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Human physiology > Week 4: The cell > Flashcards

Week 4: The cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

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2
Q

What do prokaryotae cells lack?

A

A distinct membrane bounded by a membrane

Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondira and chloroplasts

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3
Q

What are the features of DNA within prokaryotic cells?

A

Single circular and some small

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4
Q

What is the DNA in prokaryotic cells called and where is it?

A

Plasmids in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are the features of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A

Have a true nucleus that is separated form cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope

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6
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain for respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

Condensed and organised with proteins as chromatin

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8
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

Nuclear envelope on the exterior

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9
Q

How many nuclear pores does the nucleus contain and what are they regulated by?

A

Roughly 3000

Protein structures

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10
Q

What is a nucleolus and when does it become enlarged?

A

A spherical body of the nucleus of most eukaryotes that becomes enlarged during protein synthesis

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11
Q

What does the nucleolus contain?

A

DNA templates for ribosomal RNA

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12
Q

Is the genetic code (DNA) of all cell in the body identical?

A

Yes

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13
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

25,000

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14
Q

What is the most diverse and complex macromolecules in cells?

A

Protein

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15
Q

What is gene encode for proteins used for?

A

Structure
Function
Information

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16
Q

How are gene encode for proteins made up?

A

Linearly arranged amino acid residues

17
Q

How much energy does mitochondria contribute to cellular energy?

A

80%

18
Q

Do mitochondria have their own DNA?

A

Yes

19
Q

How many genes does mitochondria encode?

A

37

20
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum form?

A

Interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae within cells

21
Q

What is the endoplasmic retuculum a site of?

A

Protein synthesis and packaging of cell chemicals into transport vesicles

22
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER is smooth ER with ribosomes

23
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Protein and rRNA

24
Q

What is golgi apparatus?

A

Stacks of membrane-bounded sisternae located between the ER and cell surface

25
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Membrane bound enzyme sacs

26
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Various energy substrates are broken down by oxidative reactions in peroxisomes

27
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Where all chemical reactions occur

28
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A 
Providing mechanical strength
Locomotion, remodelling
Chromosome separation in mitosis and meiosis
Intracellular transport of organelles
Cellular signalling
29
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Cell membrane invaginates, pinches in, creates vesicle enclosing contents

30
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Membrane vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releases enclosed material to extracellular space

31
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

Proteins exocytosed in to the extracellular space

32
Q

How permeable is the membrane?

A

Selectively membrane

33
Q

What are the passive forms of transport that can cross the membrane?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

34
Q

What are the active forms of transport that can cross the membrane?

A

Pumps

Carriers

35
Q

What does osmosis refer to?

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane that is semi-permeable

36
Q

What way will water does water move in different concentrations?

A

Water moves from an area of low solute conc to an area of high solute conc

37
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Solute molecules bind with channel protein to pass across the membrane

38
Q

What is the carrier molecule made of?

A

Integral membrane proteins

Human physiology (11 decks)

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