Week 4: The cell

Question 1

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 1

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Question 2

What do prokaryotae cells lack?

Answer 2

A distinct membrane bounded by a membrane

Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondira and chloroplasts

Question 3

What are the features of DNA within prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

Single circular and some small

Question 4

What is the DNA in prokaryotic cells called and where is it?

Answer 4

Plasmids in the cytoplasm

Question 5

What are the features of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Have a true nucleus that is separated form cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope

Question 6

What do eukaryotic cells contain for respiration?

Answer 6

Mitochondria

Question 7

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 7

DNA

Condensed and organised with proteins as chromatin

Question 8

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

Answer 8

Nuclear envelope on the exterior

Question 9

How many nuclear pores does the nucleus contain and what are they regulated by?

Answer 9

Roughly 3000

Protein structures

Question 10

What is a nucleolus and when does it become enlarged?

Answer 10

A spherical body of the nucleus of most eukaryotes that becomes enlarged during protein synthesis

Question 11

What does the nucleolus contain?

Answer 11

DNA templates for ribosomal RNA

Question 12

Is the genetic code (DNA) of all cell in the body identical?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

How many genes do humans have?

Answer 13

25,000

Question 14

What is the most diverse and complex macromolecules in cells?

Answer 14

Protein

Question 15

What is gene encode for proteins used for?

Answer 15

Structure
Function
Information

Question 16

How are gene encode for proteins made up?

Answer 16

Linearly arranged amino acid residues

Question 17

How much energy does mitochondria contribute to cellular energy?

Answer 17

80%

Question 18

Do mitochondria have their own DNA?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

How many genes does mitochondria encode?

Answer 19

37

Question 20

What does the endoplasmic reticulum form?

Answer 20

Interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae within cells

Question 21

What is the endoplasmic retuculum a site of?

Answer 21

Protein synthesis and packaging of cell chemicals into transport vesicles

Question 22

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 22

Rough ER is smooth ER with ribosomes

Question 23

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 23

Protein and rRNA

Question 24

What is golgi apparatus?

Answer 24

Stacks of membrane-bounded sisternae located between the ER and cell surface

Question 25

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 25

Membrane bound enzyme sacs

Question 26

What do peroxisomes do?

Answer 26

Various energy substrates are broken down by oxidative reactions in peroxisomes

Question 27

What is the cytosol?

Answer 27

Where all chemical reactions occur

Question 28

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 28

``` Providing mechanical strength Locomotion, remodelling Chromosome separation in mitosis and meiosis Intracellular transport of organelles Cellular signalling ```

Question 29

What is endocytosis?

Answer 29

Cell membrane invaginates, pinches in, creates vesicle enclosing contents

Question 30

What is exocytosis?

Answer 30

Membrane vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releases enclosed material to extracellular space

Question 31

What is the extracellular matrix?

Answer 31

Proteins exocytosed in to the extracellular space

Question 32

How permeable is the membrane?

Answer 32

Selectively membrane

Question 33

What are the passive forms of transport that can cross the membrane?

Answer 33

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis

Question 34

What are the active forms of transport that can cross the membrane?

Answer 34

Pumps | Carriers

Question 35

What does osmosis refer to?

Answer 35

The diffusion of water across a membrane that is semi-permeable

Question 36

What way will water does water move in different concentrations?

Answer 36

Water moves from an area of low solute conc to an area of high solute conc

Question 37

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 37

Solute molecules bind with channel protein to pass across the membrane

Question 38

What is the carrier molecule made of?

Answer 38

Integral membrane proteins