Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of Medicine > Week 7 Science and Scholarship: Endocrine system > Flashcards

Week 7 Science and Scholarship: Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is autocrine signalling

A

chemicals effect the same cells that secreted them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is paracrine signalling

A

chemicals are secreted onto neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is endocrine signalling

A

chemicals are released into the bloodstream (hormones) to reach target cells throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

contrast endocrine vs neural signalling

A

-endocrine communication is slower than nervous
-endocrine effect is longer lasting than nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

identify any 6 functions of endocrine system

A

fluid and electrolyte balance
love and bonding
secondary sex characteristics
lactation
reproduction
pregnancy
temperature regulation
fuel metabolism
mood and emotions
stress
blood glucose levels
appetite and fuel intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands

A

-endocrine secretes directly into bloodstream vs exocrine secretes into ducts for external sue
-endocrine travels throughout the body to target tissues vs exocrine is delivered to specific locations
-endocrine eg=thyroid, adrenal and pituitary vs exocrine eg= sudoriferous glands , salivary glands and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the two ways endocrine glands can be arranged in the body

A

they can either be scattered eg pancreas or endocrine cells can be organised into specialised structures called glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

identify the key endocrine glands of the body

A

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

location and structure of pituitary gland

A

-located at base of brain, just below hypothalamus and connected to it via pituitary stalk
-small, pea shaped and divided into anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobes (neurohypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

location and structure of adrenal gland

A

-located on top of each kidney
-triangle shaped, has inner medulla and outer cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

location and structure of thyroid gland

A

-located below larynx, anterior to trachea on each side
-butterfly shaped, has two lobes connected by isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

location and structure of parathyroid gland

A

-four tiny rice sized glands
-on posterior surface of thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

location and structure of pineal gland

A

-small, pinecone shaped
-located deep in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

location and structure of pancreas

A

-elongated fish shaped organ
-behind the stomach
-houses endocrine cells called the islets of langerhan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of pancreas

A

regulates Blood glucose through insulin and glucagon secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of pineal gland

A

synthesises melatonin that regulated circadian rhythms and sleep wake cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of parathyroid gland

A

maintains phosphate and calcium levels in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of thyroid gland

A

regulates metabolism ,neural activity, oxygen delivery and growth via thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of adrenal glands

A

regulates stress response (adrenaline and cortisol), metabolism and electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

regulates various physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is meant by non classical endocrine glands

A

organs , tissues that were not originally considered endocrine glands until it was found they released hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list the non classical endocrine glands

A

adipose tissue, kidney , GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is adipose tissue a non classical endocrine gland

A

secretes hormones like leptin that regulate appetite and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is the kidney a non classical endocrine gland

A

releases erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how is the GI tract a non classical endocrine gland

A

releases gastrin and cholecystokinin that regulate digestion and appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

identify 3 main types of hormones

A

peptides/proteins
amines
steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

features of peptide hormones

A

-chains of amino acids
-once synthesised they are released via exocytosis and stored until signalling
-bind to SURFACE cell receptors
-short half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

features of steroid hormones

A

-all derived from cholesterol
-released by simple diffusion, not stored
-bind to intercellular receptors
-longer half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

features of amine hormones

A

-derived from amino acids
-bind to SURFACE proteins
-short half life
-once synthesised by specific cells they are released via exocytosis and stored in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain how membrane receptors and downstream pathways transduce the actions of hormones

A

-the forming of a receptor-ligand complex activates an amplifier enzyme resulting in the activation of second messengers
-second messengers regulate cellular activity by influencing enzymes, genes etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the key intracellular events / actions triggered by steroid hormones

A

-steroid hormones diffuse across PCM and bind to intracellular receptors
-the hormone receptor complex undergoes conformational changes allowing it to bind to DNA called hormone response elements (HRE’s)
-this causes activation or repression of gene transcription and alters function of steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

identify the ways hormones can be stimulated

A

neural
hormonal
humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is hormonal stimulation

A

stimulation from other hormones eg tropic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is neural stimulation

A

stimulation by nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is humoral stimulation

A

stimulation by a certain level of substance in blood eg ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

identify how target cells regulate the level of receptors

A

receptor up regulation and receptor down regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what’s receptor up regulation

A

target cells produce receptors in response to a high level of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what’s receptor down regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to a low level of horomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Provide examples of negative feedback regulation of hormone secretion

A

thyroid hormones and insulin/glucagon work on negative feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Provide examples of positive feedback regulation of hormone secretion

A

oxytocin (childbirth) and clotting hormones (increased platelets) work on positive feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

List the key factors that determine hormone concentration in the plasma

A

rate of secretion (most important )
rate of binding (to carriers)
rate of metabolism (removal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define the terms: hyposecretion and hypersecretion

A

hyposecretion is inadequate release of hormones from endocrine glands vs hypersecretion is excessive secretion of hormones form endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the pancreas can be divided into ___ and ___ glands

A

endocrine and exocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

structure and function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

consists of acinar cells that secrete some digestive enzymes into ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

structure and function of the endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

made of a cluster of cells called the Islets of langerhans that produced glucagon, insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

identify the cells of the pancreas

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
PP cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

function of alpha cells

A

produce glucagon that helps to increase BGL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

function of beta cells

A

produce insulin that helps to decrease BGL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

function of delta cells

A

produce somatostatin that helps to regulate the release of other hormones eg insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

function of PP cells

A

produce pancreatic polypeptide that is involved in regulation of digestion and appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

function of insulin

A

reduces blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose in the bloodstream into glycogen in liver and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

function of glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen stores of liver and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

briefly outline how glucose stimulates insulin secretion

A

–>Glucose entry
–>oxidative metabolism
–>↑ATP
–>inhibition of KATP channels
–>depolarization
–>opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels
–>↑[Ca2+]I
–>insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Describe how insulin secretion is regulated via the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic - inhibits the secretion of insulin in response to low plasma glucose
parasympathetic- stimulates the secretion of insulin in response to high plasma glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are GLUT

A

glucose transporter proteins that are responsible for transporting glucose across cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how many GLUT are there

A

4
“GLUT-1” …. “4”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

function of GLUT-1

A

facilitates the transport of glucose across plasma membranes of most cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

function of GLUT-2

A

principal transporter of glucose between the blood and liver, and reabsorption of renal glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

function of GLUT-3

A

principle transporter of glucose into CNS, neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

function of GLUT-4

A

transports glucose into muscle and skeletal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

identify insulin actions in carbohydrates

A

-facilitates glucose uptake and utilisation (most cells)
-stimulates glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis (liver and muscle)
-increase conversion of glucose into fatty acids (triglycerides) in adipose cells
-inhibits gluconeogeneis (decreasing availability of amino acids and inhibiting hepatatic enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

identify insulin actions in fats

A

-increase fatty acid uptake in adipose tissue
-increases fatty acid synthesis from glucose in adipose tissue
-decrease lipolysis in adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

identify insulin actions in protein

A

-promotes active transport of protein in muscles
-increases protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

outline the pathways for blood glucose regulation

A

-hyperglycaemia ,release of insulin, glycogenesis , decrease BGL,
-hypoglycaemia,release of glucagon,glycogenolysis, increase BGL

T/F optimum blood glucose level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

define glycogenesis

A

the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage in liver and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

which GLUT is dependent on insulin

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen into glucose to increase BGL especially during fasting or high energy demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

define gluconeogenesis

A

the synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors eg lactate primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys to maintain BGL during fasting or low carb intake

69
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes (aetiology)

A

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

70
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes (aetiology)

A

insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

71
Q

what are the micro and macrovascular complication of diabetes

A

stroke risk, HTN, atherosclerosis

72
Q

what are the peripheral neuropathic complications of diabetes

A

impaired reflexes, incontinence, peripheral neuropathy, gastroenteropathy

73
Q

function of hypothalamus as a master regulator of key peripheral endocrine organs

A

regulatory centre for various bodily functions eg thirst, temperature and hunger

74
Q

features of type 1 diabetes

A

-no insulin secreted
- chronic fasted state, ketoacidosis, glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia
- can lead to coma and death
-10%

75
Q

features of type 2 diabetes

A
  • more common in older and overweight individuals
  • large genetic component
    -gradual decrease in insulin effect
    -90%
76
Q

function of pituitary gland as a master regulator of key peripheral endocrine organs

A

master gland that regulates hormone secretions and other endocrine glands

77
Q

location and structure of hypothalamus

A

-small pea sized at base of brain below thalamus and above pituitary gland
-concial shape with base that rests on floor of 3rd apex and narrower apex that projects toward pituitary stalk

78
Q

describe cellular composition of anterior pituitary gland

A

primarily composed of glandular tissue organised into various cells :
somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs
-vascular connection

79
Q

describe cellular composition of posterior pituitary gland

A

nerve fibres, glial cells and neurosecretory cells
-neural connection

80
Q

contrast the functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

A

-anterior produces and releases VARIOUS hormones
-posterior stores and releases HYPOTHALAMUS hormones

81
Q

identify hormones released by pituitary gland and divide them into anterior and posterior classes

A

Anterior: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH ,HGH

Posterior: ADH and oxytocin

82
Q

ACTH function

A

stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol and other steroid hormones

83
Q

TSH function

A

stimulates thyroid gland to store and release thyroid hormones

84
Q

LH function

A

triggers ovulation and stimulates production of sex hormones eg testosterone (male) , progesterone and oestrogen (females)

85
Q

ADH function/ vasopressin

A

regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in kidney and vasoconstriction

86
Q

HGH function

A

regulate growth and physical development

87
Q

oxytocin function

A

stimulates uterine contractions and breastfeeding aswell as emotions and bonding

88
Q

what hormone does each (anterior) pituitary cell release and where to

A

thyrotrophs- TSH to thyroid gland
somatotrophs- GH to liver, tissues, bone
lactotrophs - prolactin to mammary glands
corticotrophs- ACTH to adrenal cortex
gonadotrophs- LH/FSH to testes,ovaries

89
Q

identify the two broad types of hypophysiotropic hormones

A

releasing and inhibiting hormone

90
Q

function of releasing and inhibiting hormone

A

releasing stimulates the release of specific anterior pituitary hormones vs inhibiting suppresses the release of specific anterior pituitary hormones

91
Q

function of:
-thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
-corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
-GHRH
-GHIH
-prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
-prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine)

A

-thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) =stimulates TSH (thyrotropin) and prolactin release
-corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
=stimulates ACTH release (corticotropin)
-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
=stimulates release of FSH + LH
-GHRH
=stimulates release of HGH
-GHIH
=inhibits release of HGH and TSH
-prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
=stimulates release of Prolactin
-prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine)
=inhibits release of prolactin

92
Q

identify the factors that influence growth

A

genetics
nutriton
hormones
stress

93
Q

describe how genetics influence growth

A

inherited traits can dictate potential growth

94
Q

describe how nutrition can influence growth

A

adequate nutrient intake is required for optimal growth

95
Q

describe how hormones can influence growth

A

chemical messengers eg HGH influence growth

96
Q

describe how stress can influence growth

A

environmental or physiological factors that can negatively impact growth

97
Q

distinguish between foetal and post natal growth

A

-foetal growth occurs during prenatal period vs post natal occurs after birth
-placental hormones vs HGH mainly

98
Q

Briefly outline the various metabolic actions of HGH

A

-protein synthesis = increase protein production (cells)
-protein degradation=inhibit protein destruction (tissues)
-lipolysis= increase breakdown of fats into FA’s
-hepatic gluconeogenesis = raises glucose production in liver
-insulin sensitivity = decrease muscle cells responsiveness to insulin
-utilisation of FFA’s = encourages muscle cell to use free fatty acids as energy source

99
Q

identify stimuli that can be a positive or negative factor in HGH release

A

-exercise
-stress
-hypooglycaemia
-fasting (low IGF-1)
-circadian rhythms
-high AA
-low FA’s

100
Q

how does stress impact HGH release

A

stimulates HGH release as part of body response to stressors

101
Q

how does exercise impact HGH release

A

stimulates HGH release especially during vigorous physical activity

102
Q

how does fasting impact HGH release

A

leads to HGH release due to low levels of insulin like growth factor-1

103
Q

how do high AA levels impact HGH release

A

elevate HGH release, especially after supplements or high protein meal

104
Q

how do low FA levels impact HGH release

A

stimulates HGH secretion

105
Q

how do circadian rhythms impact HGH release

A

HGH secretion peaks during sleep stages according to body clock

106
Q

how does hypoglycaemia impact HGH release

A

low BGL stimulates HGH release to increase glucose production

107
Q

distinguish between IGF-1 and IGF-2

A

IGF-1 = mainly made in liver and stimulates cell growth and proliferation in various tissues
IGF-2 = primarily involved in foetal development and growth

108
Q

what signal transduction and receptor type does HGH function on

A

JAK/STAT
surface cell membrane receptors

109
Q

name some HGH disorders

A

gigantism
acromegaly
dwarfism

110
Q

what’s gigantism

A

excess growth and stature due to overproduction of HGH before epiphyseal plate closure

111
Q

what’s acromegaly

A

progressive enlargement of extremities and tissues due to excess HGH secretion after epiphyseal plate closure

112
Q

what’s dwarfism

A

condition causing extremely small stature and development delays

113
Q

identify the main gonadotropins

A

LH and FSH

114
Q

FSH function

A

stimulates growth and development of sperm and ovarian follicles (men and women respectively)

115
Q

outline how the gonadotropins are regulated

A

1.LH stimulates thecal cells in ovarian follicle
2. thecal cells convert cholesterol into androgen
3. androgen diffuses across thecal cells into adjacent granulosa cells
4.FSH stimulates granulosa cells of ovarian follicle
5.granulosa cells converts androgen into oestrogen
6a.some is secreted into blood –> systemic effects
6b.some is remains in follicle –> antral formation
7.local oestrogen along with FSH stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells

116
Q

identify the three hormones released by the thyroid gland

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

117
Q

T3 function

A

triiodothyronine controls metabolism, growth and development

118
Q

T4 function

A

thyroxine regulates metabolism and energy balance

119
Q

calcitonin function

A

regulates Ca levels in blood and bone metabolism

120
Q

what two hormones regulate thyroid gland function

A

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

121
Q

TRH function

A

(released by hypothalamus)
stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland

122
Q

TSH function

A

stimulates thyroid gland to produce and secrete T3 and T4

123
Q

provide a few examples of thyroid diseases

A

hashimotos disease
graves disease
immunogenic thyrotoxicosis

124
Q

whats hashimotos disease

A

autoimmune disease that results in hypothyroidism due to inflammation and destruction of the thyroid gland

125
Q

whats graves disease

A

autoimmune disease that results in hyperthyroidism due to production of antibodies that stimulate thyroid gland

126
Q

whats immunogenic thyrotoxicosis

A

hyperthyroidism resulting from over stimulation of thyroid by antibodies, often associated with autoimmune diseases eg graves

127
Q

describe how thyroid disorder symptoms are classified

A

hyperthyroidism = tachycardia, tachypnoea, nervousness
hypothyroidism = bradycardia, weight gain, fatigue

128
Q

what factors regulate Ca levels in blood

A

PTH
calcitonin
vitamin D
calcitriol

129
Q

how does PTH regulate Ca levels

A

stimulates calcium release from bones and enhances calcium reabsorption from kidneys

130
Q

how does calcitonin regulate Ca levels

A

inhibits osteoclast activity and promotes Ca deposition in bones to lower Ca levels

131
Q

how does calcitriol regulate Ca levels

A

active form of Vitamin D, enhances Ca absorption from the intestines and regulates calcium metabolism for bone health and blood calcium balance

132
Q

how does vitamin D regulate Ca levels

A

facilitates intestinal absorption of Ca and P promoting bone mineralisation

133
Q

briefly outline how PTH secretion is regulated

A

it is regulated mainly by the calcium concentration of blood
-in turn the bones (resorption) , kidneys (resorption of P(-) or CA(+) and urinary cAMP(+)) and intestines (absorption) respond

134
Q

whats hypercalaemia

A

elevated Ca levels in blood
–> weakness, fatigue, bone pain and kidney stones

135
Q

whats hypocalaemia

A

lowered levels of Ca in blood
–> muscle spasm, tetany and seizures

136
Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

A

zona reticularis (inner)
zona fasciculata (middle)
zona glomerulosa (outer)

137
Q

what hormone class does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines

138
Q

what hormone class does the zona fasciculata secrete

A

glucocorticoids eg cortisol

139
Q

what hormone class does the zona reticularis secrete

A

androgens eg sex hormones

140
Q

what hormone class does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

mineralocorticoids eg aldosterone

141
Q

what stimulates zona fasciculata

A

ACTH

142
Q

what stimulates zona reticularis

A

ACTH

143
Q

what stimulates zona glomerulosa

A

angiotensin II
Plasma K+

144
Q

what stimulates adrenal medulla

A

Sympathetic NS

145
Q

function of zona fasciculata

A

resist stress
metabolism

146
Q

function of zona retiuclaris

A

male sex hormone

147
Q

function of adrenal medulla

A

resist stress

148
Q

function of zona glomerulosa

A

electrolyte balance and BP

149
Q

Outline, in brief, how hormone secretion from the adrenal gland is regulated

A

-regulated by the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis (HPA)
-when stressed hypothalamus releases CRH that stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH
-ACTH acts on zona fasciculata which causes release of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol
-cortisol supports actions of catecholamines in stress response

150
Q

identify the adrenal gland hormones

A

cortisol
androgens
aldosterone
noradrenaline
adrenaline

151
Q

function of cortisol

A

regulates metabolism, immune function and stress response

152
Q

function of androgens

A

secondary sex characteristics and libido

153
Q

function of aldosterone

A

controls electrolyte balance and BP by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion as part of the RAAS in kidneys

154
Q

function of adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

mediates body fight or filght response by increasing heart rate, BP and energy mobilisation

155
Q

briefly outline how cortisol effects various body parts

A

cardiovascular-increase BP and HR
brain-cognition, mood, stress response
Immune-supresses immune function
metabolic-regulates glucose metabolism and promotes gluconeogenesis
bone-inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption

156
Q

name disorder of adrenal gland

A

phaeochromocytoma (secondary HTN)
conn’s syndrome
cushing’s syndrome
Addisons disease
congenital adrenal hyperplasia

157
Q

describe phaeochromocytoma

A

adrenal tumour causing excess secretion of catecholamines

158
Q

describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

genetic disorder causing adrenal steroid enzyme difficulties

159
Q

describe conns syndrome

A

primary aldosteronism causing excess aldosterone release

160
Q

describe Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypercortisolism resulting form various causes

161
Q

describe Addisons disease

A

adrenal insufficiency due to autoimmune destruction or other causes

162
Q

outline the flow chart of anterior pituitary gland action for stress

A

increase CRH
increase ACTH
increase cortisol
increased BGL

163
Q

outline flow chart for adrenal medulla action for stress

A

increase adrenaline
Pancreas: increase glucagon t/f increase BGL and FA’s

Smooth muscle vasoconstriction and kidney:
increase renin, increase angiotensin II and increase aldosterone

164
Q

outline flow chart for posterior pituitary gland action for stress

A

increase vasopressin
increase water retention and increase BP

165
Q

what are some secondary causes of increased insulin

A

-high AA’s
-low FA’s
-GI enzymes
-Parasympathetic system

166
Q

what are some secondary causes of increased glucagon

A

-low AA’s
-high FA’s
-GI enzymes
-sympathetic system

167
Q

how does weight loss occur for type 1 diabetes patients

A

-increased concentration of glucose (can’t regulate BGL)
-less glycogen stores
-adipose tissue broken down/ more glucosuria and polyuria
-weight loss

168
Q
A

Foundations of Medicine (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions