Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Muscle spindle receptor basic setup
A
intrafusal fibers with central region of no actin or myosin
2
Q
Static muscle spindle receptors
(simulation, excites)
A
Stimulated by stretching at midportion
Stimulated in constant state
Excites nuclear chain fibers
3
Q
Dynamic muscle spindle receptor
(location, sensing, excites)
A
Location: primary ending
Senses: rate of change in changing sites
Excites: nuclear bag muscle fibers
4
Q
Gamma motor nerve function
A
excites end portion of intrafusal fibers
reflex systems to oppose sudden changes in muscle length
5
Q
Stretch reflex
A
Muscle is stretched suddenly: basic reflex
monosynapcic: efferent and afferent in spinal cord
6
Q
Golgi tendon reflex helps control
A
muscle tension
7
Q
Golgi tendon reflex MOA
A
Inhibitor: increased tension = inhibitor reflex effect
lengthening = inhibitory
instantaneous relaxation of entire muscle
8
Q
Flexor reflex
A
AKA nociceptive pain reflex
flex muscles of limb contract, withdrawing limb from object
activates other muscles important for withdrawal and circuits that inhibit antagonist muscles
9
Q
Withdrawal reflex
A
Part of body other than limbs is painfully stimulated, then withdrawn
not confined to flexor muscles
10
Q
Reciprocal inhibition and innervation
A
one muscle excited, antagonist muscle inhibited
11
Q
cord “righting” reflex
A
spinal animal is laid on its side, it will make uncoordinated movements to raise itself so standing
12
Q
Stepping and walking movements
A
Oscillation back and forth between flexor and extensor muscles
mutually reciprocal inhibition circuits w/ spinal cord
13
Q
Muscle spasm is due to
A
relfexes
14
Q
Broken bone and muscle spasm
A
pain impulses from bone cause muscles surrounding the area to contract tonically
15
Q
Peritonitis muscle spasm
A
irritation of parietal peritoneum–>extrusion of intestine through wound (GI tract spasm)
16
Q
Muscle cramp MOA
A
anything that cuts off needs of a cell can lead to muscle spasm
ex. cold, lack of blood flow, overexercise
17
Q
Spinal shock and manifestations
A
Cord function becomes depressed to the point of silence
-decreased BP
-skeletal muscle reflexes blocked
-Control of bladder and colon suppressed
usually things return to normal
18
Q
Primary motor cortex (aka and role)
A
aka brodmann’s 4
Controls certain muscle GROUPS - mostly fine motor i.e hands and speech
Topographical organization
19
Q
Premotor cortex
A
complex patters of movement such as new skill or instrument
topographical organization
20
Q
Supplementary motor area
A
Control of motor functions
Stimulates bilaterally (i.e.grasping of both hands)
head/eye tracking
provides background for fine motor (i.e. grasping –>manipulating)
topographical organization
21
Q
Corticospinal tract aka
A
pyramidal
22
Q
Corticospinal tract is most important for
A
motor cortex output
23
Q
Corticospinal tract pathway
A
cortex–>posterior limb of internal capsule–>brainstem (crossover)–>descend into lateral corticospinal tract –>activate interneurons in gray matter
24
Q
Control of motor function in the brainstem
A
controls whole body movement and equilibrium
25
pontine reticular nuclei role
support body against gravity
excitatory signals to cord
26
Medullary reticular system
transmits INHIBITIORY signals to antigravity to counterbalance pontine
27
Vestibular nuclei
maintain equilibrium, know where you are in space
controls antigravity muscles
EXCITATORY to muscles to maintain equilibrium in response to vestibular aparatus
28
Vestibular apparatus and and maintenance of equilibrium - how is reception detected
Stones in gel, hairs. Weight of stones bends Cilia in direction of gravitational pull
distortion = cation channels open = AP
inform body of where it is in space
29
Anatomical regions of the cerrebellum (6)
1. anterior lobe
2.Posterior lobe
3. flocculonodular lobe
4. vermis
5. Intermediate zone
6. lateral zone
30
Flocculondular lobe function
functions with vestibular sytem
31
Vermis location and function
-runs down center
-controls axial body, neck, shoulders, hips
Topographical organization
32
Intermediate zone function
muscles of limbs
topographical organization
33
Lateral zone fucntion
works with cerebral cortex planning of sequential motor movements
no topographical organization
34
Cerebellar input (6)
1. cerebral motor and premotor cortex
2. somatosensory motor cortex
3. basal ganglia
4. reticular formation
5. spinal cord
6. vestibular
35
Cerebellar output
back to centers, overall balance equilibrium
smoothness of movement (contractions of agonism and antagonism)
helps coordinate sequential movement
36
Cerebellar role
Sequence motor activities, make corrective adjustments when comparing actual movements to those intended, interpret cerebrum, fine tune activity, rapid turn on signals for agonist muscles and off for antagonist muscles
37
Perkinje cell roll
Help action become more precise
refine new skills
modulates cells up or down
inhibitory signals - delay to give cerebellum time to do its job
38
Vestibularcerrebellum
Controls balance between agonist and antagonist muscle contraction of spine, hips, shoulders during rapid changes in body positions
39
Spinocerrebellum
Receives sequential plan of movement and feedback about what movement actually looks like
smooth, coordinated muscle movements (no pendullum swing)
prevents overshoot with tremor
40
Cerebralcerrobellum
Ability to plan and perform intricate sequential patters of movement
appropriate timing for each succeeding movement
(hands, fingers, speech)
helps time events (i.e. interprets visual changes of a scene -->how rapidly approaching an object).
41
Dysmetria and ataxia
movements overshoot intended mark and brain overcompensates in opposite direction
42
past pointing
moves part of body beyond intended point
43
Dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapid alternating movements (typing, piano)
44
Dysarthria
Failure of progression in talking
sounds are jumbled with some syllables loud, weak, held for long or short intervals
45
Nystagmus
Cerebellum associated disorder
46
Hypotonia
decreased tone of peripheral body musculature on side of cerebellar lesion
47
Basal ganglia components (5)
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
4. substantia nigra
5. subthalmic nucleus
48
Basal ganglia functions
accessory motor system
close association with cerebral cortex and corticospinal motor control system
executed learning patters of movement travel through basal ganglia
extra refining, sends down to cerebral cortex
49
Putamen circuit disfunction
block = certain patterns of movement become severely abnormal
50
Athetosis movement
lesion in globus pallidus - spontaneous and continuous writhing movements of hand, arm, neck, face
51
Hemibalismus
lesion subthalmus
leads to flailing movements of an entire limb
52
Chorea
Small lesion in putamen
flicking movements in hand, face, other parts of body
53
Lesions in substantia nigra
rigidity, akinesia, tremors associated with parkinson's disease
54
Caudate circuit function
motor action occur as a consequence of thoughts generated in the mind
i.e when you see a lion coming, you run and maybe climb a tree
55
Basal ganglia and timing, scale of intensity
Determines how rapidly a movement is to be performed and how large movement will be
clock and flower drawing
56
Parkinson's disease MOA and manifestatins
MOA: widespread degeneration of substantia negra
Manifestations: rigidity, involuntary tremor, difficulty initiating movement, postural instability, dysphagia
57
Huntingtons disease
autosomal dominant
cause: loss of cell bodys of GABA (inhibitory) secreting nuerons in caudate nucleus
loss of acetylcholine secreting neurons in brain
loss of GABA = loss of inhibition = spontaneous outbursts, distortional movements, dementia
58
Association areas of the cerebral cortex role
Receive and analyze simultaneous signals from motor and sensory cortices, further enhance meaning
59
parieto-occipitotemporal association area of cerebral cortex
analysis of spacial coordinates of body
-Wernicke's
-Angular Gyrus
-Area for naming objects
60
Prefrontal association area of cortex
plans complex patterns and sequences for motor movemnts
-broca's
-limbic association
-face recognition
61
Limbic association area
behavior, emotions, motivation
62
Broca's area
Plans motor patters for expressing words and phrases
63
Wernicke's area
language comprehension
64
Angular gyrus
initial processing of visual language (reading)
makes meaning out of visually perceived words
65
What does it mean to have a dominant hemisphere?
Side that takes over and is used to greater extent
Wernicke's area is highly developled on this side
66
Function of prefrontal associate areas
higher intellecutal functions
-solve complex problems
-string together sequential tasks for complex goals
-learning several parallel tasks at the same time
-appropriate social responses
-mood change regulation
--motor function with purpose
-working memory - elaboration of thoughts
-abstractedness of thoughts
67
hearing/speaking pathway:
reception in primary auditory area ->wernickes (for interpretation)--> Broca's (for activation of motor programs) --> motor cortex
68
Reading/ speaking pathway
reception in primary visual area --> angular gyrus -->Wernickes --> Broca's-->motor cortex
69
Role of corpus callosum
Allows brain hemisphere communication
make stored info from one side available to the other side
70
Short term memory timing and MOA
seconds to minutes
reverberating neurons
71
Intermediate term memory timing and MOA
days to weeks
d/t temporary chemical or physical changes from synapse
72
Long term memory timing and MOA
years - lifetime
structural and chemical changes in the synapse
73
Habituation
Signal transmission is great at first but becomes less and less with time
progressive closure of calcium channels -->absence of transmissino
74
Facilitation
Noxious stimulation excites facilitator terminal
transmission becomes stronger and stronger and will remain strong
Serotonin -->adenyl cyclase --> cAMP --> blocks channels for K+ conductance --> prolonged AP -->prolonged activation of Ca+ channels --> increased transmitter release
75
Holistic theory of thoughts
Patterns of stimulating involving cerebral cortex, thalmus, limbic system, upper reticular formation of brain stem
work together to determine general nature of thought including pleasure, displeasure, pain, comfort, sensation, localization
76
Conciousness
stream of awareness of surroundings and our sequential thoughts
77
Memory
stored by changing basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity
ignore that of no consequence
78
Locus cerulus hormmone
NE
79
Substantia nigra hormone
dopamine
80
Raphe nuclei hormone
serotonin
81
Gigantcellular nuerons of reticular excitatory area hormmone
acetylcholine
82
anatomy of limbic system - what is central
hypothalmus
83
Surrounding hypothalmus in limbic system:
basal ganglia, nucleus of thalmus, sptum, paraolofactory, hippocampus, amygdala
84
Surrounding all of above in limbic system
Gyri
85
Basic functions of hypothalmus
Vegatative/endocrine functions
non vegatative/endocrine function
86
Vegitative and endocrine factors of hypothalmus(6)
1. CV
2. Body temp
3. Body water regulation
4. uterin contraction
5. GI and feeding regulation
6. anterior pituitary control (releasing and inhibiting hormones)
87
Non vegetative/endocrine functions (5)
1. Rage or fighting (increases level of activity)
2. tranquility
3. fear and punishment reaction
4. sex drive
5. learning and memory
88
Reward center:
stimulated makes you want to have it stimulated again
89
Punishment center
stimulated = displeasure, fear, terror, pain, punishment
90
Lesions of punishment or reward centers
91
Hippocampus and learning
Allows you to learn new info
removal = unable to learn new information
may provide drive that causes translation of short term memory to long term memory
92
Kluver-Busy syndrome
caused by bilateral ablation of amygdala
-not afraid of anything
-extreme curiosity
-forgets rapidly
-places everything in mouth and tries to eat solid objects
-very strong sex drive
93
What happens during slow wave sleep?
-extremely restful
-Decreased vascular tone and negative functions of body
-some dreaming, not usually remembered
94
What happens during REM sleep?
-Rapid eye movement
-Vivid dreaming
-Depressed muscle tone - inhibition of muscles
-HR and RR irregular
-Brain highly active with metabolism increasing by 20%
95
At a neural level, what do we think happens when we sleep?
Nerve fibers spread locally in brain stem reticular formation to thalmus, hypothalmus, limbic system--->secrete serotonin (inhibitory)
96
Physiological functions of sleep
1. Neural maturation
2. facilitation of learning and memory
3. Erasure of synapses to forget unimportant info
cognition
4. clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity
5.conservation of metabolic energy
97
Alpha waves
-18-13 cycles/sec
-healthy awake adults in quiet resting state
98
Beta waves
14 cycles/sec
-persons attention is directed to a specific activity
-high frequency, low voltage
99
Theta waves
4-7 cycles/ sec
-usually in children
-highly stressed adult
100
Delta waves
less than 3.5 cycles/sec
-highest voltage
-occur in very deep sleep
-infancy
-severe organic brain disease
101
Focal (parital) epileptic seizures
1. begin in small localized region of cerebral cortex
2. result from local lesion or functional abnormality
3. rapid discharge in local neurons
4. hits thresshold in synchronus waves, reverberating circuits
5. progressive march of muscle contractions on opposite side of body
6. no major change in conciousness
7. aura
102
Generalized epileptic seizures
diffuse, excessive, uncontrolled nueronal discharges that spread rapidly and simultaneously to both hemispheres
103
Generalized seizures- tonic clonic (grand mal)
1. abrupt LOC and extreme neuronal discharges in all areas
2. spasmodic contrations
3. tounge, breathing, urination, defication
4. can last seconds to inutes
5. Post seizure: depression -->stupor-->severe fatigue
104
Generalized absence seizure (petit mal)
-Usually seen in child hood
-unconciousness, staring and twitchlike motions
-"not really there"
105
Depression neurotransmitter
diminished NE, serotonin or both
106
Schizophrenia neurotransmitter
excessive excitement of dopamine secreting neurons
loss of response to glutamate
107
Alzheimer's disease
Premature aging of brain with rapid progression to extremem loss of mental powers
finding: loss of neurons in limbic pathway that drives memory formation
Increased beta amyloid peptide accumulates
clinical features:
-amnestic memory impairment
-deterioration of language
-visuospatial defects
