Week 1 cells basic

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

Characteristics and mechanisms that make a living being

Question 2

Cells and function

Answer 2

Specialized, adapt to perform on or a few functions

Question 3

Oxygen and cell fucntion

Answer 3

oxygen reacts with carbs, fats and proteins to release energy

Question 4

extracellular fluid definition and characteristics

Answer 4

Outside of cell “internal environment”
-in constant motion
-Circulating blood and capillary walls (exchange of O2 and waste)

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

Ions, nutrients and waste products maintained within a small range

Question 6

Compensatory mechanisms

Answer 6

Try to maintain homeostasis, make it difficult to determine PRIMARY cause of disease

Question 7

Pathophysiology

Answer 7

explain physiological processes altered in disease or injury

Question 8

Extracellular fluid transport stage 2

Answer 8

Movement between blood capillaries and intercellular spaces of tissue cells

Follows concentration gradients

Question 9

Capillary walls are permeable to

Answer 9

most molecules, NOT plasma

Question 10

Plasma protiens

Answer 10

Do not go into intercellular spaces (cant cross capillary walls)

i.e. albumin, fibrinogen, globulins

Question 11

Distance form cells to capillary

Answer 11

max 2 cells away (50uM)

Question 12

Tiem to complete circulatory circuit

Answer 12

1 min

Question 13

Respiratory origin nutrients

Answer 13

O2 via alveolar membrane

Question 14

GI tract nutrient origin

Answer 14

Carbs, fatty and amino acids (small intestine = absorbtion)

Question 15

Liver origin nutrients

Answer 15

alters substances to useable forms, filters out waste and sends back nutrients

Question 16

Musculoskeletal origin nutrients

Answer 16

obtain food

Question 17

Respiratory waste/end product

Answer 17

CO2

Question 18

Kidney waste removal

Answer 18

Urea and uric acid (broken down amines)

Screens fluids, reabsorbs 99%

Question 19

GI tract waste products

Answer 19

undigested material

Question 20

Liver waste/end prodcuts

Answer 20

bile

Question 21

Systems that play a role in regulation

Answer 21

Nervous, endocrine
(nervous fast, endocrine slow)

Question 22

Nervous system basic route

Answer 22

sensory input–>central nervous (decision)–>motor output

Question 23

Nervous system regulation system

Answer 23

Autonomic nervous system (SNS, PNS)

Question 24

Endocrine system regulation route

Answer 24

hormones travel via blood to target

Question 25

Protection system

Answer 25

Immune system (distinguish and destruct)

Question 26

O2 and CO2 in extracellular fluid (control system)

Answer 26

HbB is oxygen buffering Reespiratory center - change breathing rate

Question 27

Control system in arterial blood pressure

Answer 27

1. Pressure acts on baroreceptors 2. baroreceptors signal to vasomotor center of medulla 3. Error signal sent to SNS 4. Appropriate effectors trigger change in. blood vessels and heart

Question 28

Negative feedback

Answer 28

most systems Result is opposite of initiating stimulus

Question 29

Gain of a control system =

Answer 29

Correction/Error Correction = points corrected by body to reestablish homeostasis error = the difference between starting point to end point

Question 30

Positive feedback

Answer 30

Vicious cycle, can lead to instability ex. Blood clotting, childbirth, nerve signals, lactation/letdown

Question 31

Protoplasm

Answer 31

substances that make up a cell -water -ions -proteins -lipids -carbs

Question 32

% water in cell

Answer 32

70%-85%

Question 33

Role of ions in protoplasm

Answer 33

Inorganic chemicals for reaction control mechanisms

Question 34

% proteins in protoplasms

Answer 34

10-20%

Question 35

Proteins in cell function

Answer 35

1. cytoskeleton (microtubules) 2.Functional proteins

Question 36

Lipid components in cell

Answer 36

-Phospholipids and cholesterol -Triglycerides in fat cells

Question 37

Carbohydrate components of cell

Answer 37

Glycogen Carbs provide cell nutrition

Question 38

Cell membrane physical structures

Answer 38

-lipid bilayer -hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains -integral peripheral proteins -channel protein, carriers, enzymes, receptors -Carbs (glycocalyx)

Question 39

Lipid bilayer consists of

Answer 39

Sphingoloids, phospholipids, cholesterol

Question 40

Carbohydrate roles in cell membrane (4)

Answer 40

-Negatively charged, repels other neg charges -attachment -Receptors for hormones -immune reactions

Question 41

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum role

Answer 41

Produces Proteins

Question 42

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum role

Answer 42

Produces Lipids

Question 43

Proteins are processed in

Answer 43

Matrix of the endoplasmic reticulum -crosslinked -folded -glycosylated (N-linked) -Cleaved

Question 44

ER protein processing

Answer 44

Cleaved-->vesicles--> sent to golgi apparatus

Question 45

Golgi apparatus

Answer 45

Receives transport vesicles from ER and processes them Substances are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion

Question 46

Golgi apparatus is composed of

Answer 46

4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures

Question 47

Lysosomes

Answer 47

digest - "stomach" of the cell Contain hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) to process proteins

Question 48

Examples of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes

Answer 48

-phosphateses -nucleases -proteases -lipid degrading enzymes

Question 49

Proteins are metabolized to

Answer 49

Amino Acids

Question 50

Glycogen is metabolized to

Answer 50

Glucose

Question 51

Lipids are metabolized to

Answer 51

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 52

Lysosomes are formed from

Answer 52

budding golgi

Question 53

Peroxisomes

Answer 53

oxidases (oxidizes poisonous substances using hydrogen peroxide) Self repliative

Question 54

Secretory vesicles role

Answer 54

Store protein proenzymes i.e. digestive tract enzymes

Question 55

Mitochondria

Answer 55

Powerhouse, produces ATP site of oxidative phosphorylation (to make ATP) self replicative