Week 3 Ch 3-4

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

Cell grows in preparation for cell division

Chromosomes are duplicated

Question 2

Mitosis

Answer 2

Chromosome copes are split and moved to opposite ends of the cell

Question 3

Cytokinesis

Answer 3

Cell divides into two daughter cells, identical

Question 4

Chromosome structure

Answer 4

DNA is tightly wound around histones to create chromosomes

Question 5

Centromeres

Answer 5

One on each sister chromatid, point of separation

Question 6

Primase role

Answer 6

enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer

Question 7

RNA primer

Answer 7

Initial nucleotide chain in DNA synthesis

Question 8

DNA polymerase

Answer 8

Proofreads newly made DNA and replaces any incorrect nucleotides

Question 9

MIsmatch repair of DNA

Answer 9

repair enzymes replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have evaded the proofreading process

Question 10

Flow of proofreading and repairing DNA
(nucleotide excision repair)

Answer 10

1. Mismatched nucleotide–>Nuclease cuts out damaged DNA stretches—>DNA polymerase puts correct base pairs on –>DNA ligase reassembles with corrections

Question 11

Division of a cell occurs in

Answer 11

Mitotic phase

Question 12

G1 phase:

Answer 12

First gap after mitosis

Metabolic activity and growth
(increase cytoplasm, organelles, mitochondria)

Question 13

Sphase

Answer 13

Synthesis:
Metabolic activity, growth, DNA synthesis (genome replication)

Question 14

G2 phase

Answer 14

“second gab” metabolic activity, growth, preparation for cell divsion

Question 15

M phase includes

Answer 15

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Question 16

Cytokinesis

Answer 16

Division of cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells

Question 17

Mitosis stages:

Answer 17

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Please Pass Me Another Tequila

Question 18

Prophase

Answer 18

-Chromotin fibers are coiled
-Sister chromatids
-Mitotic spindle begins to form (microtubules)
-Centrosomes have moved away from each other

Question 19

Prometaphase

Answer 19

-Nuclear envelope fragments
-Microtubules invade nuclear area
-Kinetochore formed at centromere of each chromatid
-microtubles attache to kinetochores

Question 20

Metaphase

Answer 20

-Centrosomes at opposite boles of the cell

-Line up at metaphase plate

Question 21

Anaphase

Answer 21

-Shortest stage
-cohesions proteins cleaved at centromere
-sister chromatids part suddenly

Question 22

Telophase

Answer 22

-Two daughter nuclei form
-Nuclear envelope forms
-Nucleoli reappear
-Chromosomes become less condensed and unwind
-Spindle microtubules move apart (depolymerized)

all cytoplasm and chromatids have separated

Question 23

Molecular regulation

Answer 23

frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell

Question 24

Cyclin

Answer 24

concentration of various cyclins tells cell when to divide

Question 25

Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)

Answer 25

reach a tipping point to trigger a cell cycle

rise and fall of Cdks changes with concentration of its cyclin partner

Question 26

Cyclin and Cdk

Answer 26

Cdks must be attached to a cyclin to be active

Question 27

Loss of cell cycle in cancer cells

Answer 27

Cell cycle not regulated, they do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted

Question 28

Cell transformation

Answer 28

cells that acquire the ability to divide indefinitely (mitosis goes unchecked)

Question 29

Benign tumor

Answer 29

Abnormal cells remain only at original site

Question 30

Apoptosis

Answer 30

PROGRAMMED cell death
-no inflammation
-recycling of components

Question 31

Necrosis

Answer 31

-unplanned cell death
-Unpackaged components
-inflammation
-released enzymes, proteins
-Signals immune reponse