week 6 spacing and interleaving

Question 1

spacing

Answer 1

temporal aspects of repeated information

Question 2

interleaving

Answer 2

sequencing - the order that material from different categories of information is presented

Question 3

Summaries Ebbinghaus 1885 study

Answer 3

memorized nonsense syllables to the ticking of a metronome and then attempted to recall them later
- massed learning : repeatedly studied all at one
- spaced learning : spread study sessions over time

Question 4

what were the findings of Ebbinghaus (1885) study

Answer 4

Massed Learning: Required 68 repetitions to memorize a list on the first day, and 7 more repetitions on the second day for a perfect recall.
Spaced Learning: Required 38 repetitions on the first day, and still 7 more repetitions the next day for perfect recall.

Question 5

Summaries Green 1964 study into spacing

Answer 5

ptsp studied word-digit pairs , they were shown the word and asked to produce associated digit response
- feedback provided
- 3 presentations of each pair spaced/massed
-Spaced repetitions were significantly more effective for long-term retention than massed repetitions.

Question 6

encoding variability

Answer 6

when information is reviewed at different times/or in varied context, the brain encodes the material in multiple, distinct ways making multiple retrieval pathways - easier to recall later.

Question 7

deficient processing account

Answer 7

processing of second and subsequent repetitions is deficient in the massed condition due to inability to maintain attention

Question 8

retrieval account

Answer 8

spaced repetitions prompt retrieval of previous encounters with the to-be-remembered info during study which facilitates later retention

Question 9

why is retrieval account active and provide examples

Answer 9

required effort to recall which deepens understanding
examples are quizzing, flashcards
feedback is essential

Question 10

what did bird 2010 find

Answer 10

longer spacing gaps improved English learning adults understanding of subtle grammar rules

Question 11

what was the procedure of Rohrer and Taylors 2006 study

Answer 11

students practiced finding the number of permutations for sequences with repeated items (e.g., “abbccc”).
- Massed Practice: All problems were practiced in a single session.
- Spaced Practice: Problems were split over two sessions with time in between.
-Spaced practice resulted in better performance on a final test (1-4 weeks later) involving novel problems.

Question 12

Why is spacing effective for learning?

Answer 12

It works due to encoding variability, reduced deficient processing, and the benefits of retrieval practice.

Question 13

What did Rohrer and Taylor (2007) find about interleaving vs. blocking?

Answer 13

Interleaved practice led to better long-term retention, even though blocked practice felt easier during learning.

Question 14

Why has the spacing effect been ignored in education?

Answer 14

Due to misconceptions about its effectiveness, reliance on cramming for exams, and traditional teaching methods.

Question 15

What are the limitations of spaced learning?

Answer 15

Optimal spacing intervals depend on how long the information needs to be retained; too long intervals can reduce effectiveness.

Question 16

Why is it that massed studying creates a false sense of good learning?

Answer 16

because repeating the material over and over gives us a sense of fluency

Question 17

What is the spacing interval or spacing gap?

Answer 17

the time between different sessions of learning.

Question 18

What is one reason that spaced learning more effective than massed learning?

Answer 18

spaced learning ensures that previous learning is not forgotten but rather retained in the long-term memory

Question 19

Bahrick (1979) investigated spaced vs massed learning in people’s learning of English translations of Spanish words. What did he find?

Answer 19

Spacing slowed the process of learning, but led to less forgetting after 30 days

Question 20

As the retention interval gets longer, what should happen to the interval between learning sessions to maximise memory performance?

Answer 20

it should be increased, but only to a point, otherwise forgetting can occur

Question 21

what is study-phase retrieval

Answer 21

during spaced learning, each new presentation of information prompts the retrieval of earlier presentations. This act of retrieving strengthens memory and aids in long-term retention.