Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle spindle receptor basic setup

A

intrafusal fibers with central region of no actin or myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Static muscle spindle receptors
(simulation, excites)

A

Stimulated by stretching at midportion

Stimulated in constant state

Excites nuclear chain fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dynamic muscle spindle receptor
(location, sensing, excites)

A

Location: primary ending
Senses: rate of change in changing sites
Excites: nuclear bag muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gamma motor nerve function

A

excites end portion of intrafusal fibers

reflex systems to oppose sudden changes in muscle length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Muscle is stretched suddenly: basic reflex

monosynapcic: efferent and afferent in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Golgi tendon reflex helps control

A

muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Golgi tendon reflex MOA

A

Inhibitor: increased tension = inhibitor reflex effect

lengthening = inhibitory
instantaneous relaxation of entire muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Flexor reflex

A

AKA nociceptive pain reflex

flex muscles of limb contract, withdrawing limb from object

activates other muscles important for withdrawal and circuits that inhibit antagonist muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

Part of body other than limbs is painfully stimulated, then withdrawn

not confined to flexor muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reciprocal inhibition and innervation

A

one muscle excited, antagonist muscle inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cord “righting” reflex

A

spinal animal is laid on its side, it will make uncoordinated movements to raise itself so standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stepping and walking movements

A

Oscillation back and forth between flexor and extensor muscles

mutually reciprocal inhibition circuits w/ spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscle spasm is due to

A

relfexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Broken bone and muscle spasm

A

pain impulses from bone cause muscles surrounding the area to contract tonically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Peritonitis muscle spasm

A

irritation of parietal peritoneum–>extrusion of intestine through wound (GI tract spasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Muscle cramp MOA

A

anything that cuts off needs of a cell can lead to muscle spasm

ex. cold, lack of blood flow, overexercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spinal shock and manifestations

A

Cord function becomes depressed to the point of silence
-decreased BP
-skeletal muscle reflexes blocked
-Control of bladder and colon suppressed

usually things return to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary motor cortex (aka and role)

A

aka brodmann’s 4

Controls certain muscle GROUPS - mostly fine motor i.e hands and speech

Topographical organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Premotor cortex

A

complex patters of movement such as new skill or instrument

topographical organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

Control of motor functions

Stimulates bilaterally (i.e.grasping of both hands)

head/eye tracking

provides background for fine motor (i.e. grasping –>manipulating)

topographical organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Corticospinal tract aka

A

pyramidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Corticospinal tract is most important for

A

motor cortex output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Corticospinal tract pathway

A

cortex–>posterior limb of internal capsule–>brainstem (crossover)–>descend into lateral corticospinal tract –>activate interneurons in gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Control of motor function in the brainstem

A

controls whole body movement and equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pontine reticular nuclei role

A

support body against gravity

excitatory signals to cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Medullary reticular system

A

transmits INHIBITIORY signals to antigravity to counterbalance pontine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vestibular nuclei

A

maintain equilibrium, know where you are in space

controls antigravity muscles

EXCITATORY to muscles to maintain equilibrium in response to vestibular aparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vestibular apparatus and and maintenance of equilibrium - how is reception detected

A

Stones in gel, hairs. Weight of stones bends Cilia in direction of gravitational pull

distortion = cation channels open = AP

inform body of where it is in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anatomical regions of the cerrebellum (6)

A
  1. anterior lobe
    2.Posterior lobe
  2. flocculonodular lobe
  3. vermis
  4. Intermediate zone
  5. lateral zone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Flocculondular lobe function

A

functions with vestibular sytem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vermis location and function

A

-runs down center

-controls axial body, neck, shoulders, hips

Topographical organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Intermediate zone function

A

muscles of limbs

topographical organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lateral zone fucntion

A

works with cerebral cortex planning of sequential motor movements

no topographical organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cerebellar input (6)

A
  1. cerebral motor and premotor cortex
  2. somatosensory motor cortex
  3. basal ganglia
  4. reticular formation
  5. spinal cord
  6. vestibular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cerebellar output

A

back to centers, overall balance equilibrium

smoothness of movement (contractions of agonism and antagonism)

helps coordinate sequential movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cerebellar role

A

Sequence motor activities, make corrective adjustments when comparing actual movements to those intended, interpret cerebrum, fine tune activity, rapid turn on signals for agonist muscles and off for antagonist muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Perkinje cell roll

A

Help action become more precise

refine new skills

modulates cells up or down

inhibitory signals - delay to give cerebellum time to do its job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Vestibularcerrebellum

A

Controls balance between agonist and antagonist muscle contraction of spine, hips, shoulders during rapid changes in body positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Spinocerrebellum

A

Receives sequential plan of movement and feedback about what movement actually looks like

smooth, coordinated muscle movements (no pendullum swing)

prevents overshoot with tremor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cerebralcerrobellum

A

Ability to plan and perform intricate sequential patters of movement

appropriate timing for each succeeding movement
(hands, fingers, speech)

helps time events (i.e. interprets visual changes of a scene –>how rapidly approaching an object).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Dysmetria and ataxia

A

movements overshoot intended mark and brain overcompensates in opposite direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

past pointing

A

moves part of body beyond intended point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to perform rapid alternating movements (typing, piano)

44
Q

Dysarthria

A

Failure of progression in talking

sounds are jumbled with some syllables loud, weak, held for long or short intervals

45
Q

Nystagmus

A

Cerebellum associated disorder

46
Q

Hypotonia

A

decreased tone of peripheral body musculature on side of cerebellar lesion

47
Q

Basal ganglia components (5)

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
  4. substantia nigra
  5. subthalmic nucleus
48
Q

Basal ganglia functions

A

accessory motor system

close association with cerebral cortex and corticospinal motor control system

executed learning patters of movement travel through basal ganglia

extra refining, sends down to cerebral cortex

49
Q

Putamen circuit disfunction

A

block = certain patterns of movement become severely abnormal

50
Q

Athetosis movement

A

lesion in globus pallidus - spontaneous and continuous writhing movements of hand, arm, neck, face

51
Q

Hemibalismus

A

lesion subthalmus

leads to flailing movements of an entire limb

52
Q

Chorea

A

Small lesion in putamen

flicking movements in hand, face, other parts of body

53
Q

Lesions in substantia nigra

A

rigidity, akinesia, tremors associated with parkinson’s disease

54
Q

Caudate circuit function

A

motor action occur as a consequence of thoughts generated in the mind

i.e when you see a lion coming, you run and maybe climb a tree

55
Q

Basal ganglia and timing, scale of intensity

A

Determines how rapidly a movement is to be performed and how large movement will be

clock and flower drawing

56
Q

Parkinson’s disease MOA and manifestatins

A

MOA: widespread degeneration of substantia negra

Manifestations: rigidity, involuntary tremor, difficulty initiating movement, postural instability, dysphagia

57
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

autosomal dominant

cause: loss of cell bodys of GABA (inhibitory) secreting nuerons in caudate nucleus

loss of acetylcholine secreting neurons in brain

loss of GABA = loss of inhibition = spontaneous outbursts, distortional movements, dementia

58
Q

Association areas of the cerebral cortex role

A

Receive and analyze simultaneous signals from motor and sensory cortices, further enhance meaning

59
Q

parieto-occipitotemporal association area of cerebral cortex

A

analysis of spacial coordinates of body

-Wernicke’s
-Angular Gyrus
-Area for naming objects

60
Q

Prefrontal association area of cortex

A

plans complex patterns and sequences for motor movemnts

-broca’s
-limbic association
-face recognition

61
Q

Limbic association area

A

behavior, emotions, motivation

62
Q

Broca’s area

A

Plans motor patters for expressing words and phrases

63
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

64
Q

Angular gyrus

A

initial processing of visual language (reading)

makes meaning out of visually perceived words

65
Q

What does it mean to have a dominant hemisphere?

A

Side that takes over and is used to greater extent

Wernicke’s area is highly developled on this side

66
Q

Function of prefrontal associate areas

A

higher intellecutal functions

-solve complex problems
-string together sequential tasks for complex goals
-learning several parallel tasks at the same time
-appropriate social responses
-mood change regulation
–motor function with purpose
-working memory - elaboration of thoughts
-abstractedness of thoughts

67
Q

hearing/speaking pathway:

A

reception in primary auditory area ->wernickes (for interpretation)–> Broca’s (for activation of motor programs) –> motor cortex

68
Q

Reading/ speaking pathway

A

reception in primary visual area –> angular gyrus –>Wernickes –> Broca’s–>motor cortex

69
Q

Role of corpus callosum

A

Allows brain hemisphere communication

make stored info from one side available to the other side

70
Q

Short term memory timing and MOA

A

seconds to minutes

reverberating neurons

71
Q

Intermediate term memory timing and MOA

A

days to weeks

d/t temporary chemical or physical changes from synapse

72
Q

Long term memory timing and MOA

A

years - lifetime

structural and chemical changes in the synapse

73
Q

Habituation

A

Signal transmission is great at first but becomes less and less with time

progressive closure of calcium channels –>absence of transmissino

74
Q

Facilitation

A

Noxious stimulation excites facilitator terminal

transmission becomes stronger and stronger and will remain strong

Serotonin –>adenyl cyclase –> cAMP –> blocks channels for K+ conductance –> prolonged AP –>prolonged activation of Ca+ channels –> increased transmitter release

75
Q

Holistic theory of thoughts

A

Patterns of stimulating involving cerebral cortex, thalmus, limbic system, upper reticular formation of brain stem

work together to determine general nature of thought including pleasure, displeasure, pain, comfort, sensation, localization

76
Q

Conciousness

A

stream of awareness of surroundings and our sequential thoughts

77
Q

Memory

A

stored by changing basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity

ignore that of no consequence

78
Q

Locus cerulus hormmone

A

NE

79
Q

Substantia nigra hormone

A

dopamine

80
Q

Raphe nuclei hormone

A

serotonin

81
Q

Gigantcellular nuerons of reticular excitatory area hormmone

A

acetylcholine

82
Q

anatomy of limbic system - what is central

A

hypothalmus

83
Q

Surrounding hypothalmus in limbic system:

A

basal ganglia, nucleus of thalmus, sptum, paraolofactory, hippocampus, amygdala

84
Q

Surrounding all of above in limbic system

A

Gyri

85
Q

Basic functions of hypothalmus

A

Vegatative/endocrine functions

non vegatative/endocrine function

86
Q

Vegitative and endocrine factors of hypothalmus(6)

A
  1. CV
  2. Body temp
  3. Body water regulation
  4. uterin contraction
  5. GI and feeding regulation
  6. anterior pituitary control (releasing and inhibiting hormones)
87
Q

Non vegetative/endocrine functions (5)

A
  1. Rage or fighting (increases level of activity)
  2. tranquility
  3. fear and punishment reaction
  4. sex drive
  5. learning and memory
88
Q

Reward center:

A

stimulated makes you want to have it stimulated again

89
Q

Punishment center

A

stimulated = displeasure, fear, terror, pain, punishment

90
Q

Lesions of punishment or reward centers

A
91
Q

Hippocampus and learning

A

Allows you to learn new info

removal = unable to learn new information

may provide drive that causes translation of short term memory to long term memory

92
Q

Kluver-Busy syndrome

A

caused by bilateral ablation of amygdala

-not afraid of anything
-extreme curiosity
-forgets rapidly
-places everything in mouth and tries to eat solid objects
-very strong sex drive

93
Q

What happens during slow wave sleep?

A

-extremely restful
-Decreased vascular tone and negative functions of body
-some dreaming, not usually remembered

94
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

-Rapid eye movement
-Vivid dreaming
-Depressed muscle tone - inhibition of muscles
-HR and RR irregular
-Brain highly active with metabolism increasing by 20%

95
Q

At a neural level, what do we think happens when we sleep?

A

Nerve fibers spread locally in brain stem reticular formation to thalmus, hypothalmus, limbic system—>secrete serotonin (inhibitory)

96
Q

Physiological functions of sleep

A
  1. Neural maturation
  2. facilitation of learning and memory
  3. Erasure of synapses to forget unimportant info
    cognition
  4. clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity
    5.conservation of metabolic energy
97
Q

Alpha waves

A

-18-13 cycles/sec
-healthy awake adults in quiet resting state

98
Q

Beta waves

A

14 cycles/sec
-persons attention is directed to a specific activity
-high frequency, low voltage

99
Q

Theta waves

A

4-7 cycles/ sec
-usually in children
-highly stressed adult

100
Q

Delta waves

A

less than 3.5 cycles/sec
-highest voltage
-occur in very deep sleep
-infancy
-severe organic brain disease

101
Q

Focal (parital) epileptic seizures

A
  1. begin in small localized region of cerebral cortex
  2. result from local lesion or functional abnormality
  3. rapid discharge in local neurons
  4. hits thresshold in synchronus waves, reverberating circuits
  5. progressive march of muscle contractions on opposite side of body
  6. no major change in conciousness
  7. aura
102
Q

Generalized epileptic seizures

A

diffuse, excessive, uncontrolled nueronal discharges that spread rapidly and simultaneously to both hemispheres

103
Q

Generalized seizures- tonic clonic (grand mal)

A
  1. abrupt LOC and extreme neuronal discharges in all areas
  2. spasmodic contrations
  3. tounge, breathing, urination, defication
  4. can last seconds to inutes
  5. Post seizure: depression –>stupor–>severe fatigue
104
Q

Generalized absence seizure (petit mal)

A

-Usually seen in child hood
-unconciousness, staring and twitchlike motions
-“not really there”

105
Q

Depression neurotransmitter

A

diminished NE, serotonin or both

106
Q

Schizophrenia neurotransmitter

A

excessive excitement of dopamine secreting neurons

loss of response to glutamate

107
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Premature aging of brain with rapid progression to extremem loss of mental powers

finding: loss of neurons in limbic pathway that drives memory formation

Increased beta amyloid peptide accumulates

clinical features:
-amnestic memory impairment
-deterioration of language
-visuospatial defects

Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions