week 5 learning from errors Flashcards
what is a laypersons view
avoid errors in high-stakes situations, opinions vary for low stakes situations
what do traditional theorists say about errors
they’re harmful, emphasizing errorless learning approaches.
- erroneous answers will become stronger in memory -> more likely to be repeated
what is the generation effect
information generated when actively reading is better remembered than passively reading it eg k-tt-en is more remembered than ‘kitten’
who came up with pretesting effect
kornell et al 2009
what is the pretesting effect
taking a test on information before learning it can improve learning outcomes
describe procedure of kornell et al 2009 study into the pretesting effect
- ptsp studied weakly related work pairs eg pond -?
- before showing correct answers, ptsp asked to guess the second word
- pretest condition: ptsp guessed answers without prior exposure to correct words. control condition: ptsp studied word pairs directly without guessing
describe results of kornell et al 2009 study into the pretesting effect
- pretesting enhanced learning even when guesses incorrect
- correct guesses were removed from dataset to focus on impact of incorrect guesses
- pretesting outperformed simple studying in retention tests
what is the search set theory
- guessing activates related concepts eg frog - water
- partial activation of the correct answer allows it to be encoded more effectively when it is revealed
what did Grimaldi & Karpicke, 2012 find
Benefits of search set theory depend on relatedness of the pretest content
what is the hypercorrection effect
high-confidence errors are more likely to be corrected and remembered after feedback compared to low-confidence errors
summarise Butterfield and Metcalfe (2001) study into the hypercorrection effect
-ptsp answered general knowledge questions and rated their confidence in each answer
- 5 min retention interval and cued recall final test
- high confidence errors were more likely to be corrected on a later test compared to low-confidence errors.
summarise Butterfield and Metcalfe (2006) study
ptsp answered questions and rated condense, feedback given.
- had to do secondary task:detecting soft tones
- in high confidence errors: Participants were more surprised when they got these wrong.
They focused so much on the feedback that they often missed the soft tones during the secondary task.
What is a key difference between procedures used to demonstrate the backward testing effect and the pretesting effect?
The procedure used to demonstrate the backward testing effect includes an initial study phase, whereas the procedure for the pretesting effect does not.
what were the findings of smith et al stress study?
Smith et al. (2016) gave participants a final recall test either 5 or 20 minutes after the stress/control task. After 20 minutes, stress induction also impaired recall, but only for participants who had restudied rather than engaged with retrieval practice.
what did seabrooke, Mitchell et al 2019 find
pretesting improved peoples motivation to learn the information that they were pretesting on, relative to simply studying the information
