Week 6 - Self-Efficacy, Optimism, Hope Flashcards

Question

Cultural competence and acculturation Cultural self‐efficacy

Answer 1

– perception of one’s ability to mobilize motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action necessary in situations characterized by diversity ◦ Comfort interacting in groups that are diverse - move in circles with different people somewhat different from bicultural self-efficacy as it talks about one’s comfort in navigating a situation in which various groups, some of which may differ from one’s own, are present. Within a country such as the United States, this type of confidence might encourage more interaction between different cultural groups and subsequently increase empathy and understanding between these groups Implications for clinicians Non white people have difficulty going to therapy - therapists are mostly white

Answer 2

Self‐efficacy is often conceptualized at the individual level BUT – we can also view it as operating on a collective level Collective self‐efficacy – the extent to which we believe that we can work together to effectively accomplish our shared goals School and work implications No standard way to assess

Answer 3

Seligman and Colleagues: A Definition of Learned Optimism Why did that bad thing happen to me? Optimist: External, variable, and specific attributions for failure The optimist explains bad things in such a manner as (1) to account for the role of other people and environments in producing bad outcomes (i.e., an external attribution), (2) to interpret the bad event as not likely to happen again (i.e., a variable attribution), and (3) to constrain the bad outcome to just one performance area and not others (i.e., a specific attribution) Pessimist: Internal, stable, and global attributions for failure. Negative outcomes determine one’s attributional explanations. We can cultivate optimism by consciously challenging any negative self-talk

Answer 4

Genetics account for some optimism Parents model optimism and pessimism – parents who provide safe, coherent environments promote learned optimism Optimistic parents provide external, variable, and specific explanations Adaptive excusing…BUT too much of a good thing? External reasons for failure - no accountability, fixed mindset Sometimes temporary realistic pessimism may be more beneficial then too much optimism Trauma and divorce can undermine optimism Ages in which parental divorce can affect optimism - very young and out of the house - won't affect School-age - can affect optimism - can erode our feelings about the future

Answer 5

Sheer quantity Violence Tween shows can cause anxiety

Answer 6

Academics, Athletics, Work. Relationships, Coping, Less Depression, Physical Health, Life Satisfaction Can learn optimism at any age - train yourself to look for the good Realistic optimists - think good things about the future and what this degree will get me towards Naive optimists - quit school and become an influencer - naive way of thinking about it

Answer 7

Defining Optimism as Expectancies of Reaching a Desired Goal “Stable tendency to believe good, rather than bad, will happen” Optimism stems from childhood experiences – parental modelling- their form of optimism stems from early childhood experiences that foster trust and secure attachments to parental figures

Answer 8

Optimists: Planning, positive reframing, seeing the best in situations Better way to go even if we are not completely realistic thinkers Pessimists: avoidance, denial More realistic thinkers than optimists Die at a younger age, worse physical and mental health

Answer 9

Starting college, work performance, enduring trauma, caring for Alzheimer’s patients, undergoing heart surgeries, coping with cancer, coping in general, dealing with health issues

Answer 10

African Americans use optimism in many ways Similar to Caucasian samples Also, buffers racism and discrimination Interactions of optimism and pessimism in Asian Americans - Higher pessimism is associated with greater problem solving - Being more realistic is associated with greater problem solving - What “works” for Asian Americans is different, not necessarily more effective

Answer 11

Comparative optimism – good things will happen to me more than for others ◦ Personal optimism – good things will happen to me in general Men scored higher than women on both of these Why are men more optimistic? -Less barriers and more control over their life -Personal control - easier to be happier -Women are happier – an optimism of sorts?

Answer 12

Hope involves goal‐directed thinking Pathways thinking – our capacity to find routes to desired goals Agency thinking – our motivation to use those routes Intrinsic vs. external motivation Goals can be short‐term or long‐term, easy or difficult Emotions depend on the success

Answer 13

Parents teach pathways and agency Strong attachment is crucial – secure attachment & hope Childhood trauma can diminish hope Even in trauma, high hope individuals are less susceptible to depression

Answer 14

Outcomes in academics – better GPAs, student retention, grit Effective combination of hope with ethnic identity – best predictor of academic success in ethnic minority groups Physical health, adjustment, psychotherapy

Answer 15

Past, present, and future-oriented ◦ We have focused on the future orientations (Self‐efficacy, optimism, hope) Past orientation – an emphasis on pleasurable views of previous interpersonal relationships ‐ sentimental Western perspective alters views on past and present orientation Past orientation can be overly sentimental and hold us back – too cautious ◦ From an Eastern perspective, a past orientation ensures the preservation of tradition Present orientation – savouring! Too much present orientation – addiction, injuries from accidents, temptations Flexibility and capability of switching orientations Achieving balance helps us be productive with our time

Answer 16

Caucasian and Western groups emphasize future Different perspectives of time ◦ Polychronic: time is plentiful, things get done when they need to, many things happen at once Monochronic: time is linear and sequential Less temporal concerns in Eastern cultures