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Human Physiology > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is a collection of what?

A

Glands

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system help differentiate?

A

Reproductive system and CNS in fetus

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system stimulate?

A

Growth and development

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system coordinate?

A

Male and female reproductive systems

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5
Q

What does the endocrine system provide maintenance to?

A

Internal environment

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6
Q

What does the endocrine system have adaptations to?

A

Emergency demands of the body

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7
Q

What is regulated in endocrine signaling?

A

Secretion of an extracellular signaling molecule (hormone) into ECF

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8
Q

What is there diffusion of in endocrine signaling?

A

Hormone into the circulation

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9
Q

What does the hormone diffuse out of in endocrine signaling?

A

Vasculature to the ECF and binding to a specific receptor on the target organ

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10
Q

What does one hormone regulate?

A

Activity of several target organs

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11
Q

What are the receptors for on target organs?

A

Multiple hormones

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12
Q

What are general characteristics of hormones?

A

Specific rates and rhythms of secretion

Operate within feedback systems

Affect only target cells with appropriate receptors

Are excreted by kidneys or deactivated by liver

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13
Q

Hormones are released in response to what?

A

Alteration in the cellular environment

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14
Q

Why are hormones released?

A

To maintain a regulated level of certain substances

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15
Q

What are hormones regulated by?

A

Chemical, hormonal, or neural factors

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16
Q

What can sensitivity of target tissue be regulated by?

A

Change in the number of affinity of receptors (up regulation or down regulation)

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17
Q

Somatotropes

A

Growth hormone

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18
Q

Corticotropes

A

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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19
Q

Thyrotropes

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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20
Q

Gonadotropes

A

Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone

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21
Q

Lactotropes

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone is synthesized with their binding proteins where?

A

In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What is secreted by the posterior pituitary hormone?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

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24
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone control?

A

Plasma osmolarity

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25
Q

Where is the antidiuretic hormone formed?

A

Supraoptic nuclei

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26
Q

What does oxytocin control?

A

Uterine contractions and milk ejection in lactating women

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27
Q

Where is oxytocin formed?

A

PVN

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28
Q

What is pituitary secretion controlled by?

A

Hormonal and neural signals from the hypothalamus

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29
Q

What is the posterior pituitary controlled by?

A

Nerve signals originating from the hypothalamus

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30
Q

What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?

A

Hypothalamic release and hypothalamic inhibitory hormones

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31
Q

How do the hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

A

Through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels

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32
Q

What are endocrine diseases classified into?

A

Primary - damage to gland

Secondary - damage to pituitary

Tertiary - damage to hypothalamus

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33
Q

What is produced in response to GH?

A

IGF-1

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34
Q

What does IGF-1 stimulate?

A

Chondrocytes

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35
Q

What is the structure of IGF-1 similar to?

A

Insulin

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36
Q

What does IGF-1 inhibit?

A

GH secretion

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37
Q

What does GH play a dual role in?

A

Metabolism

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38
Q

During the fed state GH promotes what?

A

Growth and protein anabolism

39
Q

During the fasted state GH switches what?

A

Fuel consumption to lipids and sparing glucose

40
Q

What are factors that stimulate GH release?

A

Glucose decrease

Free fatty acid decrease

Amino acid increase

Fasting

Stress

Exercise

Puberty

Androgens and estrogens

Sleep

41
Q

What are factors that inhibit GH secretion?

A

Somatostatin

Glucose increase

Free fatty acid increase

Somatomedins

GH

Senescence

Obesity

42
Q

Where are the lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

2 on either side of trachea

43
Q

What do the follicle cells surround?

A

Colloid

44
Q

What do Parafollicular cells (C cells) secrete?

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

What does the thyroid hormone secrete for regulation?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

46
Q

What is the thyroid hormone secreted in response to?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

47
Q

What percentage of thyroid hormone is T4?

A

90%

48
Q

What percentage of thyroid hormone is T3?

A

10%

49
Q

What does thyroid hormone affect?

A

Growth and maturation of tissues, cell metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption

50
Q

Where is the adrenal glands located?

A

Close to the upper pole of each kidney

51
Q

What are the two glands of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

52
Q

What percentage of adrenal glands total weight is the adrenal medulla?

A

20%

53
Q

What is the adrenal medulla innervated by?

A

SNS

54
Q

What percentage of weight of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex?

A

80%

55
Q

What is the overall goal of the sympathorenal repose to exercise?

A

To meet the increased energy demand for both skeletal and cardiac muscles

56
Q

What are phenochromocytoma?

A

Catecholamine secreting tumors

57
Q

Where do phenochromocytoma arise from?

A

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

58
Q

What are phenochromocytoma the most common cause for?

A

Hyperfunctioning adrenal medulla

59
Q

What are symptoms of excessive catecholamine release?

A

Sporadic rather than continuous

60
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Cortisol

61
Q

Why do cells in the zona fasciculata have a foamy cytoplasm?

A

They are filled with lipid droplets that store cholesterol esters

62
Q

What is cortisol transported by?

A

Blood

63
Q

How can cortisol be reversible inactivated?

A

By conversion to cortisone

64
Q

What does cortisol maintain?

A

Blood glucose levels and CNS functions during fasting

65
Q

When does cortisol increase blood glucose levels?

A

During stress at the expense of muscle protein

66
Q

What does cortisol protect the body against?

A

Inflammation

67
Q

What does cortisol inhibit?

A

Reproductive function (to conserve energy)

68
Q

How does cortisol potentiate the effects of catecholamines?

A

Increasing adrenergic receptor expression

69
Q

How does cortisol increase RBC production?

A

Stimulating EPO synthesis

70
Q

What can stimulate CRH and ACTH release?

A

Neurogenic or systemic stress

71
Q

When does the zona reticularis appear?

A

5 yo

72
Q

How long do androgen levels continue to rise and peak?

A

Until mid 20s and then decline with age

73
Q

What can DHEA be converted into?

A

Active androgens in both sexes

74
Q

In what gender do adrenal androgens contribute me more?

A

Females

75
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

When cortisol synthesis is blocked and so ACTH and adrenal androgens increase

76
Q

What is the main product of zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa increase?

A

Renal reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+

78
Q

What does excess aldosterone cause?

A

Hypokalemia and muscle weakness

79
Q

What does aldosterone deficiency cause?

A

Hyperkalemia

80
Q

What affect does aldosterone have in the cardiovascular system?

A

Negative affect

81
Q

What increases aldosterone?

A

Increased ECF of K+

Increased angiotensin 2

82
Q

What decreases aldosterone?

A

Increased ECF of Na+

83
Q

What is both of endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

84
Q

What does the pancreas house?

A

Islets of langerhans

85
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Glucagon and insulin

86
Q

What are cells in the pancreas?

A

Alpha- glucagon

Beta- insulin

Delta

F cells

87
Q

When is insulin released in the body?

A

When glucose is too high

88
Q

When is glucagon released in the body?

A

When glucose is too low

89
Q

When do serum insulin levels rise?

A

Within 10 min after eating and a peak of 30-45 min

90
Q

Early phase of insulin release

A

Insulin secretion rising rapidly within 10 min

91
Q

Late phase of insulin release

A

Slowly rises over a period of an hour

92
Q

What is lost in patients with diabetes?

A

Distinction between early and late phases of insulin release

93
Q

What does oral glucose stimulate the secretion of?

A

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide

Glucagon peptide 1 (both called incretins)

94
Q

What does insulin promote in the muscles?

A

Glucose uptake

Glycogen synthesis

Glycolysis

Protein synthesis

Human Physiology (41 decks)

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