Week 1: The Respiratory System

Question 1

What does pulmonary mean?

Answer 1

Pertaining to the lungs

Question 2

What is respiration?

Answer 2

The process of ventilation

Question 3

What is exchanged in the lungs?

Answer 3

0₂ and CO₂

Question 4

What level of an organism does respiration occur?

Answer 4

Cellular

Question 5

In the respiratory system what is utilised and prodced?

Answer 5

O₂ and CO₂

Question 6

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

Answer 6

Gas exchange

Acid-base balance regulation

Question 7

What is the mechanical process of moving air in and to the lungs?

Answer 7

Ventilation

Question 8

What is pulmonary vetilation?

Answer 8

The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs.

Question 9

What is diffusion?

Answer 9

A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of high conc to region of lower until equilibrium is reached

Question 10

Label the diagram

Answer 10

1. Nose
2. Mouth
3. Epiglottis
4. Diaphragm
5. Edge of pleural memebrane
6. Bronschioles
7. Bronchus
8. Lung
9. Tranchea
10. Larynx
11. Pharynx

Question 11

What occurs in the conducting zone of the lungs?

Answer 11

Moves air to the respiratory zone

Humidifies, warms and filters the air

Question 12

What does the conducting zone consist of?

Answer 12

Trachea

Bronchial tree

Terminal bronchioles

Question 13

What occurs in the respiratory zone?

Answer 13

Exchange of gases

Question 14

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

Answer 14

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Question 15

Label the diagram

Answer 15

1. O₂
2. CO₂
3. Alveolus
4. Alveolar fluid with surfactant
5. Red blood cell
6. Capillary endothelium
7. Capillary basement membrane
8. Type 1 alveolar
9. Interstital space

Question 16

What is external (pulmonary) respiration?

Answer 16

Exchange of gases betweent the alveoli and blood

Question 17

What is internal (tissue) respiration?

Answer 17

Systemic capillaries to tissue cells

Supplies cellular respiration

Question 18

What need to happen to cause inhilation?

Answer 18

Pressure in lungs must be lower than atmosheric pressure

Question 19

How do we lower the pressure in the lungs?

Answer 19

Increase the size of lungs

Increases volume of lungs

Decreased alveoli pressure

Question 20

What muscles decrease the pressure in the lungs?

Answer 20

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Question 21

When inhalation is occuring what does the diaphragm do?

Answer 21

Flatterns

Lowers dome when contracted

Question 22

When inhalation is occuring what does the external intercostals do?

Answer 22

Contraction elevated ribs

Question 23

What happens when the volume of the lungs increases?

Answer 23

The intrapulmonic pressure decreases

Question 24

What happens to the pressure of the lungs to cause exhalation?

Answer 24

The intrapulmoric pressure need to be greater than the atmospheric pressure

Question 25

What type of process is exhaltion normally?

Answer 25

Passive

Question 26

What causes passice exhalation?

Answer 26

Elastic recoil Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 27

What causes exhalation?

Answer 27

An increase in intrapulmonic pressure

Question 28

What do you measure when you are measuring ventilation?

Answer 28

The air moved in and out of lungs

Question 29

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 29

The amount of air in moved in and out of the lungs per minute

Question 30

What is tidal volume?

Answer 30

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per breath

Question 31

How is the alveolar ventilation (VA) zone measured?

Answer 31

The tidal volume that reaches the respiratory zone

Question 32

How is the dead space ventilation measured?

Answer 32

The tidal volume of the conduction zone

Question 33

What causes us to breathe?

Answer 33

Groups of neurons in the brain stem

Question 34

What parts of the brain controls when we breathe?

Answer 34

Medulla Oblongata and Pons

Question 35

What muscles contract to force expiration?

Answer 35

Internal intercostals and abdominal musles contract

Question 36

What dictates how we breathe?

Answer 36

Voluntary control --\> Motor cortex Involuntary control --\> Feedback

Question 37

What does the chemorecptor recept?

Answer 37

Level of O₂ in the blood Level of CO₂ in the blood pH level

Question 38

What does the central chemoreceptors measure?

Answer 38

H⁺ conc in the blood brain barrier HCO₃^- conc in the blood brain barrier CO₂ conc in the blood brain barrier

Question 39

What type of process is pulmonary respiration?

Answer 39

Mechanical

Question 40

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 40

At the site of O2 utilisation and CO2 production

Question 41

In the conducting zone what does increasing the humidity do?

Answer 41

Increases the rate of diffusion

Question 42

What does the type 2 alveolar (septa) cell do?

Answer 42

Stops the alveolus from collapsing

Question 43

What percentage of the air coming into the lungs if due to the diaphragm?

Answer 43

75%

Question 44

What type of process in inhalation?

Answer 44

Active

Question 45

What does V_E mean?

Answer 45

Minute ventilation

Question 46

What does VT mean?

Answer 46

Tidal volume

Question 47

What does f mean?

Answer 47

Number of breaths

Question 48

What percent of the air reaches the respiratory zone?

Answer 48

70%

Question 49

What percentage of ventilation only reaches the conduction zone?

Answer 49

30%

Question 50

What are the respiratory control centres?

Answer 50

Medulla oblongata Pons

Question 51

What does the pneumotaxic area do?

Answer 51

Teams with MRA to set rhythem of breathing

Question 52

What does the chemoreceptor respond to?

Answer 52

Level of CO2 Change in pH

Question 53

How does the carotid body connect to the brain?

Answer 53

Glossopharyngeal (CN9)

Question 54

How does the aortic body connect to the brain?

Answer 54

Vagus (CN10)

Question 55

What does the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

Answer 55

Decreased O2 Changes in pH

Question 56

When is the respiratory stretch receptors stimulated?

Answer 56

By overinflation of the lungs

Question 57

What is the role of the doral group with in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 57

Controls the basic rhythem of breathing

Question 58

What is the dorsal group in the medulla oblongata triggered by?

Answer 58

Inspiratory impulses

Question 59

When are is the vetral group in the medulla oblongata active?

Answer 59

During exercise and stress

Question 60

What does the pneumotaxic part of the pons do?

Answer 60

Team with the medulla oblongata to set rhythem of breathing. Prevents lungs from becoming to full with air by limiting duration of inspiration

Question 61

What happens when the pneumotaxic area is active?

Answer 61

Breathing is quicker

Question 62

What does the apneustic area of the pons do?

Answer 62

Coordinate transion between inspiration and expiration

Question 63

How does the apnestic area of the pons reduce breathing rate?

Answer 63

Stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and slow rate of breathing

Question 64

When is apneustic area active?

Answer 64

When pneumotaxic area is inactive

Question 65

Which override which? Apneustic or pneumotaxic

Answer 65

Pneumotaxic

Question 66

When apneustic is active what happens to breathing rate?

Answer 66

It slows down

Question 67

What does the respiratory stretch receptors do once they are activated?

Answer 67

Inhibitory discharge is sent to inspiratory area therefore expration begins and lungs deflate

Question 68

What do irritant receptors recept?

Answer 68

A change in chemical irritants

Question 69

What do peripheral propioceptors recept and what is the response?

Answer 69

Movement stimulates breathing