Week 7 - Wisdom and Courage Flashcards

Question

Sternberg proposed that knowledge, judicial thinking style, personality, motivation, and environmental context precede wisdom.

Answer 1

Baltes and Staudinger (2000) suggested that fluid intelligence, creativity, openness to experience, psychological mindedness, and general life experiences “orchestrate” to produce wisdom importance of “guidance by mentors or other wisdom enhancing ‘others’” (p. 127), although such mentoring benefits are sometimes indirect and sometimes direct.

Answer 2

life and work experiences, observation and social interaction, and professional development and reading Also included in this list, however, are unique ideas more normative of Eastern culture, including “family teaching” and religion

Answer 3

not necessarily a mere sharing of advice, however, but also a modeling of the way in which people in older generations might listen to the information provided and the ways in which they may use this to direct their behavior Wisdom seemed to be bred from close observation, close relationships, and an emulating of wise characteristics found in others.

Answer 4

Greater life satisfaction Gender differences in cognitive and affective wisdom Wisdom likely integrates both but women have higher levels of affective, people who were the wisest had high levels of both

Answer 5

Major development between 15 and 25 No age differences for wisdom 25-75 Wisdom decline after 70 few differences in wisdom score were found between older adults in general and current college students.

Answer 6

Japan - people were wise over their life span Difference in handling conflict makes them wise become skilled at resolving conflicts in wise ways at an earlier age due to normative pressure to maintain group harmony US - people developed greater wisdom with greater age may not have as much motivation to resolve conflicts, and as such, they may not practice these strategies as frequently; wisdom related to resolving conflict accrues more quickly in Japanese individuals but takes a lifetime to develop in U.S. adults

Answer 7

Adolescents who thought of difficult situations as turning points had higher wisdom later on Use difficult situations as opportunities for personal growth

Answer 8

Young adults - Coherent sense of self and consistent ego Less investment in hedonistic pursuits - if not seeking hedonism seeking eudaimonia - sense of purpose, fulfillment, meaning, contentment More interest in reflection and personal growth Reserve social judgment Understand context before making conclusions Decreasing prejudice and the making of ultimate attributional errors Flexible, adaptive, grateful Higher subjective well-being, greater humility - not flashy

Answer 9

A willing/intentional act Involving danger, risk or difficult Some element of perceived risk Primarily motivated to bring about a noble good or morally worthy goal Trying to do something for the benefit of ourselves, our family, the world at large

Answer 10

frontotemporal lobe, deficits are found in the ability to be socially appropriate, process emotions effectively, and control impulsivity;

Answer 11

acting despite physical danger - preventing injury due to the dangerous environment or helping an injured person maintenance of societal good by the expression of physical behavior grounded in the pursuit of socially valued goals Only sparked in special circumstances - usually have training that helps them overcome fear

Answer 12

doing what is right despite social opposition - standing up to others for what is right or taking responsibility for a negative situation we all experience situations in which a morally courageous response is provoked, and this behavior requires no special training.

Answer 13

Civil - brave behavior accompanied by anger and indignation that intends to enforce societal and ethical norms without considering one’s own costs - intervening where someone is being physically attacked due to discrimination “brave behavior accompanied by anger and indignation that intends to enforce societal and ethical norms without considering one’s own social costs” combine facets of physical courage and moral courage

Answer 14

facing psychological discomfort to pursue a meaningful goal - stepping outside of comfort zone to try something new strength in facing one’s destructive habits - stress, sadness, and dysfunctional or unhealthy relationships. psychological courage might be viewed as a form of moral courage in some ways as individuals possessing this trait are often asked to stand up against this stigma

Answer 15

perseverance through a disease or disability even with the outcome is ambiguous - a child with a heart transplant maintaining intensive treatment even if the outcome is uncertain perseverance through a disease or disability even when the outcome is ambiguous ital courage is not needed unless we encounter disease or disability, and often professionals teach us how to battle the infirmity Vital courage in the face of suffering often is manifested by people other than the identified patient

Answer 16

chronic illnesses and concluded that being courageous is a lifelong process that entails factors such as significant others, values, and hope

Answer 17

- along with competence and compassion, is a very desirable characteristics of health care providers. instilling courage through “encouragement” is required of anyone in a profession that exemplifies care and concern. the necessary components of courage are freedom of choice, fear of a situation, and the willingness to take risks in a situation with an uncertain but morally worthy end

Answer 18

“brave behavior accompanied by anger and indignation that intends to enforce societal and ethical norms without considering one’s own social costs” combine facets of physical courage and moral courage, someone exhibiting civil courage may decide to intervene in a situation where someone is under physical attack as a result of prejudice.- altruism

Answer 19

Retrospective narrative methods - rely on stories of courage Advantages? Advantage to looking at courage from a subjective lens - courage has a degree of subjectivity in it Disadvantages? Why arent there more experiments designed to test courage

Answer 20

Younger children think of courage as physical risk taking ---Fear and courage can’t coexist ------did not consider fear or overcoming fear in describing the experience of courage, but this propensity to equate courage with the experience of fear increased with age.

Answer 21

They also talk about many emotions - fear, self-confidence, and an urge to act

Answer 22

then assessed their feelings with regard to personal responsibility, civil courage, and societal engagement. Results showed that these factors increased after being primed by the lack of civil courage present in the Milgram study. When the behavior of the participants in the Milgram study was attributed to personal traits, intentions to volunteer and to stand up in the face of wrong were increased the most

Answer 23

Non-jewish rescuers and non-Jewish bystanders after holocaust Rescuers had greater social responsibility, empathic concern, risk taking, altruistic moral reasoning understand the effect of various positive characteristics of personality (e.g., social responsibility) on the “courageous altruism” that took place during this time

Answer 24

Through daily mini experiences of courage, a teen becomes aware than they are acting courageously Development of mastery, competence, accomplishment, growth Mechanisms at the heart of Haase’s work may also be found in use with psychotherapy. Some psychologists have spoken of the use of courage in therapeutic treatment, specifically with regard to having the “courage to risk positive change” one must take some risks to seek out change in one’s life, which requires courage.

Answer 25

clients are encouraged to try to change themselves or their community in some way expressions of moral courage can be met with initial discomfort from the group leaders can challenge themselves to behave in authentic ways when faced with change and that this may assist others in letting go of their discomfort and encourage them to be more authentic as well.

Answer 26

expressions of moral courage can be met with initial discomfort from the group. Bucking the system and standing against a policy or incident can be extremely beneficial but also carry with them a push for change. This can be something that an organization, for example, may initially resist, even if the moral courage shown is on the side of right. Simola states that leaders can challenge themselves to behave in authentic ways when faced with change and that this may assist others in letting go of their discomfort and encourage them to be more authentic as well. The end result in an organization that practices these skills is that moral courage may instead increase vitality of the organization and foster collective growth

Answer 27

Acting courageously leads to courageous mindset which leads to further acts of courage factors such as the perception of risk are affected by external constructs such as social forces s (e.g., normative influences) and positive states (such as hope, efficacy, or the experience of positive emotions), as well as more internal characteristics such as positive traits (e.g., openness to experience and conscientiousness) and values and beliefs (e.g., valor, loyalty, honor).

Answer 28

Try new food Challenge himself by playing with the big kids Try not to cry when missing mother How can we make ourselves feel brave? “The Bravery Tree” when inspiration for trying challenging new things seems to be needed.

Answer 29

This relationship is not well understood - t frightened people can perform courageous acts. perseverance despite fear is the purest form of courage.

Answer 30

But fearful people can act courageously Courageous people might have lower physiological stress response - May be a physiological difference in those who choose to act courageously relative to those in a control group, the decorated operators maintained a lower cardiac rate under stress. The findings from these studies suggested that people who had performed courageous acts might respond (behaviorally and physiologically) to fear in a way that is different from people who had not demonstrated courage

Answer 31

Moderate amount of fear but it subsides Execution of fear-provoking behavior reduces future fear - doing the thing that scares you paratroopers. His assessment of subjective fear and corresponding physiological markers revealed that paratroopers reported a moderate amount of fear at the beginning of their program, but this fear subsided within their initial five jumps execution of a jump despite the presence of fear (i.e., courage) resulted in a reduction of fear.

Answer 32

Higher agreeableness and openness on Big 5 - score higher on measures of courage Negative relationship with anxiety Adaptive coping, higher confidence but is courage different from confidence Have to be confident that you will effect change

Answer 33

Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex - execution of a jump despite the presence of fear (i.e., courage) resulted in a reduction of fear.

Answer 34

Important to consider that what one culture deems courageous might not be seen that way by other groups Harmony may be viewed as courageous Deciding to keep one’s opinions to oneself Conceptual differences in US and china similar elements were likely to inspire courage in both groups (e.g., self-confidence, support of social network, anger) some facets of courage, such as responsibility, may be unique to the Chinese individuals’ conceptualization of the need for a courageous act Gender stereotypes may also build expectations of courage as a trait in men in particular.

Answer 35

some cultural groups might find courage to be necessary more often than others. For instance, the young Pakistani hero Malala Yousafzai, discussed previously, was faced with extreme discrimination and danger, the likes of which might not be present for members of many other cultural group Within the United States, problematic race relations may require a basic level of courage from racial, ethnic, and other minorities to live day to day in our country despite violence directed disproportionately at these groups. USA - hate crimes are most often perpetrated against African Americans

Answer 36

They may have adverse reactions to their identities and have more need to be courageous 1,376 hate crimes perpetrated because of sexual orientation bias, 98.1% were due to bias against lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals courage may emerge as a result of resilience in the face of adversity People who were not LGBTQ but who intervened when threat was levied on this community were shown to be higher in courage and other positive attributes such as altruism, leadership, and justice sensitivity

Answer 37

Maybe not but it can be inspired Preparation, and knowing you are prepared can help Practice facing your fears - making new friends, stand up to adversity This will help you with your courage mindset