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Human physiology > Week 7: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Week 7: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The internal environment remains relatively constant though there are changes in the external environment

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A collection of glands that secrete hormones into circulation to be carried to distant organ(s)

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3
Q

Define nervous system

A

Performs short-term very specific responses to environmental stimuli

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4
Q

How do the nervous system transfer messages?

A

Via chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

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5
Q

How does the endocrine system transfer messages?

A

Chemical messengers (hormones)

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6
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

1) Epithelial secretory cells manufacture specific hormones
2) Hormones are then releases systemically
3) Transport of hormones to rest of body conveys specific regulatory information among cells and organs

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7
Q

What are the four different ways hormones can communicate?

A

Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Juxtacrine

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8
Q

Describe how hormones communicate via autocrine

A

Hormones acts directly back on the cell that has produced it

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9
Q

Describe how hormones communicate via paracrine

A

Hormones acts directly upon a nearby cell

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10
Q

Describe how hormones communicate via juxacrine

A

Hormonal intracellular communication between connecting cells- requires physical contact of two cells

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11
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

Maintenance of relatively constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment

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12
Q

What is successful compensation?

A

When homeostasis is re-established

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13
Q

What does it mean to fail to compensate?

A

pathophysiology/illness/death

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14
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A collection of glands that secrete hormones into circulation to be carried to distant organs

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15
Q

What are the four ways in which hormones can communicate?

A

Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Juxtacrine

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16
Q

What are the three methods in which endocrine glands are stimulated to release hormones?

A

Humoral stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Neural stimuli

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17
Q

How does humoral stimuli work?

A

Changes in the composition of blood

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18
Q

How does hormonal stimuli work?

A

Arrival or removal of a specific hormone

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19
Q

How does neural stimuli work?

A

Nerve fibres stimulate hormone release

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20
Q

What controls cellular activity?

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

What do cells need to have for hormones to affect them?

A

Cells that possess specific receptors for that hormone

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22
Q

What determines the magnitude of the hormone effect?

A

The number of target receptors
Concentration of the hormones
Affinity of receptor for hormone
Influence of other hormones

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23
Q

What happens to a receptor during up and down regulation?

A

Up- increased number of hormone receptors

Down- decreased number of hormone receptors

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24
Q

What are the two main hormone categories?

A

Steroid

Non-steroid

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25
Q

What does the category of hormone determine?

A

How the hormone is transported in blood

How the hormone enters/is used by cells

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26
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

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27
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid soluble?

A

Yes

28
Q

How do steroid hormones circulate the blood?

A

Bound to a carrier protein

29
Q

When steroid hormones are bound to binding proteins are the active or inactive?

A

Inactive

30
Q

Can steroids diffuse into the cell?

A

Yes

31
Q

Where are the specific steroid receptors are located?

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus

32
Q

What does the steroid hormone do once it’s in the nucleus and what does that lead to?

A

Activate gene expression therefore protein synthesis is induced

33
Q

Are non-steroid hormones water-soluble?

A

Yes

34
Q

What is the molecular weight of non-steroid hormones and what effect does this have?

A

High molecular weight therefore cannot diffuse across the cell membrane

35
Q

Where do non-steroid hormones interact/bind with receptors?

A

On the cell’s plasma membrane

36
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The process by which extracellular signals are communicated into a cell to affect function

37
Q

What is the most common type of feedback loop?

A

Negative feedback

38
Q

What happens during a negative feedback loop?

A

Stimulus activates endocrine gland
Endocrine gland secretes hormone into blood stream
Target cell respond to hormone alter original stimulus
This signal then reaches original endocrine gland to switch-off further hormone production

39
Q

Describe what the negative feedback loop does in simple terms

A

The output inhibits the input

40
Q

What hormone is lipid soluble?

A

Steroid

41
Q

What does receptor down regulation mean?

A

The number of receptors on a cell decreases

42
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

43
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

Stores hormones made by hypothalamic neurons and releases into circulation (does not synthesise hormones)

44
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

Receives hypothalamic hormones which stimulates further hormone release by pituitary gland

45
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

46
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck inferior to the larynx

47
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T3 and T4

48
Q

What is the thyroid gland involved in?

A

Tissue development and growth and macronutrient metabolism

49
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

Posterior of the thyroid gland

50
Q

What does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

51
Q

What ion is the parathyroid hormone the most important regulator of?

A

Ca2+

52
Q

What does parathyroid hormone stimulate?

A

Ca2+ re-absorption at kidney, and calcium resorption at bone

53
Q

What are the two types of functions that the pancreas has?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

54
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes substance (i.e. insulin) to regulate blood glucose levels

55
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes enzymes to digest exogenously obtained substances (i.e. carbohydrates)

56
Q

In the pancreas, what do alpha cells do and why?

A

Produce glucagon therefore increase blood glucose

57
Q

In the pancreas, what do beta cell do and why?

A

Insulin to decrease blood glucose

58
Q

In the pancreas, what do delta cells do and why?

A

Produce gastrin/somatostatin to regulate alpha and beta cells

59
Q

In the pancreas, what do F cell do and why?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide to regulate metabolism

60
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Superior to each kidney

61
Q

What are the two portions of the adrenal glands called?

A

Outer adrenal cortex

Inner adrenal medulla

62
Q

What are the way in which the endocrine system can fail?

A

Abnormal hormone receptor function/levels
Altered intracellular response to the hormone receptor complex
Hyper or hyposecretion of hormones by glands

63
Q

In the adrenal medulla what happens when the sympathetic nerve fibres stimulate it?

A

Stimulates the release of neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

64
Q

Where are the epinephrine and norepinephrine alpha receptors found?

A

In sympathetic organs/tissues

65
Q

Where are the epinephrine and norepinephrine beta receptors found?

A

Located on membranes of many organs, including muscles, lungs, heart and liver

66
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

67
Q

What happens to glucagon when insulin levels increase?

A

Production decreases

Human physiology (11 decks)

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