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Human physiology > Week 3: The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Week 3: The cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the CV system?

A

Controls blood transport around the body
Regulation of body temperature
Immune function

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2
Q

What does the blood transport in the CV system?

A

Transports O2 and nutrients to tissues
Removal of CO2 and waste from tissues
Transport of hormones

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3
Q

What are the components of the CV system?

A

Heart
Arteries and arterioles
Capillaries
Veins and venules

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4
Q

What are the two main components of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

Systole

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5
Q

What occurs in the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Cardiac muscle relaxes
Ventricles fill with blood
Aortic valves open

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6
Q

During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle what has higher pressure the atria or the ventricular? What does this cause?

A

Atria therefore blood flows into the ventricle

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7
Q

What occurs during the systole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Cardiac muscle contracts
Pressure rises in ventricles
Blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation
Semilunar valves open

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8
Q

What are the three recognisable electrical activity waves of the heart?

A 
P wave (atrial depolarisation)
QRS complex (Ventricular repolarisation) 
T wave (ventricular repolarisation)
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9
Q

What does it indicate if the electrical activity of someones heart is abnormal?

A

Indicates disease

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10
Q

What is the frequency of the heart known as?

A

Beats per minute

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11
Q

What are is the resting BPM values for untrained males and females?

A

70 BPM

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12
Q

What is the resting BPM in trained males?

A

50 BPM

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13
Q

What is the resting BPM in trained females?

A

55 BPM

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14
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When someone heart rate exceeds the normal resting rate

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15
Q

What is the resting BPM of someone with bradycardia?

A

less than or equal to 60

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16
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped per heart beat (ml)

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17
Q

What is the resting BPM of someone with tachycardia?

A

Greater than or equal to 100

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18
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

End diastolic volume - End systolic volume (Before contraction - After contraction)

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19
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat

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20
Q

What is an untrained males stroke volume?

A

70ml

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21
Q

What is an untrained females stroke volume?

A

55ml

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22
Q

What is a trained males stroke volume?

A

100ml

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23
Q

What is a trained females stroke volume?

A

70ml

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24
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat as a percentage

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25
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during cardiac cycle (mmHg)

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26
Q

What is ejection fraction basically calculating?

A

How much of what was in the left ventricle got pumped

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27
Q

What is the average resting ejection fraction?

A

60%

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28
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood flow from the heart per minute (L/min)

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29
Q

What pressure does systolic blood pressure measure?

A

Lowest pressure within the vascular system

30
Q

What is the average cardiac output when resting?

A

5 L/min

31
Q

What is rate-pressure product?

A

An estimate of myocardial workload and resulting O2 consumption

32
Q

What does rate pressure product equal?

A

SBP x HR

33
Q

How is vessel resistance calculated?

A

(Vessel length x Viscosity)/ Vessel radius foured

34
Q

How is vessel flow calculated?

A

Pressure gradient / Resistance

35
Q

What is the normal values for systolic blood pressure?

A

120 mmHg

36
Q

What is the normal values for systolic blood pressure?

A

80 mmHg

37
Q

What happens to the radius and resistance during vasodilation?

A

Radius increases

Resistance to flow decreases

38
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A 
Blood volume
Stroke volume
Peripheral resistance
Heart rate
Blood viscosity
39
Q

What does the cardiac control centre consist of?

A 
Cardioaccelerator centre (SNS)
Cardioinhibitory centre (PNS)
40
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to your HR?

A

Decreases it

41
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to your HR?

A

Increases

42
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to your HR?

A

Increases

43
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to your veins?

A

Increases ventricular contrarily

44
Q

What does sympathetic nervous system activate?

A

Sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerves

45
Q

What does the SNS and PNS regulate?

A

BP and blood flow

46
Q

What does the SNS and PNS regulate?

A

BP and blood flow

47
Q

How does EDV (end-diastolic volume) effect stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood in the ventricles at end of diastole

Ventricular preload

48
Q

How does the average aortic blood pressure effect stroke volume?

A

Pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood

Ventricular afterload

49
Q

How does the strength of the ventricular contraction effect stroke volume?

A

Ventricular contractility

50
Q

What does a greater EDV result in?

A

More forceful contractions

51
Q

What causes venoconstriction?

A

SNS (Sympathetic nervous system)

52
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work?

A

Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities towards heart

53
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump prevent?

A

Back flow with veins

54
Q

What does the respiratory pump do?

A

Changes in thoracic pressure compress veins

55
Q

What does the respiratory pump do?

A

Changes in thoracic pressure compress veins

56
Q

What to the radius of the vessel, resistance and blood flow during vasodilation?

A

Radius increases
Resistance decreases
Blood flow increases

57
Q

What happens to ventricular SNS activity increases?

A

Ventricular contraction

58
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Mechanical and electrical events that occur during one beat

59
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Mechanical and electrical events that occur during one beat

60
Q

What does the P wave show us?

A

Atrial depolarisation

61
Q

What does the QRS complex show us?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

62
Q

What does the T wave show us?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

63
Q

What does the T wave show us?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

64
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system activate?

A

Sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerves

66
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Measure blood pressure

67
Q

How does the HR increase from resting to 100 BPM?

A

WIthdrawal of PNS

68
Q

How does the heart increase past 100 BPM?

A

Activation of SNS

69
Q

How do we alter EDV therefore altering stroke volume?

A

Venous return
Vasodilation
Ventricular contraction

70
Q

What regulates stroke volume?

A

EDV
Average aortic blood pressure
Strength of the ventricular contraction

Human physiology (11 decks)

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