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Physiology > Week 1 cells basic > Flashcards

Week 1 cells basic Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Characteristics and mechanisms that make a living being

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2
Q

Cells and function

A

Specialized, adapt to perform on or a few functions

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3
Q

Oxygen and cell fucntion

A

oxygen reacts with carbs, fats and proteins to release energy

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4
Q

extracellular fluid definition and characteristics

A

Outside of cell “internal environment”
-in constant motion
-Circulating blood and capillary walls (exchange of O2 and waste)

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ions, nutrients and waste products maintained within a small range

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6
Q

Compensatory mechanisms

A

Try to maintain homeostasis, make it difficult to determine PRIMARY cause of disease

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7
Q

Pathophysiology

A

explain physiological processes altered in disease or injury

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8
Q

Extracellular fluid transport stage 2

A

Movement between blood capillaries and intercellular spaces of tissue cells

Follows concentration gradients

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9
Q

Capillary walls are permeable to

A

most molecules, NOT plasma

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10
Q

Plasma protiens

A

Do not go into intercellular spaces (cant cross capillary walls)

i.e. albumin, fibrinogen, globulins

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11
Q

Distance form cells to capillary

A

max 2 cells away (50uM)

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12
Q

Tiem to complete circulatory circuit

A

1 min

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13
Q

Respiratory origin nutrients

A

O2 via alveolar membrane

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14
Q

GI tract nutrient origin

A

Carbs, fatty and amino acids (small intestine = absorbtion)

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15
Q

Liver origin nutrients

A

alters substances to useable forms, filters out waste and sends back nutrients

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16
Q

Musculoskeletal origin nutrients

A

obtain food

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17
Q

Respiratory waste/end product

A

CO2

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18
Q

Kidney waste removal

A

Urea and uric acid (broken down amines)

Screens fluids, reabsorbs 99%

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19
Q

GI tract waste products

A

undigested material

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20
Q

Liver waste/end prodcuts

A

bile

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21
Q

Systems that play a role in regulation

A

Nervous, endocrine
(nervous fast, endocrine slow)

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22
Q

Nervous system basic route

A

sensory input–>central nervous (decision)–>motor output

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23
Q

Nervous system regulation system

A

Autonomic nervous system (SNS, PNS)

24
Q

Endocrine system regulation route

A

hormones travel via blood to target

25
Q

Protection system

A

Immune system (distinguish and destruct)

26
Q

O2 and CO2 in extracellular fluid (control system)

A

HbB is oxygen buffering
Reespiratory center - change breathing rate

27
Q

Control system in arterial blood pressure

A
  1. Pressure acts on baroreceptors
  2. baroreceptors signal to vasomotor center of medulla
  3. Error signal sent to SNS
  4. Appropriate effectors trigger change in. blood vessels and heart
28
Q

Negative feedback

A

most systems

Result is opposite of initiating stimulus

29
Q

Gain of a control system =

A

Correction/Error

Correction = points corrected by body to reestablish homeostasis

error = the difference between starting point to end point

30
Q

Positive feedback

A

Vicious cycle, can lead to instability

ex. Blood clotting, childbirth, nerve signals, lactation/letdown

31
Q

Protoplasm

A

substances that make up a cell
-water
-ions
-proteins
-lipids
-carbs

32
Q

% water in cell

A

70%-85%

33
Q

Role of ions in protoplasm

A

Inorganic chemicals for reaction

control mechanisms

34
Q

% proteins in protoplasms

A

10-20%

35
Q

Proteins in cell function

A
  1. cytoskeleton (microtubules)
    2.Functional proteins
36
Q

Lipid components in cell

A

-Phospholipids and cholesterol
-Triglycerides in fat cells

37
Q

Carbohydrate components of cell

A

Glycogen
Carbs provide cell nutrition

38
Q

Cell membrane physical structures

A

-lipid bilayer
-hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains
-integral peripheral proteins
-channel protein, carriers, enzymes, receptors
-Carbs (glycocalyx)

39
Q

Lipid bilayer consists of

A

Sphingoloids, phospholipids, cholesterol

40
Q

Carbohydrate roles in cell membrane (4)

A

-Negatively charged, repels other neg charges

-attachment
-Receptors for hormones
-immune reactions

41
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum role

A

Produces Proteins

42
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum role

A

Produces Lipids

43
Q

Proteins are processed in

A

Matrix of the endoplasmic reticulum
-crosslinked
-folded
-glycosylated (N-linked)
-Cleaved

44
Q

ER protein processing

A

Cleaved–>vesicles–> sent to golgi apparatus

45
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Receives transport vesicles from ER and processes them

Substances are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion

46
Q

Golgi apparatus is composed of

A

4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures

47
Q

Lysosomes

A

digest - “stomach” of the cell

Contain hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) to process proteins

48
Q

Examples of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes

A

-phosphateses
-nucleases
-proteases
-lipid degrading enzymes

49
Q

Proteins are metabolized to

A

Amino Acids

50
Q

Glycogen is metabolized to

A

Glucose

51
Q

Lipids are metabolized to

A

fatty acids and glycerol

52
Q

Lysosomes are formed from

A

budding golgi

53
Q

Peroxisomes

A

oxidases
(oxidizes poisonous substances using hydrogen peroxide)

Self repliative

54
Q

Secretory vesicles role

A

Store protein proenzymes

i.e. digestive tract enzymes

55
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse, produces ATP

site of oxidative phosphorylation (to make ATP)

self replicative

56
Q
A

Physiology (13 decks)

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