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Human physiology > Week 6: Body Water Balance and Hydration > Flashcards

Week 6: Body Water Balance and Hydration Flashcards

1
Q

How much of our body is made up of water?

A

60-70%

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2
Q

What is our typical survival time without drinking water?

A

100 hours

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3
Q

What is the typical rate of sweat during exercise per hour?

A

1-2 litres per hour

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4
Q

What does total body water include?

A

Fluid that occupies intra-cellular and extra-cellular space roughly equals 60% of body mass

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5
Q

What does intra-cellular fluid volume include?

A

Fluid within tissue cells roughly equals 40% of body mass

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6
Q

Which enzyme electrolyte has the greatest concentration in plasma?

A

Sodium

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7
Q

Name the two main hormones that help regulate plasma osmolatity

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

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8
Q

What plasma osmolality reading is classified as euhydration?

A

285-290 mOsmol per kg

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9
Q

What are the organic substances that make up body fluids?

A 
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Hormones
Enzymes
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10
Q

What are the inorganic substances that make up body fluids?

A 
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphate
Sulphate
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11
Q

What effect the distribution of body water?

A

The relative concentration of the solutes within the blood

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12
Q

What is body water balance?

A

When the volume of water intake is equal to the volume that is lost

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13
Q

How do we intake water?

A

Food
Fluids
Metabolism

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14
Q

How is water lost?

A

Urine
Faeces
Skin
Lungs

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15
Q

What is total body water (TBW)?

A

Fluid that occupies intra-cellular and extra spaces

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16
Q

What is intra cellular fluid volume (ICFV)?

A

Fluid within tissue cells

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17
Q

What is extra cellular volume (ECV)?

A

All fluids outside of cells

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18
Q

What is interstitial fluid volume (IFV)?

A

Located spaces between tissue cells

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19
Q

What is plasma volume (PV)?

A

Liquid portion of blood

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20
Q

What separates the intracellular fluid and the interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma membrane

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21
Q

What type of membrane is the plasma membrane?

A

Semi-permeable

22
Q

What separates the interstitial fluid and the plasma?

A

The vascular wall

23
Q

What type of membrane is the vascular wall?

A

Semi-permeable

24
Q

How does water travel across the semi-permeable membrane?

A

Via osmosis

25
Q

What happens in euhydration?

A

Normal body water level

The osmolarity of the intracellular and extracellular fluids are the same

26
Q

What happens in hypohydration?

A

The fluid around the cell has a higher solute concentration, causing water to diffuse out of the cell

27
Q

What happens in hyperhydration?

A

The fluid around the cell has a lower solute concentration therefore water diffuses into the cell

28
Q

What are the four general functions of electrolytes?

A

Control osmosis between body fluid compartments
Help maintain the acid-base balance
Carry electrical current
Serve as cofactors

29
Q

What is the most abundant ion in the extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

30
Q

What does sodium help control?

A

Our body water status

31
Q

What is fluid balance critical for?

A

Metabolic, cardiac and thermoregulatory funciton

32
Q

How is fluid balance controlled?

A

The endocrine system

33
Q

What are the two primary hormones that regulate water balance?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ arginine vasopressin
Aldosterone
34
Q

Where is the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released?

A

The posterior pituitary glands

35
Q

What stimulates secretion of antidiuetic hormone?

A

Haemoconcentraction (too much salt)
Increase in plasma osmolality
Decrease in plasma volume

36
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do and why?

A

Promotes water retention in the kidney in an effect to dilute plasma electrolyte concentration back to normal

37
Q

Where is aldosterone released from?

A

The adrenal cortex

38
Q

What stimulates aldosterone secretion?

A

Decrease in plasma sodium
Decrease in blood volume
Decrease in pressure
Increase in plasma potassium concentration

39
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

A mineralcorticoid hormone

40
Q

What does aldosterone do and why?

A

Promotes renal reabsorption of sodium causing increased fluid retention

41
Q

When is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) released?

A

Atrial distension
Endothelin
Sympathetic stimulation

42
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

A

Reduces blood pressure
Reduces blood volume
Causes vasodilation

43
Q

Which electrolyte has the greatest conc in plasma?

A

Sodium

44
Q

Name the two main hormones that help regulate plasma osmolality?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

45
Q

What plasma osmolality reading is classified as euhydrated, including units?

A

295 mOsmol/kg

46
Q

What are the cellular consequences of dehydration?

A

Loss of solutes/reduced blood volume
Causes change in osmotic pressure
Cells lose water and shrink due to osmosis

47
Q

How does sweating effect blood volume and therefore plasma volume?

A

Decreases blood volume due to a decreased plasma volume

48
Q

What are the cardiovascular consequences of dehydration?

A

Decreased stroke volume
Decreased cardiac output (less blood pumped)
Decreased blood pressure (less muscle blood flow)

49
Q

Why do we become dehydrated during exercise?

A

Sweating

50
Q

Why does dehydration impair endurance exercise performance?

A 
Decreased:
Plasma volume
Blood volume
End diastolic volume
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Vo2 max
Increased anaerobic metabolism
51
Q

Why does dehydration impair game performance?

A

Endurance performance impairments plus motor and cognitive impairments

Human physiology (11 decks)

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