Week 8 Ch 46 - Organization of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 steps in nervous system work

A
  1. Sensing
  2. Processing
  3. Effect

or
1. sensory
2. Integrative
3. motor

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2
Q

Sensory receptor role

A

sense temp, chemicals, pain

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3
Q

Processing info from sensory receptor and afferent nerve occurs in

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

Motor nervous system nerves are called

A

effectors

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5
Q

Motor nervous system role (2)

A
  1. Contracts muscles
  2. Secretes chemical substances
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6
Q

Integrative function of the nervous system

A

Processes information and gives appropriate response

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7
Q

Synapse role (2)

A
  1. Determine direction signals will spread
  2. perform a selective action
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8
Q

Memory for the nervous system is collected in

A

cerebral cortex (most)

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9
Q

Nervous system memory function

A

compares new sensory experience with stored memories

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10
Q

Major levels of CNS function (3)

A
  1. Spinal cord level
  2. Lower brain or subcortical level
  3. Higher brain or coritical level
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11
Q

Spinal cord level function

A

circuits good for things you don’t really have to think about

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12
Q

Spinal cord level function examples

A

Walking, w/d from pain, support body against gravity, blood vessels, GI movement, urinary excretion

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13
Q

Lower brain (subcortical) level funcion

A

Subconscious activites

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14
Q

Lower brain (subcortical) level is mediated by

A

Medulla, Pons, midbrain, hypothalmus, cerebellus, basal ganglia

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15
Q

Memory storehouse of the brain

A

Higher level cortical (specifically the hippocampus)

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16
Q

Precision and thought process occur in

A

higher brain (cortical level)

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17
Q

Higher brain (cortical) level functioning examples

A

learning a new skill, riding a bike, problem solving, open mind

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18
Q

Two types of CNS synapses

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical
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19
Q

Chemical synapse location

A

CNS

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20
Q

Presynapctic neuron secretes

A

neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Post synaptic neuron role

A

neurotransmitter acts on receptor proteins, leading to excitation or inhibition

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22
Q

How does the electrical synapse work?

A

Open fluid channels that conduct electricity

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23
Q

Electrical synapses are dependent on

A

gap junctions

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24
Q

Electical synapses are most common in_______ because_____

A

smooth muscle contractions because they help with coordination contractions and flow

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25
Chemical synapse direction
One way, signals directed toward a specific goal
26
What are synapnic knobs (aka pre synaptic terminals)?
Synapses from other neurons on surface or dendrites of soma. Can be excitatory or inhibitory
27
Transmitter vesicles can be
excitatory or inhibitory
28
What determines whether a transmitter vesicle is excitatory or inhibitory?
Receptor type that is located on the postsynapctic neuron
29
What causes neurotransmitter release?
Voltage gated calcium channels
30
Receptor proteins are found on the
postsynapctic neuron
31
Pre and post synaptic neuron set up
32
Cation channels are _____ charged so they _____
Negatively charged, so they repel anions
33
anion channels are ______ charged so they
Positively charged, so they repel cations
34
Cations are
positively charged (i.e. Na+) excitatory transmitters
35
Anions are
negatively charged (i.e. Cl-) inhibitory transmitters
36
Second messenger systems and neuronal changes
prolong posynaptic nueronal changes, want the cell to have a change
37
Most common second messenger system is
G protein
38
3 domains of G-proteins
alpha, beta, gamma
39
G - protein: What happens when transmitter binds to receptor protein?
Alpha subunit separates from complex
40
G protein: What does alpha subunit do once it separates from complex (4)
1. Opens specific ion channels for prolongation 2. Activates cAMP or gAMP 3. Intracellular enzyme activation 3. Gene transcription
41
Excitatory receptors open:
Sodium (cation) channels (bring membrane more positive)
42
Excitatory receptors and ion movement
Decrease of Cl- in, Decrease of K+ out, Increase Na+ in
43
Inhibitory receptors open:
Chloride (anion) ion channels
44
Inhibitory receptors and ion movement:
Increases K+ out, Increases Cl- in decreases Na+ in
45
Inhibitory receptors bring cell membrane
away from positive, more negative
46
Neurotransmitter responses are (speed and duration)
most acute and short lived
47
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the
cytosol of presynaptic terminal
48
Neurotrasnmitter movement in and out
absorbed into vesicles via active transport recycling - vesicle fuses with with membrane of presynaptic terminal
49
Acetylcholine is secreted at terminals of:
Motor cortex Basal ganglia motor neurons skeletal muscles preganglionic ANS postganglionic PNS and SNS
50
Norepinephrine neurotransmitter location
brain stem and hypothalamic neurons
51
NE controls
activity and mood
52
NE is usually a(n)_____ neurotransmitter
excitatory
53
Dopamine location
Substantia nigra - terminate at striated region of basal ganglia
54
Dopamine is a(n) ______ neurotransmitter
Inhibitory
55
Glycine location
synapses in spinal cord
56
Glycine is a(n)_____ neurotransmitter
inhibitory
57
GABA location (3)
Nerve terminals in 1.spinal cord 2.cerebellum 3.basal ganglia
58
GABA is a(n) ______ neurotransmitter
inhibiotory
59
Glutamate location (2)
Presynaptic terminals in sensory pathways of 1. CNS 2. cerebral cortex
60
Glutamate is a(n) _____ nuerotransmitter
excitatory
61
Serotonin location
Median raphe of brainstem
62
Serotonin is a(n) _________ neurotransmitter of _______
inhibitory neurotransmitter of pain pathways
63
Serotonin controls
mood and sleep
64
Nitric Oxide neurotransmitter is important for (2)
areas of 1. long term behavior 2. memory
65
Nitric oxide MOA
synthesized on demand, not stored in vesicles
66
Neuropeptide neurotransmitters are synthesized by
ribosomes
67
Neuropeptide size
large
68
Neuropeptides are packaged and split in
golgi apparatus
69
Neuropeptides are transported via
axonal streaming
70
Neuropeptide release (amount and potency)
Small quantities, more potent
71
Neuropeptides cause
prolonged actions (such as learning and memory formation)
72
Fatigue occurs when
area becomes over excited and neurons lose excitability
73
Fatigue manifestations (3)
1. Depletion of neurotransmitters 2. Inactivation of postsynaptic receptors 3. abnormal concentrations of ions
74
Alkalosis and neuronal excitability
increases neuronal excitability
75
Acidosis and neuronal excitability
depresses neuronal excitability and can lead to coma
76
Caffeine and neuronal excitability
increases
77
Strychnine and neuronal excitability (MOA)
increases excitability by inhibiting inhibitory substances/neurotransmittors
78
Anesthetics and neuronal excitability
increases threshold for excitation