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Human Physiology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the kidneys excrete?

A

Metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals

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2
Q

What do the kidneys regulate?

A

Water and electrolyte balance

Body fluid osmolarity

Acid base balance

RBC production

BP

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3
Q

What kind of gland does the kidney act as?

A

Endocrine gland

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4
Q

What percent of cardiac output do kidneys receive?

A

25%

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5
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla

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6
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

Outer region (just under the capsule)

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7
Q

What is the medulla of the kidney?

A

Central region (divided into outer and inner medulla)

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8
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney contain?

A

.8-1.2 million

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9
Q

When does the number of nephrons start to decline?

A

At age 40 by 10% every 10 years

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10
Q

What are 20-30% of nephrons that have glomeruli deep in the renal cortex called?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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11
Q

What are the 70-80% of nephrons that have glomeruli located in the outer cortex called?

A

Cortical nephrons

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12
Q

What do principle cells play an important role in?

A

Reabsorption of NaCl and secretion of K+

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13
Q

What do intercalated cells play an important role in?

A

Regulating acid base balance

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14
Q

What processes are the sum of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration

Reabsorption

Secretion

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15
Q

What does the urinary excretion rate equal?

A

Filtration - Reabsorption + secretion

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16
Q

What 3 main layers make up the filtration barrier?

A

Endothelium

Basement membrane

Podocytes (epithelial cells)

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17
Q

What is the endothelium permeable to?

A

Water or small solutes (not to RBC, WBC, or platelets)

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18
Q

What is the basement membrane made out of?

A

Porous matrix of negatively charged proteins

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19
Q

What does the basement membrane serve as?

A

Charge selective barrier to plasma proteins

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20
Q

What do Podocytes form?

A

Filtration slits

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21
Q

What do Podocytes function as?

A

Size selective filter

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22
Q

What does the mesangium consist of?

A

Mesangial cells and mesangial matrix

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23
Q

What do mesangial cells have properties of?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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24
Q

What do mesangial cells provide?

A

Structural support to glomerular capillaries

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25
Q

What do mesangial cells secrete?

A

Extracellular matrix

Prostaglandins

Pro inflammatory cytokines

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26
Q

What do mesangial cells have?

A

Phagocytic activity

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27
Q

What are mesangial cells located outside the glomerulus between afferent and efferent arterioles called?

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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28
Q

What are mesangial cells involved in?

A

Immune complex mediated glomerular disease

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29
Q

What is the concept of renal clearance based on?

A

Fick principle

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30
Q

What does the principle of renal clearance emphasize?

A

Excretory function of the kidneys

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31
Q

What does the renal clearance consider?

A

Only the rate at which a substance is excreted into urine

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32
Q

What is the urinary excretion rate of substance proportional to?

A

Plasma concentration of substance

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33
Q

What is the clearance rate?

A

Volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time

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34
Q

What can renal clearance vary from?

A

0-600 ml/min

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35
Q

Inulin

A

Fructose polymer

Freely filtered

Neither reabsorbed or secreted

C inulin= GFR

Inulin is a glomerular marker

36
Q

What’s the first step in urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration

37
Q

How does blood come in to the glomerular?

A

Afferent arteriole

38
Q

How does blood come out of the glomerular?

A

Efferent arteriole

39
Q

Most filtrate in the glomerular is reabsorbed so how much is excreted a day?

A

1 L

40
Q

What is the sum of the filtration rates of all functioning nephrons?

A

GFR

41
Q

What does filtration fraction equal?

A

GFR/RPF

42
Q

How many times is plasma volume filtered per day?

A

60 times

43
Q

How much is filtered in GFR?

A

125 ml/min or 180 liters/day

44
Q

How is GFR measured?

A

Clearance of a glomerular marker

45
Q

What is the gold standard glomerular marker?

A

Inulin

46
Q

What can a glomerular marker not do when it’s infused?

A

Alter the GFR

47
Q

What can the glomerular marker freely filter across?

A

Glomerular capillaries

48
Q

What can the glomerular marker not be reabsorbed or secreted by?

A

Renal tubule

49
Q

What is creatinine a byproduct of?

A

Normal skeletal muscle metabolism

50
Q

Where is creatinine freely filtered across?

A

Glomerulus into bowman’s space

51
Q

What is creatinine secreted by?

A

Renal tubules

52
Q

What are the two main factors in determinants of GFR?

A

Filtration coefficient

Net filtration pressure

53
Q

What is the pressure of the glomerular capillary determined by?

A

Arterial pressure

Afferent arteriolar resistance

Efferent arteriolar resistance

54
Q

What is usually the result of changes to Kf?

A

Reduction in GFR

55
Q

What does RBF equal?

A

Change in pressure/ Resistance

56
Q

What do myogenic mechanisms respond to?

A

Changes in arterial pressure

57
Q

What do tubuloglomerular feedback respond to?

A

Changes in NaCl in tubular fluid

58
Q

What happens when renal artery BP increases?

A

Both RBF and GFR increase

59
Q

What results in an increase delivery of water and solute to the macula densa?

A

Increase GFR

60
Q

What type of feedback is the macula densa?

A

Negative feedback

61
Q

What does autoregulation of RBF and GFR allow for?

A

Uncoupling renal function from blood pressure

62
Q

When is autoregulation absent?

A

When BP is less than 90 mmHg

63
Q

When do neurohormonal mechanisms play a key role in regulating RBF bad GFR?

A

When ECF volume changes

64
Q

What are neurohormonal mechanisms?

A

SNS activity

Circulating catecholamines

Angiotensin 2

ANP

Prostaglandins

Nitric oxide

Endothelin

65
Q

Between afferent and efferent arterioles who has more a1 receptors?

A

Afferent

66
Q

What are more sensitive to angiotensin 2?

A

Efferent arterioles

67
Q

What does ANP cause?

A

Dilation of afferent and constriction of efferent

68
Q

When is ANP released?

A

When ECFV increases

69
Q

What do prostaglandins cause?

A

Vasodilation of efferent and afferent

70
Q

What is nitric oxide?

A

Vasodilator

71
Q

What is endothelin?

A

Vasoconstrictor

72
Q

Endothelin is released by endothelial cells in response to what?

A

Ang 2

Bradykinin

Epi

73
Q

What does SNS activity do the GFR and RBF?

A

Decreases

74
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do the GFR and RBF?

A

Low levels increase GFR and decrease RBF

High levels decrease both

75
Q

What does ANP do the GFR and RBF?

A

Increases

76
Q

What does nitric oxide do the GFR and RBF?

A

Increases

77
Q

What does endothelin do the GFR and RBF?

A

Decreases

78
Q

What does fever do the GFR?

A

Increases

79
Q

What do glucorticoids do to GFR?

A

Increass

80
Q

What does aging do the GFR?

A

Decreases by 10%

81
Q

What does hyperglycemia do to GFR?

A

Increases

82
Q

What does high protein do to GFR?

A

Increases

83
Q

What is the amount of substance filtered into bowman’s space per unit time?

A

Filtered load

84
Q

What is the fluid inside the lumen of the nephron?

A

Tubular fluid

85
Q

Where are water and many solutes reabsorbed from the tubular fluid into?

A

Particular capillary

Human Physiology (41 decks)

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