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Human physiology > Week 2: Blood and O2 transport > Flashcards

Week 2: Blood and O2 transport Flashcards

1
Q

How do gases move across membranes?

A

By diffusion down pressure gradient

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2
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

When a mixture of gas is in contact with a liquid each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to it’s partial pressure and solubility until equilibrium is achieved.

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3
Q

In relation to the distance away from the heart what area has the largest vessel?

A

The closer to the heart the larger the vessel

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4
Q

In relation to the distance away from the heart what area has the largest cross sectional area?

A

The further away from the heart

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5
Q

In relation to the distance away from the heart what area has the highest blood flow velocity?

A

Closer to the heart, especially leaving the heart initially

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6
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

Single cell layer

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7
Q

What is the rate of blood flow in the capillaries beds?

A

Slower than in capillaries because allows more time for diffusion

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8
Q

Describe the surface area of capillaries

A

Large surface area

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9
Q

Where do you take capillary blood samples?

A

Fingertip Ear

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10
Q

Where do you take venous blood samples?

A

Venipuncture Cannula

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11
Q

What is in plasma?

A

91.5% Water 7% Proteins 1.5% Other

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12
Q

What is in the buffy coat?

A

White blood cells Platelets

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13
Q

What is in the hematocrit?

A

Red blood cells

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14
Q

What are the three main sections of blood?

A

Plasma

Buffy coat

Hematocrit

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15
Q

What is the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid proportional to?

A

Partial pressure and solubility

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16
Q

What percent of oxygen is transported via the oxygen being dissolved in plasma?

A

1%

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17
Q

What percent of oxygen is transported via it being combined with haemoglobin?

A

99%

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18
Q

How much oxygen is there in a litre of blood?

A

3 mL

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19
Q

What does the dissolved O2 in the plasma do?

A

Regulates breathing Determines loading of haemoglobin

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20
Q

How does O2 move into the RBC?

A

Via diffusion

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21
Q

Where is the haemoglobin?

A

In RBC

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22
Q

What is the shape of a RBC?

A

Biconcave

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23
Q

In a haemoglobin molecule how many iron groups are there?

A

4 iron groups

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24
Q

What is haemoglobins affinity for O2?

A

High

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25
Q

What happens to oxygens affinity to Hb when acidity increases?

A

It decreases

26
Q

Why does oxygen have a lower affinity to Hb in acidic conditions?

A

More oxygen is delivered to acidic sites (the working muscle require more oxygen)

27
Q

When is 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate produced?

A

During glycolysis

28
Q

What does 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate do?

A

Helps to unload O2 by binding with Hb

29
Q

What happens to oxygens affinity to Hb when temperature increases or decreases past homeostasis?

A

Decreases

30
Q

When temperature increases where is more oxygen delivered?

A

To warmed up muscle

31
Q

What type of globular protein is myoglobin?

A

Iron containing

32
Q

What muscle is myoglobin in?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

33
Q

How many iron atoms are there in myoglobin?

A

1 iron atom

34
Q

What has a higher affinity to oxygen Mb or Hb?

A

Mb even at low O2

35
Q

What are the method in which CO2 is transported?

A

Dissolved Carbamino compounds Bicarbonate ions

36
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported via it being dissolved?

A

7%

37
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported via it being bonded to carbamino compounds?

A

23%

38
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported via it being bonded to bicarbonate ions?

A

70%

39
Q

What does training elicit regarding oxygen with in the blood?

A

Hypoxaemia

40
Q

What do changes in the O2 level cause the kidney to secrete?

A

EPO (erythroid progenitor)

41
Q

What does EPO stimulate?

A

RBC production in marrow of long bones

42
Q

What does an increase in RBC production lead to?

A

Increase in RBC mass therefore increase in O2 carry capacity

43
Q

What happens in a hypobaric environment?

A

The concentration of gases in mixture stays the same but there is a reduce in pressure therefore there are less molecules

44
Q

What occurs in anaemia?

A

Reduced RBCs

45
Q

What causes gas exchange?

A

Diffusion down pressure gradient

46
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Total pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in a mixture

47
Q

How much more soluble is CO2 than O2?

A

22 times more

48
Q

How much oxygen can one haemoglobin molecule transport?

A

4

49
Q

What alters haemoglobins affinity to oxygen?

A

Acidity PCO2 2,3-BPG Temperature

50
Q

What happens to haemoglobins affinity to oxygen when PCO2 increases?

A

Affinity decreases

51
Q

Where does myoglobin transport oxygen?

A

From the cell membrane to mitochondria

52
Q

What has a higher affinity to oxygen: Mb or cytochrome C?

A

Cytrochrome C

53
Q

What is the normal hematocrit level for males?

A

42-52%

54
Q

What is the normal hematocrit level for females?

A

37-47%

55
Q

What does cytochrome C do?

A

The oxygen binds to Haem a3 group with in the cytochrome C

56
Q

What has a higher affinity to oxygen; cytochrome C or Mb?

A

Cytochrome C

57
Q

What happens to the oxygen that is binded to the cytochrome C molecule?

A

The oxygen is then the final electron acceptor in the ETC

58
Q

What happens when CO2 and H2O react in the presence of carbonic anhydrase?

A

They create H2CO3

59
Q

What type of reaction is it when CO2 and H2O react in the presence of carbonic anhydrase?

A

An equilibrium reaction

60
Q

What is the catalyst?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

61
Q

What does HCO3- exchange with within the RBC to the blood plasma down the conc gradient?

A

Cl-

Human physiology (11 decks)

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