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Human physiology > Week 3: The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Week 3: The cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the CV system?

A

Controls blood transport around the body
Regulation of body temperature
Immune function

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2
Q

What does the blood transport in the CV system?

A

Transports O2 and nutrients to tissues
Removal of CO2 and waste from tissues
Transport of hormones

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3
Q

What are the components of the CV system?

A

Heart
Arteries and arterioles
Capillaries
Veins and venules

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4
Q

What are the two main components of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

Systole

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5
Q

What occurs in the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Cardiac muscle relaxes
Ventricles fill with blood
Aortic valves open

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6
Q

During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle what has higher pressure the atria or the ventricular? What does this cause?

A

Atria therefore blood flows into the ventricle

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7
Q

What occurs during the systole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Cardiac muscle contracts
Pressure rises in ventricles
Blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation
Semilunar valves open

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8
Q

What are the three recognisable electrical activity waves of the heart?

A 
P wave (atrial depolarisation)
QRS complex (Ventricular repolarisation) 
T wave (ventricular repolarisation)
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9
Q

What does it indicate if the electrical activity of someones heart is abnormal?

A

Indicates disease

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10
Q

What is the frequency of the heart known as?

A

Beats per minute

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11
Q

What are is the resting BPM values for untrained males and females?

A

70 BPM

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12
Q

What is the resting BPM in trained males?

A

50 BPM

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13
Q

What is the resting BPM in trained females?

A

55 BPM

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14
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When someone heart rate exceeds the normal resting rate

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15
Q

What is the resting BPM of someone with bradycardia?

A

less than or equal to 60

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16
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped per heart beat (ml)

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17
Q

What is the resting BPM of someone with tachycardia?

A

Greater than or equal to 100

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18
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

End diastolic volume - End systolic volume (Before contraction - After contraction)

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19
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat

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20
Q

What is an untrained males stroke volume?

A

70ml

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21
Q

What is an untrained females stroke volume?

A

55ml

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22
Q

What is a trained males stroke volume?

A

100ml

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23
Q

What is a trained females stroke volume?

A

70ml

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24
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat as a percentage

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25
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during cardiac cycle (mmHg)
26
What is ejection fraction basically calculating?
How much of what was in the left ventricle got pumped
27
What is the average resting ejection fraction?
60%
28
What is cardiac output?
The total volume of blood flow from the heart per minute (L/min)
29
What pressure does systolic blood pressure measure?
Lowest pressure within the vascular system
30
What is the average cardiac output when resting?
5 L/min
31
What is rate-pressure product?
An estimate of myocardial workload and resulting O2 consumption
32
What does rate pressure product equal?
SBP x HR
33
How is vessel resistance calculated?
(Vessel length x Viscosity)/ Vessel radius foured
34
How is vessel flow calculated?
Pressure gradient / Resistance
35
What is the normal values for systolic blood pressure?
120 mmHg
36
What is the normal values for systolic blood pressure?
80 mmHg
37
What happens to the radius and resistance during vasodilation?
Radius increases | Resistance to flow decreases
38
What determines blood pressure?
``` Blood volume Stroke volume Peripheral resistance Heart rate Blood viscosity ```
39
What does the cardiac control centre consist of?
``` Cardioaccelerator centre (SNS) Cardioinhibitory centre (PNS) ```
40
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to your HR?
Decreases it
41
What does the sympathetic nervous system do to your HR?
Increases
42
What does the sympathetic nervous system do to your HR?
Increases
43
What does the sympathetic nervous system do to your veins?
Increases ventricular contrarily
44
What does sympathetic nervous system activate?
Sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerves
45
What does the SNS and PNS regulate?
BP and blood flow
46
What does the SNS and PNS regulate?
BP and blood flow
47
How does EDV (end-diastolic volume) effect stroke volume?
Volume of blood in the ventricles at end of diastole | Ventricular preload
48
How does the average aortic blood pressure effect stroke volume?
Pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood | Ventricular afterload
49
How does the strength of the ventricular contraction effect stroke volume?
Ventricular contractility
50
What does a greater EDV result in?
More forceful contractions
51
What causes venoconstriction?
SNS (Sympathetic nervous system)
52
How does the skeletal muscle pump work?
Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities towards heart
53
What does the skeletal muscle pump prevent?
Back flow with veins
54
What does the respiratory pump do?
Changes in thoracic pressure compress veins
55
What does the respiratory pump do?
Changes in thoracic pressure compress veins
56
What to the radius of the vessel, resistance and blood flow during vasodilation?
Radius increases Resistance decreases Blood flow increases
57
What happens to ventricular SNS activity increases?
Ventricular contraction
58
What is the cardiac cycle?
Mechanical and electrical events that occur during one beat
59
What is the cardiac cycle?
Mechanical and electrical events that occur during one beat
60
What does the P wave show us?
Atrial depolarisation
61
What does the QRS complex show us?
Ventricular depolarisation
62
What does the T wave show us?
Ventricular repolarisation
63
What does the T wave show us?
Ventricular repolarisation
64
What does the parasympathetic nervous system release?
Acetylcholine
65
What does the sympathetic nervous system activate?
Sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerves
66
What do baroreceptors do?
Measure blood pressure
67
How does the HR increase from resting to 100 BPM?
WIthdrawal of PNS
68
How does the heart increase past 100 BPM?
Activation of SNS
69
How do we alter EDV therefore altering stroke volume?
Venous return Vasodilation Ventricular contraction
70
What regulates stroke volume?
EDV Average aortic blood pressure Strength of the ventricular contraction

Human physiology (11 decks)

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