week 8 context reinstatement and encoding variability

Question 1

encoding variability

Answer 1

encoding repeated information in more than one way and context

builds robust representations by providing more paths to retrieval

Question 2

context reinstatement

Answer 2

matching encoding and retrieval context

facilities memory

environment contains cues - godden and badeley

Question 3

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 3

relationship between type of processing at encoding and test

Question 4

tulving and thomson 1973 - recognition failure of recallable words METHOD

Answer 4

Participants were presented with a list of word pairs during the study phase. The first word served as a cue (e.g., train), and the second was the target (e.g., black).
In the retrieval phase, participants underwent two types of tests:
Recognition Test: Participants were shown a list of words (including the studied targets) without their original cues and were asked to recognize which words they had seen before.
Cued Recall Test: Participants were presented with the original cues (e.g., train) and asked to recall the associated target words (e.g., black).

Question 5

Tulving and Thompson 1973 RESULTS

Answer 5

1. Recognition Failure of Recallable Words:
   Participants often failed to recognize target words during the recognition test, even though they could later recall the same words when provided with the original cues.
2. Encoding Specificity Principle:
   The study demonstrated that memory performance depends on the match between encoding and retrieval contexts. Words were more effectively recalled when the cues at retrieval matched those at encoding (e.g., train → black), compared to when they were presented in isolation (as in the recognition test).
3. Context Dependence in Memory:
   Retrieval is not solely a function of the strength of the memory trace but also of the relevance and specificity of retrieval cues.

Question 6

what kind of memories are produced semantically

Answer 6

deep loP, durable memories

Question 7

what kind of memories are produced phonemically

Answer 7

medium loP, less durable memories

Question 8

what kind of memories are produced orthographically

Answer 8

shallow loP, fragile memories that decay quickly

Question 9

Morris, Bransford and Franks 1977 method

Answer 9

• ptsp encoded nouns with orienting (process in terms of meaning, sound, orthographically) task that either:

1. encouraged deep semantic processing
2. encouraged shallow, phonemic processing

Standard recognition test: did you study this word earlier?

rhyme recognition test: did you study the word earlier that rhymed with this word eg pain?

Question 10

Morris, Bransford and Franks 1977 RESULTS

Answer 10

deep semantic at encoding leads to better standard recognition

deep semantic encoding leads to worse rhyme recognition

SO!! NOT ALL ABOUT ENCODING

Question 11

what did Jacoby 1983 look at

Answer 11

memory is depended not just on how the info is encoded eg deep vs shallow, but on whether testing draws on encoding processes

generation effect

Question 12

generation effect

Answer 12

self-generating information leads to better memory than reading it

Question 13

jacoby 1983 METHOD

Answer 13

• during encoding had ptsp read words eg xxx-COLD or generate antonym eg hot-??
  (most people will say cold)
• test - standard recognition expecting generation effect
• perceptual identification task - flash a word briefly to ptsp and ask to identify it

argued may benefit more from perceptual (reading) processes than conceptual (generation) processes

Question 14

jacoby 1983 RESULTS

Answer 14

generating vs reading words leads to better standard recognition

generating vs reading words leads to worse perceptual identification

Question 15

smith et al 1978 RESULTS

Answer 15

highest memory performance is when variables are different eg first session in M and second in P.

Question 15

what did smith et al 1978 investigate

Answer 15

peoples memory for word lists either studied twice in the same environment or in 2 diff contexts, then tested in third, neutral context

Question 16

smith et al 1978 METHOD

Answer 16

P - Perry school context: large blackboard, glass cabinets, no window and general clutter. words presented on slides in semi-dark room with only small red light and slide projector provided illumination. experimenter wore coat and tie

M - mason hall context: tiny compartment in animal lab in large, modern central campus building. 2 windows overlook large courtyard and 1 way mirror covered another wall. experimenter wore flannel shirt and jeans

neutral aka retrieval context: large classroom with large windows overlook busy street and little clutter

exposed to word lists multiple times in different context conditions, and after delay eg 3 hours asked to write down as many words as possible

Question 17

imundo et al 2021 METHOD

Answer 17

replication of smith et al 1978 BUT with longer retention intervals - 48 hours not 3

also investigated effect of testing vs restudying in same vs diff contexts

all ptsp in initial study in same location A

then in training (session 2) conditions were formed eg same context-restudy/test BUT IN LOCATION A or varied context-restudy/test BUT IN LOCATION B

session 3 was final test IN LOCATION C - free recall

Question 18

imundo et al 2021 RESULTS

Answer 18

1. restudying in varied context produced better final performance - like smith et al

2.BUT in testing, same context benefits final test so encoding variability is not beneficial here

Question 19

imundo et al 2021 hypothesis

Answer 19

• testing performance was poor in varied condition because they retrieved so little during training
• failing to retrieve during retrieval practice does little to help performance unless feedback is given

retrieval during training:
same = 36%
varied = 17%

Question 20

what happens when learning has taken place in multiple contexts

Answer 20

likely that some cues will overlap with retrieval context, more so if learning was spaced

Question 21

4 stages of CI

Answer 21

1. mentally reinstate context
2. recall events in reverse order
3. report everything
4. change perspective