Week 1: The Respiratory System Flashcards
What does pulmonary mean?
Pertaining to the lungs
What is respiration?
The process of ventilation
What is exchanged in the lungs?
02 and CO2
What level of an organism does respiration occur?
Cellular
In the respiratory system what is utilised and prodced?
O2 and CO2
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange
Acid-base balance regulation
What is the mechanical process of moving air in and to the lungs?
Ventilation
What is pulmonary vetilation?
The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs.
What is diffusion?
A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of high conc to region of lower until equilibrium is reached
Label the diagram
- Nose
- Mouth
- Epiglottis
- Diaphragm
- Edge of pleural memebrane
- Bronschioles
- Bronchus
- Lung
- Tranchea
- Larynx
- Pharynx
What occurs in the conducting zone of the lungs?
Moves air to the respiratory zone
Humidifies, warms and filters the air
What does the conducting zone consist of?
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Terminal bronchioles
What occurs in the respiratory zone?
Exchange of gases
What does the respiratory zone consist of?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Label the diagram
- O2
- CO2
- Alveolus
- Alveolar fluid with surfactant
- Red blood cell
- Capillary endothelium
- Capillary basement membrane
- Type 1 alveolar
- Interstital space
What is external (pulmonary) respiration?
Exchange of gases betweent the alveoli and blood
What is internal (tissue) respiration?
Systemic capillaries to tissue cells
Supplies cellular respiration
What need to happen to cause inhilation?
Pressure in lungs must be lower than atmosheric pressure
How do we lower the pressure in the lungs?
Increase the size of lungs
Increases volume of lungs
Decreased alveoli pressure
What muscles decrease the pressure in the lungs?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
When inhalation is occuring what does the diaphragm do?
Flatterns
Lowers dome when contracted
When inhalation is occuring what does the external intercostals do?
Contraction elevated ribs
What happens when the volume of the lungs increases?
The intrapulmonic pressure decreases
What happens to the pressure of the lungs to cause exhalation?
The intrapulmoric pressure need to be greater than the atmospheric pressure
What type of process is exhaltion normally?
Passive
What causes passice exhalation?
Elastic recoil
Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
What causes exhalation?
An increase in intrapulmonic pressure
What do you measure when you are measuring ventilation?
The air moved in and out of lungs
What is minute ventilation?
The amount of air in moved in and out of the lungs per minute
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per breath
How is the alveolar ventilation (VA) zone measured?
The tidal volume that reaches the respiratory zone
How is the dead space ventilation measured?
The tidal volume of the conduction zone
What causes us to breathe?
Groups of neurons in the brain stem
What parts of the brain controls when we breathe?
Medulla Oblongata and Pons
What muscles contract to force expiration?
Internal intercostals and abdominal musles contract
What dictates how we breathe?
Voluntary control –> Motor cortex
Involuntary control –> Feedback
What does the chemorecptor recept?
Level of O2 in the blood
Level of CO2 in the blood
pH level
What does the central chemoreceptors measure?
H+ conc in the blood brain barrier
HCO3- conc in the blood brain barrier
CO2 conc in the blood brain barrier
What type of process is pulmonary respiration?
Mechanical
Where does cellular respiration occur?
At the site of O2 utilisation and CO2 production
In the conducting zone what does increasing the humidity do?
Increases the rate of diffusion
What does the type 2 alveolar (septa) cell do?
Stops the alveolus from collapsing
What percentage of the air coming into the lungs if due to the diaphragm?
75%
What type of process in inhalation?
Active
What does VE mean?
Minute ventilation
What does VT mean?
Tidal volume
What does f mean?
Number of breaths
What percent of the air reaches the respiratory zone?
70%
What percentage of ventilation only reaches the conduction zone?
30%
What are the respiratory control centres?
Medulla oblongata
Pons
What does the pneumotaxic area do?
Teams with MRA to set rhythem of breathing
What does the chemoreceptor respond to?
Level of CO2
Change in pH
How does the carotid body connect to the brain?
Glossopharyngeal (CN9)
How does the aortic body connect to the brain?
Vagus (CN10)
What does the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?
Decreased O2
Changes in pH
When is the respiratory stretch receptors stimulated?
By overinflation of the lungs
What is the role of the doral group with in the medulla oblongata?
Controls the basic rhythem of breathing
What is the dorsal group in the medulla oblongata triggered by?
Inspiratory impulses
When are is the vetral group in the medulla oblongata active?
During exercise and stress
What does the pneumotaxic part of the pons do?
Team with the medulla oblongata to set rhythem of breathing.
Prevents lungs from becoming to full with air by limiting duration of inspiration
What happens when the pneumotaxic area is active?
Breathing is quicker
What does the apneustic area of the pons do?
Coordinate transion between inspiration and expiration
How does the apnestic area of the pons reduce breathing rate?
Stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and slow rate of breathing
When is apneustic area active?
When pneumotaxic area is inactive
Which override which?
Apneustic or pneumotaxic
Pneumotaxic
When apneustic is active what happens to breathing rate?
It slows down
What does the respiratory stretch receptors do once they are activated?
Inhibitory discharge is sent to inspiratory area therefore expration begins and lungs deflate
What do irritant receptors recept?
A change in chemical irritants
What do peripheral propioceptors recept and what is the response?
Movement stimulates breathing
