Week 3 Ch 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows in preparation for cell division

Chromosomes are duplicated

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

Chromosome copes are split and moved to opposite ends of the cell

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell divides into two daughter cells, identical

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4
Q

Chromosome structure

A

DNA is tightly wound around histones to create chromosomes

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5
Q

Centromeres

A

One on each sister chromatid, point of separation

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6
Q

Primase role

A

enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer

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7
Q

RNA primer

A

Initial nucleotide chain in DNA synthesis

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8
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Proofreads newly made DNA and replaces any incorrect nucleotides

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9
Q

MIsmatch repair of DNA

A

repair enzymes replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have evaded the proofreading process

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10
Q

Flow of proofreading and repairing DNA
(nucleotide excision repair)

A
  1. Mismatched nucleotide–>Nuclease cuts out damaged DNA stretches—>DNA polymerase puts correct base pairs on –>DNA ligase reassembles with corrections
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11
Q

Division of a cell occurs in

A

Mitotic phase

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12
Q

G1 phase:

A

First gap after mitosis

Metabolic activity and growth
(increase cytoplasm, organelles, mitochondria)

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13
Q

Sphase

A

Synthesis:
Metabolic activity, growth, DNA synthesis (genome replication)

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14
Q

G2 phase

A

“second gab” metabolic activity, growth, preparation for cell divsion

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15
Q

M phase includes

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells

17
Q

Mitosis stages:

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Please Pass Me Another Tequila

18
Q

Prophase

A

-Chromotin fibers are coiled
-Sister chromatids
-Mitotic spindle begins to form (microtubules)
-Centrosomes have moved away from each other

19
Q

Prometaphase

A

-Nuclear envelope fragments
-Microtubules invade nuclear area
-Kinetochore formed at centromere of each chromatid
-microtubles attache to kinetochores

20
Q

Metaphase

A

-Centrosomes at opposite boles of the cell

-Line up at metaphase plate

21
Q

Anaphase

A

-Shortest stage
-cohesions proteins cleaved at centromere
-sister chromatids part suddenly

22
Q

Telophase

A

-Two daughter nuclei form
-Nuclear envelope forms
-Nucleoli reappear
-Chromosomes become less condensed and unwind
-Spindle microtubules move apart (depolymerized)

all cytoplasm and chromatids have separated

23
Q

Molecular regulation

A

frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell

24
Q

Cyclin

A

concentration of various cyclins tells cell when to divide

25
Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)
reach a tipping point to trigger a cell cycle rise and fall of Cdks changes with concentration of its cyclin partner
26
Cyclin and Cdk
Cdks must be attached to a cyclin to be active
27
Loss of cell cycle in cancer cells
Cell cycle not regulated, they do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted
28
Cell transformation
cells that acquire the ability to divide indefinitely (mitosis goes unchecked)
29
Benign tumor
Abnormal cells remain only at original site
30
Apoptosis
PROGRAMMED cell death -no inflammation -recycling of components
31
Necrosis
-unplanned cell death -Unpackaged components -inflammation -released enzymes, proteins -Signals immune reponse