Week 1 cells basic Flashcards
Physiology
Characteristics and mechanisms that make a living being
Cells and function
Specialized, adapt to perform on or a few functions
Oxygen and cell fucntion
oxygen reacts with carbs, fats and proteins to release energy
extracellular fluid definition and characteristics
Outside of cell “internal environment”
-in constant motion
-Circulating blood and capillary walls (exchange of O2 and waste)
Homeostasis
Ions, nutrients and waste products maintained within a small range
Compensatory mechanisms
Try to maintain homeostasis, make it difficult to determine PRIMARY cause of disease
Pathophysiology
explain physiological processes altered in disease or injury
Extracellular fluid transport stage 2
Movement between blood capillaries and intercellular spaces of tissue cells
Follows concentration gradients
Capillary walls are permeable to
most molecules, NOT plasma
Plasma protiens
Do not go into intercellular spaces (cant cross capillary walls)
i.e. albumin, fibrinogen, globulins
Distance form cells to capillary
max 2 cells away (50uM)
Tiem to complete circulatory circuit
1 min
Respiratory origin nutrients
O2 via alveolar membrane
GI tract nutrient origin
Carbs, fatty and amino acids (small intestine = absorbtion)
Liver origin nutrients
alters substances to useable forms, filters out waste and sends back nutrients
Musculoskeletal origin nutrients
obtain food
Respiratory waste/end product
CO2
Kidney waste removal
Urea and uric acid (broken down amines)
Screens fluids, reabsorbs 99%
GI tract waste products
undigested material
Liver waste/end prodcuts
bile
Systems that play a role in regulation
Nervous, endocrine
(nervous fast, endocrine slow)
Nervous system basic route
sensory input–>central nervous (decision)–>motor output
Nervous system regulation system
Autonomic nervous system (SNS, PNS)
Endocrine system regulation route
hormones travel via blood to target
Protection system
Immune system (distinguish and destruct)
O2 and CO2 in extracellular fluid (control system)
HbB is oxygen buffering
Reespiratory center - change breathing rate
Control system in arterial blood pressure
- Pressure acts on baroreceptors
- baroreceptors signal to vasomotor center of medulla
- Error signal sent to SNS
- Appropriate effectors trigger change in. blood vessels and heart
Negative feedback
most systems
Result is opposite of initiating stimulus
Gain of a control system =
Correction/Error
Correction = points corrected by body to reestablish homeostasis
error = the difference between starting point to end point
Positive feedback
Vicious cycle, can lead to instability
ex. Blood clotting, childbirth, nerve signals, lactation/letdown
Protoplasm
substances that make up a cell
-water
-ions
-proteins
-lipids
-carbs
% water in cell
70%-85%
Role of ions in protoplasm
Inorganic chemicals for reaction
control mechanisms
% proteins in protoplasms
10-20%
Proteins in cell function
- cytoskeleton (microtubules)
2.Functional proteins
Lipid components in cell
-Phospholipids and cholesterol
-Triglycerides in fat cells
Carbohydrate components of cell
Glycogen
Carbs provide cell nutrition
Cell membrane physical structures
-lipid bilayer
-hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains
-integral peripheral proteins
-channel protein, carriers, enzymes, receptors
-Carbs (glycocalyx)
Lipid bilayer consists of
Sphingoloids, phospholipids, cholesterol
Carbohydrate roles in cell membrane (4)
-Negatively charged, repels other neg charges
-attachment
-Receptors for hormones
-immune reactions
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum role
Produces Proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum role
Produces Lipids
Proteins are processed in
Matrix of the endoplasmic reticulum
-crosslinked
-folded
-glycosylated (N-linked)
-Cleaved
ER protein processing
Cleaved–>vesicles–> sent to golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Receives transport vesicles from ER and processes them
Substances are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion
Golgi apparatus is composed of
4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures
Lysosomes
digest - “stomach” of the cell
Contain hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) to process proteins
Examples of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes
-phosphateses
-nucleases
-proteases
-lipid degrading enzymes
Proteins are metabolized to
Amino Acids
Glycogen is metabolized to
Glucose
Lipids are metabolized to
fatty acids and glycerol
Lysosomes are formed from
budding golgi
Peroxisomes
oxidases
(oxidizes poisonous substances using hydrogen peroxide)
Self repliative
Secretory vesicles role
Store protein proenzymes
i.e. digestive tract enzymes
Mitochondria
Powerhouse, produces ATP
site of oxidative phosphorylation (to make ATP)
self replicative
