrients for bone health?
Calcium, phosphate, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamins K and B12
What type of exercise stimulates osteoblast activity?
Weight-bearing exercise
Why is regular exercise important for bone health?
It increases bone mass and strength by stimulating osteoblast activity
What is the role of calcium in bone health?
It is a key component of bone matrix
What is the role of phosphate in bone health?
It is a key component of bone matrix
What does vitamin C do for bone health?
It is required for collagen synthesis
What does vitamin A do for bone health?
It stimulates osteoblasts for collagen and ground substance production
What does vitamin D do for bone health?
It is necessary for calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract
What roles do vitamins K and B12 play in bone health?
They are important for protein synthesis in the ground substance
What are common causes of bone fractures in youth?
Sporting injuries, car accidents, or falls.
Why do bones become more prone to fractures in old age?
Bones become thin, weak, and brittle.
What is a closed fracture?
A fracture where the bone breaks internally without penetrating the skin.
How can a closed fracture be detected?
By an X-ray.
What is an open fracture?
A fracture where the broken bone protrudes through the skin.
Why is an open fracture considered more serious?
It increases the risk of infection and uncontrolled bleeding.
What is the infection risk for an untreated open fracture?
If untreated for six hours, it is considered infected.
What characterizes a comminuted fracture?
The bone shatters into three or more pieces.
In which age group are comminuted fractures more common, and why?
In elderly individuals due to weakened bones.
What causes a compression fracture?
When a bone is crushed by the weight it supports.
What is a greenstick fracture?
A fracture where the bone bends and cracks without breaking completely into separate pieces.
Why are greenstick fractures more common in children?
Children have more flexible bones.
What causes a spiral fracture?
Excessive twisting forces.
Where are spiral fractures commonly seen?
In sports injuries.
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
A fracture that occurs along the epiphyseal plate.
What can happen if an epiphyseal fracture affects the blood supply or becomes infected?
Bone growth can be stunted.
What is a transverse fracture?
A fracture where the bone breaks completely across the diaphysis (shaft).
What is a depressed fracture?
A fracture where the broken bone is pushed inward.
What commonly causes a depressed fracture?
Blunt force trauma like being hit by a hammer or rock.
What is an avulsion fracture?
A fracture where a tendon or ligament pulls away from a bone, taking a small fragment of bone with it.
Where are avulsion fractures common?
In the elbow, hip, and foot.
What activities often cause avulsion fractures?
High-impact sports or sudden movements, and during growth spurts.
What is a pathological fracture?
A fracture caused by diseases such as osteoporosis that weaken the bone structure.
Give an example of a pathological fracture.
A hip fracture where the neck of the femur breaks.
What is a Colles’ fracture?
A displacement and angulation of the distal end of the radius.
What is a scaphoid fracture?
A common wrist fracture.
What are symptoms of a scaphoid fracture?
Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb, with sensitivity in the anatomical snuff box.
What is the anatomical snuff box?
A triangular depression at the base of the thumb.
What is a Pott’s fracture?
A break in the malleoli (bony prominences) on either side of the ankle.
What causes Pott’s fractures?
Awkward landings, direct blows, or rolling the ankle.
What is the first phase of bone healing?
The inflammatory phase.
What happens during the inflammatory phase of bone healing?
Torn blood vessels bleed extensively, forming a hematoma, and the tissue at the site becomes inflamed, sore, and bruised.
What is the second phase of bone healing?
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
What happens during the fibrocartilaginous callus formation phase?
Fibroblasts and chondrocytes infiltrate the site, secreting collagen fibers and producing cartilage, forming a fibrocartilaginous callus that unites the broken bone ends.
What is the third phase of bone healing?
Bony callus formation.
What happens during the bony callus formation phase?
Osteoblasts begin secreting matrix, and spongy bone starts forming within the fibrocartilaginous callus. Around two months later, the callus of spongy bone replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus, firmly uniting the bone ends.
What is the final phase of bone healing?
Bone remodeling.
What happens during the bone remodeling phase?
Osteoclasts remove excess bone or remaining fragments, and any spongy bone at the surface or diaphysis is replaced by compact bone. The remodeled area eventually resembles the original unbroken bone.
What is a synarthrosis joint?
An immovable joint.
Give an example of a synarthrosis joint.
Sutures in the skull.
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
A slightly movable joint.
Give two examples of amphiarthrosis joints.
Pubic symphysis, tibiofibular joint.
What is a diarthrosis joint?
A freely movable joint.
Give four examples of diarthrosis joints.
Shoulder joint, elbow joint, knee joint, hip joint.
What unites articulating bones in fibrous joints?
Fibrous connective tissue.
Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
No, they do not have a joint cavity.
Are fibrous joints generally immovable or movable?
They are generally immovable (synarthrosis) or slightly movable (amphiarthrosis).
Give two examples of fibrous joints.
Sutures (immovable) and tibiofibular joint (slightly movable).
What unites articulating bones in cartilaginous joints?
Cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage).
Do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?
No, they do not have a joint cavity.
Are cartilaginous joints generally immovable or movable?
They are generally immovable or slightly movable.
Give two examples of cartilaginous joints.
Intervertebral joints (slightly movable) and first sternocostal joint (immovable).
What covers the ends of articulating bones in synovial joints?
Articular cartilage.
Do synovial joints have a joint cavity?
Yes, they have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Are synovial joints generally movable?
Yes, they are freely movable (diarthrosis).
Give three examples of synovial joints and the movements they allow.
Elbow joint: Allows flexion and extension of the forearm.
Knee joint: Allows flexion, extension, and limited rotation.
Shoulder joint: Allows a wide range of motion including rotation, abduction, and adduction.
What movements does the hip joint allow?
Flexion, extension, rotation, and abduction.
What movements does the wrist joint allow?
Flexion, extension, and some lateral movement.
What movements does the ankle joint allow?
Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and some inversion and eversion.
What is the function of the articular capsule in synovial joints?
It surrounds and encloses the entire joint, providing strength and flexibility to prevent dislocations during joint movement.
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
The outer layer is composed of tough connective tissue, and the inner layer is known as the synovial membrane.
What is contained within the joint cavity of synovial joints?
Synovial fluid.
What does the synovial membrane do?
It produces synovial fluid.
What covers the ends of each articulating bone in a synovial joint?
Articular cartilage.
Why is articular cartilage important?
It reduces friction between bones and absorbs compression forces, protecting the bones from being crushed.
What is the role of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?
They stabilize and strengthen the joint.
Where are most reinforcing ligaments located in relation to the articular capsule?
Most are located outside the articular capsule.
What is the function of sensory neurons in synovial joints?
They are responsible for proprioception (sense of joint position) and pain sensation.
Why can joint injuries be quite painful?
Because sensory neurons in the joint are responsible for pain sensation.
What do blood vessels supply to the synovial membrane?
They supply essential nutrients and oxygen.
What are menisci and where can they be found?
Menisci are discs of fibrocartilage found between the articulating bones, such as in the knee joint between the femur and tibia.
What are the functions of menisci in synovial joints?
They help stabilize the joint, reduce friction, protect bones from compression forces, and absorb shock during activities.
What are bursae and what is their role?
Bursae are small, flat fluid sacs located between bones and muscles or bones and ligaments, reducing friction between adjacent joint structures.
What are tendon sheaths and what do they do?
Tendon sheaths are elongated sacs of synovial fluid that wrap around muscle tendons, helping to reduce friction.
What are fat pads and what is their function?
Fat pads are localized masses of adipose tissue that provide cushioning and protection to underlying joint structures.
Why might individuals who are “double-jointed” be more prone to joint dislocations?
Because they possess more elastic articular capsules and ligaments, which increase flexibility but decrease joint stability.
What type of movement does a pivot joint allow?
Rotation around an axis.
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Proximal radioulnar joint or atlas-axis joint.
What type of movement does a plane joint allow?
Sliding or gliding movements.
Where can you find plane joints in the body?
Between the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the foot.
What type of movement does a condylar joint allow?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Give an example of a condylar joint.
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles).
What type of movement does a saddle joint allow?
Similar movements to the condylar joint, including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Give an example of a saddle joint.
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
Movement in one plane, specifically flexion and extension.
Give two examples of hinge joints.
Elbow joint and knee joint.
What type of movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
Permits the widest range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
Give two examples of ball and socket joints.
Hip joint and shoulder joint.
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
A. Support
B. Protection
C. Hormone production
D. Blood cell production
Answer: C. Hormone production
Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Femur
B. Humerus
C. Sternum
D. Scapula
Answer: C. Sternum
Which bone is classified as a long bone?
A. Carpals
B. Femur
C. Vertebrae
D. Patella
Answer: B. Femur
What is the main function of the rib cage?
A. Movement
B. Protection
C. Mineral storage
D. Hormone regulation
Answer: B. Protection
Which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
A. Skull bones
B. Vertebrae
C. Pelvic bones
D. Sternum
Answer: C. Pelvic bones
Which component of osseous tissue provides flexibility and tensile strength?
A. Calcium phosphate
B. Collagen fibers
C. Osteocytes
D. Hydroxyapatite crystals
Answer: B. Collagen fibers
Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteocytes
C. Osteoclasts
D. Chondrocyte
Answer: C. Osteoclasts
What is the main mineral stored in bones?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
Answer: C. Calcium
Which component of osseous tissue is primarily responsible for its hardness?
A. Collagen fibers
B. Osteocytes
C. Hydroxyapatite crystals
D. Periosteum
Answer: C. Hydroxyapatite crystals
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
A. Bone resorption
B. Bone formation
C. Maintenance of bone matrix
D. Cartilage formation
Answer: B. Bone formation
Which type of bone tissue is arranged in osteons?
A. Compact bone
B. Spongy bone
C. Both compact and spongy bone
D. Neither compact nor spongy bone
Answer: A. Compact bone
Where is spongy bone primarily located?
A. Diaphysis of long bones
B. Epiphysis of long bones
C. Outer layer of all bones
D. Surface of flat bones
Answer: B. Epiphysis of long bones
What is the main function of compact bone?
A. Producing red blood cells
B. Providing strength and support
C. Storing fat
D. Reducing bone weight
Answer: B. Providing strength and support
What is the trabeculae in spongy bone?
A. Dense connective tissue
B. Thin columns and plates of bone
C. Blood vessels
D. Bone marrow
Answer: B. Thin columns and plates of bone
Which type of bone is more vascularized?
A. Compact bone
B. Spongy bone
C. Both equally vascularized
D. Neither compact nor spongy bone
Answer: B. Spongy bone
Which type of bone growth occurs in the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate?
A. Appositional growth
B. Interstitial growth
C. Endochondral growth
D. Intramembranous growth
Answer: B. Interstitial growth
What is appositional growth?
A. Growth in length
B. Growth in diameter/thickness
C. Growth in the epiphyseal plate
D. Growth in the bone marrow
Answer: B. Growth in diameter/thickness
Which cells are involved in bone remodeling?
A. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes
B. Osteoclasts and osteocytes
C. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
D. Chondrocytes and osteocytes
Answer: C. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What triggers bone remodeling?
A. Mechanical stress and hormonal changes
B. Vitamin deficiency
C. Blood calcium levels only
D. Changes in muscle mass
Answer: A. Mechanical stress and hormonal changes
Where does interstitial growth occur?
A. Within bone marrow
B. At the surface of bones
C. In the cartilage of growth plates
D. In the periosteum
Answer: C. In the cartilage of growth plates
Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone breaking into multiple pieces?
A. Greenstick fracture
B. Comminuted fracture
C. Spiral fracture
D. Simple fracture
Answer: B. Comminuted fracture
What is the first stage of fracture repair?
A. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus
B. Formation of a bony callus
C. Hematoma formation
D. Bone remodeling
Answer: C. Hematoma formation
During which stage of fracture repair does new bone tissue form?
A. Hematoma formation
B. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
C. Bony callus formation
D. Bone remodeling
Answer: C. Bony callus formation
Which type of fracture involves a bone being broken and the ends driven into each other?
A. Greenstick fracture
B. Compression fracture
C. Impacted fracture
D. Transverse fracture
Answer: C. Impacted fracture
What is the final stage of fracture repair?
A. Hematoma formation
B. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
C. Bony callus formation
D. Bone remodeling
Answer: D. Bone remodeling
Which functional classification of joints describes immovable joints?
A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Diarthrosis
D. Synovial
Answer: A. Synarthrosis
Which structural classification of joints involves fibrous connective tissue?
A. Synovial joints
B. Cartilaginous joints
C. Fibrous joints
D. Hinge joints
Answer: C. Fibrous joints
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Diarthrosis
D. Synovial
Answer: B. Amphiarthrosis
Which type of joint allows free movement?
A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Diarthrosis
D. Cartilaginous
Answer: C. Diarthrosis
Which type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?
A. Synovial
B. Fibrous
C. Cartilaginous
D. Hinge
Answer: B. Fibrous
What is the function of the articular capsule?
A. Reduces friction between bones
B. Surrounds and encloses the joint
C. Produces synovial fluid
D. Provides cushioning
Answer: B. Surrounds and encloses the joint
What is found within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?
A. Blood vessels
B. Articular cartilage
C. Synovial fluid
D. Ligaments
Answer: C. Synovial fluid
What is the role of synovial fluid?
A. Connects bones together
B. Cushions the joint
C. Nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage
D. Produces bone tissue
Answer: C. Nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage
Which structure is responsible for reducing friction in a synovial joint?
A. Articular cartilage
B. Menisci
C. Ligaments
D. Synovial fluid
Answer: A. Articular cartilage
What is the function of bursae in synovial joints?
A. Produce synovial fluid
B. Act as cushioning sacs to reduce friction
C. Connect bones
D. Form the joint capsule
Answer: B. Act as cushioning sacs to reduce friction
Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement?
A. Hinge joint
B. Pivot joint
C. Saddle joint
D. Condyloid joint
Answer: B. Pivot joint
What type of movement does a hinge joint permit?
A. Rotation
B. Gliding
C. Flexion and extension
D. Circumduction
Answer: C. Flexion and extension
Which synovial joint allows for the widest range of movements?
A. Plane joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Ball and socket joint
D. Pivot joint
Answer: C. Ball and socket joint
What is an example of a condyloid joint?
A. Shoulder joint
B. Hip joint
C. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
D. Metacarpophalangeal joint
Answer: D. Metacarpophalangeal joint
What are the 5 functions performed by the bones of the skeleton?
Support
Protection - surrounds &protects body tissues/organs
Movement - act as levers that move body parts
Stores minerals (calcium & phosphate) and fat
Haematopoiesis = blood cell formation
What are the two principal divisions of the skeletal system & what bones do they include?
Axial skeleton - ribs, sternum, vertebral column and bones of the skull
Appendicular skeleton - bones of the upper limb, lower limb, shoulder & pelvic girdles
How are bones classified according to shape?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones & irregular bones
What are our bones mainly made up of?
Osseous tissue
🡪 extracellular matrix = ground substance, collagen fibres & calcium phosphate crystals
🡪 specialised bone cells = osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts & osteoprogenitors
Predict how the treatment of chicken bones with acid will alter the structure of the bone matrix
Dissolves calcium phosphate crystals
Collagen fibres unaffected
Predict how the treatment of chicken bones with high temperatures will alter the structure of the bone matrix
Heat destroys proteins 🡪 collagen fibres are destroyed
Calcium phosphate crystals unaffected
What effect will acid treatment have on the properties of a chicken bone?
Soft
No compressive strength
Has tensile strength
Very flexible (bendy)
What effect will high temperatures have on the properties of a chicken bone?
Hard
Has compressive strength
No tensile strength
Not flexible
Brittle
Explain how osseous tissue is both flexible and hard
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Osseous tissue is arranged into structural units called osteons.
compact bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Primary component of the epiphysis of a long bone.
spongy bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Resists forces applied to the ends of a bone.
compact bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Osseous tissue is arranged into structural units called trabeculae.
spongy bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Resists forces from all directions.
spongy bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Contains red bone marrow and is a site of haematopoiesis.
spongy bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Primary component of the diaphysis of a long bone.
compact bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Is covered in a membrane called the periosteum.
compact bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Is covered in a membrane called the endosteum.
spongy bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Transfers weight from one bone to another without breaking.
spongy bone
Is the following a characteristic of compact bone or spongy bone?
Reduces the weight of the skeleton.
spongy bone
What are the Functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis - immovable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
Diarthrosis - freely movable
What are the Structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Which common structure of a synovial joint has the following functions?
- Surrounds and encloses the entire joint
- Tough outer fibrous layer stabilises articulating bones
- Inner synovial membrane produces synovial fluid
Articular capsule
Which common structure of a synovial joint has the following function?
Fluid-filled space that separates the articulating bone & contain synovial fluid
Joint cavity
Which common structure of a synovial joint has the following functions?
* Reduces friction
* Shock absorbing medium
* Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Which common structure of a synovial joint has the following function?
Stabilise the articulating bones
Tendons/ligaments
Which common structure of a synovial joint has the following functions?
- Covers the end of each articulating bone
- Shock absorption
- Reduces friction
Articular cartilage
Which additional structure of a synovial joint has the following functions?
- Shock absorption
- Reduce friction
- Stabilise joint - help bones of different shapes fit together
Menisci
Which additional structure of a synovial joint has the following function?
Reduce friction between joint structures
Bursae/tendon sheath
Which additional structure of a synovial joint has the following function?
Cushion and protect underlying joint structures
Fat pads
Which additional structure of a synovial joint has the following function?
Stabilise the articulating bones
Tendons/ligaments
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- The doctor’s report indicated a complete fracture of the humeral diaphysis, an incomplete fracture of the radial diaphysis and an inward fracture of the occipital bone. Classify these three types of fractures.
Humerus – transverse fracture
Radius – greenstick fracture
Occipital bone – depressed fracture
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- Identify the type of bone that makes up the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus and radius.
Compact bone
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- A lack of calcium in Jordan’s diet may have contributed to the injuries sustained as a result of the accident. Why is calcium an important component of bone?
Calcium is an important component of the calcium phosphate crystals, which make our bones hard and provide compression strength.
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- A cast was applied to Jordan’s arm following the accident to immobilise the fractured bones.
a. What structure forms in the first stage of fracture repair?
Haematoma/blood clot
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- A cast was applied to Jordan’s arm following the accident to immobilise the fractured bones.
b. Within a few days a fibrocartilaginous callus splints the broken bone ends. This completes stage 2 of the fracture repair process. What fibres are found in a fibrocartilaginous callus and which cells produce these fibres?
Collagen fibres, Fibroblasts
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- A cast was applied to Jordan’s arm following the accident to immobilise the fractured bones.
c. What replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus during stage 3 of fracture repair?
A callus of spongy bone
Jordan is 17 years old and works at the local hardware store part-time. Whilst working a large box of metal brackets fell from a 3-metre-high overhead shelf, hitting Jordan’s outstretched arm and knocking Jordan to the ground. When Jordan arrived at the emergency department x-rays revealed the following:
- a fracture of the left humerus
- a fracture of the left radius
- a fracture of the occipital bone
- A cast was applied to Jordan’s arm following the accident to immobilise the fractured bones.
d. In the final stage of fracture repair (stage 4), any excess osseous tissue is broken down and removed. What term is used to define the process of breaking down osseous tissue? Identify the bone cells involved in this process.
Resorption, Osteoclasts
Identify the structure that surrounds and encloses the entire synovial joint.
Articular capsule
b. Identify the feature that separates the articulating bones in a synovial joint
Joint (synovial) cavity
c. Identify the structure that covers the ends of each articulating bone in a synovial joint
Articular cartilage
d. What is the inner membrane of the articular capsule called and what does it produce?
Synovial membrane; synovial fluid
e. List all structures that act to stabilise the articulating bones at a synovial joint.
Reinforcing ligaments, muscle tendons, articular capsule, menisci
f. List all structures that reduce friction at a synovial joint.
Synovial Fluid, articular cartilage, menisci, bursae & tendon sheaths.
g. All synovial joints contain synovial fluid. How is synovial fluid important to the articular cartilage that covers the ends of the articulating bones?
Synovial fluid continually circulates to provide the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage with O2 & nutrients & remove the waste products they produce. This keeps the articular cartilage healthy.
