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Human physiology > Week 1: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Week 1: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does pulmonary mean?

A

Pertaining to the lungs

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2
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of ventilation

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3
Q

What is exchanged in the lungs?

A

02 and CO2

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4
Q

What level of an organism does respiration occur?

A

Cellular

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5
Q

In the respiratory system what is utilised and prodced?

A

O2 and CO2

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

Acid-base balance regulation

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7
Q

What is the mechanical process of moving air in and to the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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8
Q

What is pulmonary vetilation?

A

The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs.

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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of high conc to region of lower until equilibrium is reached

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10
Q

Label the diagram

A
  1. Nose
  2. Mouth
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Diaphragm
  5. Edge of pleural memebrane
  6. Bronschioles
  7. Bronchus
  8. Lung
  9. Tranchea
  10. Larynx
  11. Pharynx
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11
Q

What occurs in the conducting zone of the lungs?

A

Moves air to the respiratory zone

Humidifies, warms and filters the air

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12
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of?

A

Trachea

Bronchial tree

Terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What occurs in the respiratory zone?

A

Exchange of gases

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14
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

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15
Q

Label the diagram

A
  1. O2
  2. CO2
  3. Alveolus
  4. Alveolar fluid with surfactant
  5. Red blood cell
  6. Capillary endothelium
  7. Capillary basement membrane
  8. Type 1 alveolar
  9. Interstital space
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16
Q

What is external (pulmonary) respiration?

A

Exchange of gases betweent the alveoli and blood

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17
Q

What is internal (tissue) respiration?

A

Systemic capillaries to tissue cells

Supplies cellular respiration

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18
Q

What need to happen to cause inhilation?

A

Pressure in lungs must be lower than atmosheric pressure

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19
Q

How do we lower the pressure in the lungs?

A

Increase the size of lungs

Increases volume of lungs

Decreased alveoli pressure

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20
Q

What muscles decrease the pressure in the lungs?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

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21
Q

When inhalation is occuring what does the diaphragm do?

A

Flatterns

Lowers dome when contracted

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22
Q

When inhalation is occuring what does the external intercostals do?

A

Contraction elevated ribs

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23
Q

What happens when the volume of the lungs increases?

A

The intrapulmonic pressure decreases

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24
Q

What happens to the pressure of the lungs to cause exhalation?

A

The intrapulmoric pressure need to be greater than the atmospheric pressure

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25
Q

What type of process is exhaltion normally?

A

Passive

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26
Q

What causes passice exhalation?

A

Elastic recoil

Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

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27
Q

What causes exhalation?

A

An increase in intrapulmonic pressure

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28
Q

What do you measure when you are measuring ventilation?

A

The air moved in and out of lungs

29
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The amount of air in moved in and out of the lungs per minute

30
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per breath

31
Q

How is the alveolar ventilation (VA) zone measured?

A

The tidal volume that reaches the respiratory zone

32
Q

How is the dead space ventilation measured?

A

The tidal volume of the conduction zone

33
Q

What causes us to breathe?

A

Groups of neurons in the brain stem

34
Q

What parts of the brain controls when we breathe?

A

Medulla Oblongata and Pons

35
Q

What muscles contract to force expiration?

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal musles contract

36
Q

What dictates how we breathe?

A

Voluntary control –> Motor cortex

Involuntary control –> Feedback

37
Q

What does the chemorecptor recept?

A

Level of O2 in the blood

Level of CO2 in the blood

pH level

38
Q

What does the central chemoreceptors measure?

A

H+ conc in the blood brain barrier

HCO3- conc in the blood brain barrier

CO2 conc in the blood brain barrier

39
Q

What type of process is pulmonary respiration?

A

Mechanical

40
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

At the site of O2 utilisation and CO2 production

41
Q

In the conducting zone what does increasing the humidity do?

A

Increases the rate of diffusion

42
Q

What does the type 2 alveolar (septa) cell do?

A

Stops the alveolus from collapsing

43
Q

What percentage of the air coming into the lungs if due to the diaphragm?

A

75%

44
Q

What type of process in inhalation?

A

Active

45
Q

What does VE mean?

A

Minute ventilation

46
Q

What does VT mean?

A

Tidal volume

47
Q

What does f mean?

A

Number of breaths

48
Q

What percent of the air reaches the respiratory zone?

A

70%

49
Q

What percentage of ventilation only reaches the conduction zone?

A

30%

50
Q

What are the respiratory control centres?

A

Medulla oblongata

Pons

51
Q

What does the pneumotaxic area do?

A

Teams with MRA to set rhythem of breathing

52
Q

What does the chemoreceptor respond to?

A

Level of CO2

Change in pH

53
Q

How does the carotid body connect to the brain?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN9)

54
Q

How does the aortic body connect to the brain?

A

Vagus (CN10)

55
Q

What does the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Decreased O2

Changes in pH

56
Q

When is the respiratory stretch receptors stimulated?

A

By overinflation of the lungs

57
Q

What is the role of the doral group with in the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls the basic rhythem of breathing

58
Q

What is the dorsal group in the medulla oblongata triggered by?

A

Inspiratory impulses

59
Q

When are is the vetral group in the medulla oblongata active?

A

During exercise and stress

60
Q

What does the pneumotaxic part of the pons do?

A

Team with the medulla oblongata to set rhythem of breathing.

Prevents lungs from becoming to full with air by limiting duration of inspiration

61
Q

What happens when the pneumotaxic area is active?

A

Breathing is quicker

62
Q

What does the apneustic area of the pons do?

A

Coordinate transion between inspiration and expiration

63
Q

How does the apnestic area of the pons reduce breathing rate?

A

Stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and slow rate of breathing

64
Q

When is apneustic area active?

A

When pneumotaxic area is inactive

65
Q

Which override which?

Apneustic or pneumotaxic

A

Pneumotaxic

66
Q

When apneustic is active what happens to breathing rate?

A

It slows down

67
Q

What does the respiratory stretch receptors do once they are activated?

A

Inhibitory discharge is sent to inspiratory area therefore expration begins and lungs deflate

68
Q

What do irritant receptors recept?

A

A change in chemical irritants

69
Q

What do peripheral propioceptors recept and what is the response?

A

Movement stimulates breathing

Human physiology (11 decks)

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