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Physiology > Week 8 Ch 46 - Organization of the nervous system > Flashcards

Week 8 Ch 46 - Organization of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 steps in nervous system work

A
  1. Sensing
  2. Processing
  3. Effect

or
1. sensory
2. Integrative
3. motor

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2
Q

Sensory receptor role

A

sense temp, chemicals, pain

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3
Q

Processing info from sensory receptor and afferent nerve occurs in

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

Motor nervous system nerves are called

A

effectors

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5
Q

Motor nervous system role (2)

A
  1. Contracts muscles
  2. Secretes chemical substances
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6
Q

Integrative function of the nervous system

A

Processes information and gives appropriate response

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7
Q

Synapse role (2)

A
  1. Determine direction signals will spread
  2. perform a selective action
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8
Q

Memory for the nervous system is collected in

A

cerebral cortex (most)

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9
Q

Nervous system memory function

A

compares new sensory experience with stored memories

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10
Q

Major levels of CNS function (3)

A
  1. Spinal cord level
  2. Lower brain or subcortical level
  3. Higher brain or coritical level
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11
Q

Spinal cord level function

A

circuits good for things you don’t really have to think about

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12
Q

Spinal cord level function examples

A

Walking, w/d from pain, support body against gravity, blood vessels, GI movement, urinary excretion

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13
Q

Lower brain (subcortical) level funcion

A

Subconscious activites

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14
Q

Lower brain (subcortical) level is mediated by

A

Medulla, Pons, midbrain, hypothalmus, cerebellus, basal ganglia

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15
Q

Memory storehouse of the brain

A

Higher level cortical (specifically the hippocampus)

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16
Q

Precision and thought process occur in

A

higher brain (cortical level)

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17
Q

Higher brain (cortical) level functioning examples

A

learning a new skill, riding a bike, problem solving, open mind

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18
Q

Two types of CNS synapses

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical
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19
Q

Chemical synapse location

A

CNS

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20
Q

Presynapctic neuron secretes

A

neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Post synaptic neuron role

A

neurotransmitter acts on receptor proteins, leading to excitation or inhibition

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22
Q

How does the electrical synapse work?

A

Open fluid channels that conduct electricity

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23
Q

Electrical synapses are dependent on

A

gap junctions

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24
Q

Electical synapses are most common in_______ because_____

A

smooth muscle contractions because they help with coordination contractions and flow

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25
Q

Chemical synapse direction

A

One way, signals directed toward a specific goal

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26
Q

What are synapnic knobs (aka pre synaptic terminals)?

A

Synapses from other neurons on surface or dendrites of soma.

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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27
Q

Transmitter vesicles can be

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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28
Q

What determines whether a transmitter vesicle is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Receptor type that is located on the postsynapctic neuron

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29
Q

What causes neurotransmitter release?

A

Voltage gated calcium channels

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30
Q

Receptor proteins are found on the

A

postsynapctic neuron

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31
Q

Pre and post synaptic neuron set up

A
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32
Q

Cation channels are _____ charged so they _____

A

Negatively charged, so they repel anions

33
Q

anion channels are ______ charged so they

A

Positively charged, so they repel cations

34
Q

Cations are

A

positively charged (i.e. Na+)
excitatory transmitters

35
Q

Anions are

A

negatively charged (i.e. Cl-) inhibitory transmitters

36
Q

Second messenger systems and neuronal changes

A

prolong posynaptic nueronal changes, want the cell to have a change

37
Q

Most common second messenger system is

A

G protein

38
Q

3 domains of G-proteins

A

alpha, beta, gamma

39
Q

G - protein: What happens when transmitter binds to receptor protein?

A

Alpha subunit separates from complex

40
Q

G protein: What does alpha subunit do once it separates from complex (4)

A
  1. Opens specific ion channels for prolongation
  2. Activates cAMP or gAMP
  3. Intracellular enzyme activation
  4. Gene transcription
41
Q

Excitatory receptors open:

A

Sodium (cation) channels (bring membrane more positive)

42
Q

Excitatory receptors and ion movement

A

Decrease of Cl- in, Decrease of K+ out, Increase Na+ in

43
Q

Inhibitory receptors open:

A

Chloride (anion) ion channels

44
Q

Inhibitory receptors and ion movement:

A

Increases K+ out, Increases Cl- in decreases Na+ in

45
Q

Inhibitory receptors bring cell membrane

A

away from positive, more negative

46
Q

Neurotransmitter responses are (speed and duration)

A

most acute and short lived

47
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the

A

cytosol of presynaptic terminal

48
Q

Neurotrasnmitter movement in and out

A

absorbed into vesicles via active transport

recycling - vesicle fuses with with membrane of presynaptic terminal

49
Q

Acetylcholine is secreted at terminals of:

A

Motor cortex
Basal ganglia
motor neurons
skeletal muscles
preganglionic ANS
postganglionic PNS and SNS

50
Q

Norepinephrine neurotransmitter location

A

brain stem and hypothalamic neurons

51
Q

NE controls

A

activity and mood

52
Q

NE is usually a(n)_____ neurotransmitter

A

excitatory

53
Q

Dopamine location

A

Substantia nigra - terminate at striated region of basal ganglia

54
Q

Dopamine is a(n) ______ neurotransmitter

A

Inhibitory

55
Q

Glycine location

A

synapses in spinal cord

56
Q

Glycine is a(n)_____ neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory

57
Q

GABA location (3)

A

Nerve terminals in
1.spinal cord
2.cerebellum
3.basal ganglia

58
Q

GABA is a(n) ______ neurotransmitter

A

inhibiotory

59
Q

Glutamate location (2)

A

Presynaptic terminals in sensory pathways of
1. CNS
2. cerebral cortex

60
Q

Glutamate is a(n) _____ nuerotransmitter

A

excitatory

61
Q

Serotonin location

A

Median raphe of brainstem

62
Q

Serotonin is a(n) _________ neurotransmitter of _______

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter of pain pathways

63
Q

Serotonin controls

A

mood and sleep

64
Q

Nitric Oxide neurotransmitter is important for (2)

A

areas of
1. long term behavior
2. memory

65
Q

Nitric oxide MOA

A

synthesized on demand, not stored in vesicles

66
Q

Neuropeptide neurotransmitters are synthesized by

A

ribosomes

67
Q

Neuropeptide size

A

large

68
Q

Neuropeptides are packaged and split in

A

golgi apparatus

69
Q

Neuropeptides are transported via

A

axonal streaming

70
Q

Neuropeptide release (amount and potency)

A

Small quantities, more potent

71
Q

Neuropeptides cause

A

prolonged actions (such as learning and memory formation)

72
Q

Fatigue occurs when

A

area becomes over excited and neurons lose excitability

73
Q

Fatigue manifestations (3)

A
  1. Depletion of neurotransmitters
  2. Inactivation of postsynaptic receptors
  3. abnormal concentrations of ions
74
Q

Alkalosis and neuronal excitability

A

increases neuronal excitability

75
Q

Acidosis and neuronal excitability

A

depresses neuronal excitability and can lead to coma

76
Q

Caffeine and neuronal excitability

A

increases

77
Q

Strychnine and neuronal excitability (MOA)

A

increases excitability by inhibiting inhibitory substances/neurotransmittors

78
Q

Anesthetics and neuronal excitability

A

increases threshold for excitation

Physiology (13 decks)

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