Week 2: Blood and O2 transport

Question 1

How do gases move across membranes?

Answer 1

By diffusion down pressure gradient

Question 2

What is Henry’s law?

Answer 2

When a mixture of gas is in contact with a liquid each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to it’s partial pressure and solubility until equilibrium is achieved.

Question 3

In relation to the distance away from the heart what area has the largest vessel?

Answer 3

The closer to the heart the larger the vessel

Question 4

In relation to the distance away from the heart what area has the largest cross sectional area?

Answer 4

The further away from the heart

Question 5

In relation to the distance away from the heart what area has the highest blood flow velocity?

Answer 5

Closer to the heart, especially leaving the heart initially

Question 6

How thick are capillaries?

Answer 6

Single cell layer

Question 7

What is the rate of blood flow in the capillaries beds?

Answer 7

Slower than in capillaries because allows more time for diffusion

Question 8

Describe the surface area of capillaries

Answer 8

Large surface area

Question 9

Where do you take capillary blood samples?

Answer 9

Fingertip Ear

Question 10

Where do you take venous blood samples?

Answer 10

Venipuncture Cannula

Question 11

What is in plasma?

Answer 11

91.5% Water 7% Proteins 1.5% Other

Question 12

What is in the buffy coat?

Answer 12

White blood cells Platelets

Question 13

What is in the hematocrit?

Answer 13

Red blood cells

Question 14

What are the three main sections of blood?

Answer 14

Plasma

Buffy coat

Hematocrit

Question 15

What is the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid proportional to?

Answer 15

Partial pressure and solubility

Question 16

What percent of oxygen is transported via the oxygen being dissolved in plasma?

Answer 16

1%

Question 17

What percent of oxygen is transported via it being combined with haemoglobin?

Answer 17

99%

Question 18

How much oxygen is there in a litre of blood?

Answer 18

3 mL

Question 19

What does the dissolved O2 in the plasma do?

Answer 19

Regulates breathing Determines loading of haemoglobin

Question 20

How does O2 move into the RBC?

Answer 20

Via diffusion

Question 21

Where is the haemoglobin?

Answer 21

In RBC

Question 22

What is the shape of a RBC?

Answer 22

Biconcave

Question 23

In a haemoglobin molecule how many iron groups are there?

Answer 23

4 iron groups

Question 24

What is haemoglobins affinity for O2?

Answer 24

High

Question 25

What happens to oxygens affinity to Hb when acidity increases?

Answer 25

It decreases

Question 26

Why does oxygen have a lower affinity to Hb in acidic conditions?

Answer 26

More oxygen is delivered to acidic sites (the working muscle require more oxygen)

Question 27

When is 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate produced?

Answer 27

During glycolysis

Question 28

What does 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate do?

Answer 28

Helps to unload O2 by binding with Hb

Question 29

What happens to oxygens affinity to Hb when temperature increases or decreases past homeostasis?

Answer 29

Decreases

Question 30

When temperature increases where is more oxygen delivered?

Answer 30

To warmed up muscle

Question 31

What type of globular protein is myoglobin?

Answer 31

Iron containing

Question 32

What muscle is myoglobin in?

Answer 32

Skeletal and cardiac

Question 33

How many iron atoms are there in myoglobin?

Answer 33

1 iron atom

Question 34

What has a higher affinity to oxygen Mb or Hb?

Answer 34

Mb even at low O2

Question 35

What are the method in which CO2 is transported?

Answer 35

Dissolved Carbamino compounds Bicarbonate ions

Question 36

What percentage of CO2 is transported via it being dissolved?

Answer 36

7%

Question 37

What percentage of CO2 is transported via it being bonded to carbamino compounds?

Answer 37

23%

Question 38

What percentage of CO2 is transported via it being bonded to bicarbonate ions?

Answer 38

70%

Question 39

What does training elicit regarding oxygen with in the blood?

Answer 39

Hypoxaemia

Question 40

What do changes in the O2 level cause the kidney to secrete?

Answer 40

EPO (erythroid progenitor)

Question 41

What does EPO stimulate?

Answer 41

RBC production in marrow of long bones

Question 42

What does an increase in RBC production lead to?

Answer 42

Increase in RBC mass therefore increase in O2 carry capacity

Question 43

What happens in a hypobaric environment?

Answer 43

The concentration of gases in mixture stays the same but there is a reduce in pressure therefore there are less molecules

Question 44

What occurs in anaemia?

Answer 44

Reduced RBCs

Question 45

What causes gas exchange?

Answer 45

Diffusion down pressure gradient

Question 46

What is Dalton's law?

Answer 46

Total pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in a mixture

Question 47

How much more soluble is CO2 than O2?

Answer 47

22 times more

Question 48

How much oxygen can one haemoglobin molecule transport?

Answer 48

4

Question 49

What alters haemoglobins affinity to oxygen?

Answer 49

Acidity PCO2 2,3-BPG Temperature

Question 50

What happens to haemoglobins affinity to oxygen when PCO2 increases?

Answer 50

Affinity decreases

Question 51

Where does myoglobin transport oxygen?

Answer 51

From the cell membrane to mitochondria

Question 52

What has a higher affinity to oxygen: Mb or cytochrome C?

Answer 52

Cytrochrome C

Question 53

What is the normal hematocrit level for males?

Answer 53

42-52%

Question 54

What is the normal hematocrit level for females?

Answer 54

37-47%

Question 55

What does cytochrome C do?

Answer 55

The oxygen binds to Haem a3 group with in the cytochrome C

Question 56

What has a higher affinity to oxygen; cytochrome C or Mb?

Answer 56

Cytochrome C

Question 57

What happens to the oxygen that is binded to the cytochrome C molecule?

Answer 57

The oxygen is then the final electron acceptor in the ETC

Question 58

What happens when CO₂ and H₂O react in the presence of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 58

They create H₂CO₃

Question 59

What type of reaction is it when CO2 and H2O react in the presence of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 59

An equilibrium reaction

Question 60

What is the catalyst?

Answer 60

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 61

What does HCO₃^- exchange with within the RBC to the blood plasma down the conc gradient?

Answer 61

Cl^-