Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of Medicine > Week 6 Science and Scholarship: MSK > Flashcards

Week 6 Science and Scholarship: MSK Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by the axial body

A

centre body mass (midline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is meant by the appendicular body

A

limbs off the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton

A

80 bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many bones in the appendicular body

A

126 bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

-protect and support internal organs and tissues,
-facilitate movement,
-store minerals,
-produce blood cells
-store fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is meant by the skeleton has a role in protection

A

it encloses internal organs and organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is meant by the skeleton has a role in support

A

rigid structural framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is meant by the skeleton has a role in movement

A

anchors skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is meant by the skeleton has a role in mineral storage

A

stores minerals for homeostasis and ion balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is meant by the skeleton has a role in RBC production

A

red bone marrow is the site of haematopoisesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is meant by the skeleton has a role in energy storage

A

yellow bone marrow is the site of fat storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

identify the 5 basic types of bone

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Irregular bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a long bone

A
  • Cylindrical in shape; longer than they are wide
  • Leverage for movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a short bone

A
  • Cube-like in shape; equal in dimensions
  • Stability, support & some movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

eg of long bone

A

femur, ulna and phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

eg of short bone

A

carpals and tarsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are flat bones

A
  • Thin; often curved
  • Muscle attachment & protection of organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

eg of flat bone

A

ribs, sternum and cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are irregular bones

A
  • Complex, no clear characteristic shape
  • Protection of organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are sesamoid bones

A
  • Small, ball-like
  • Protection for tendons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eg of sesamoid bone

A

patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

eg of irregular bones

A

vertebra, facial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

compact and spongy aka cortical vs trabecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

differences between compact and spongy bone

A

*compact bone = outer edge of bone vs spongy bone= inner bone lattice
*compact bone = prominent in the diaphysis vs spongy bone = prominent in the head of bones
*compact bone contains osteons / haversion system vs spongy bone contains trabecular
*compact bone = strong in uniform direction vs spongy bone = strong in multiple directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

identify the major components of long bone

A

diaphysis,
epiphysis,
metaphysis,
medullary cavity,
articular cartilage,
periosteum
endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what’s the diaphysis

A

shaft that is made up of cortical bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

ends of bone that are made of trabecular matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

between the diaphysis and the epiphysis (it is spongy bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

marrow cavity in the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

covers epiphyses to decrease friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is periosteum

A

Tough outer fibrous membrane covering bone (except the articulate cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

function of periosteum

A
  • Protects vessels & nerves that nourish bone
  • Anchors muscle to bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

function of endosteum

A

*Maintains cellular environment during bone repair/remodelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is endosteum

A

thin, delicate membrane lining medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

identify three main types of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Dense
Loose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe connective tissue proper

A

contain variety of cells & proteins suspended in viscous ground substance (extracellular matrix)
-can be loose or dense(reg/irreg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

function of supportive connective tissue

A

provide structural strength and protect soft tissue; few distinct cell types with densely packed fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

identify bone cells

A

Osteoprogenitor, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes & Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what makes up ECM in bone

A
  • Organic components = Collagen fibres (type 1)
  • Inorganic components = Mineral salts
    *Calcification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

features of osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cell

A
  • Mesenchymal stem cell
  • Only bone cell to undergo mitosis
  • Some will become osteoblasts (a process called differentiation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells found

A

lines surface/edges of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

features of osteoblasts

A
  • Bone forming cell
  • Synthesises and deposits the organic bone matrix (collagen fibres)
  • Initiates calcification – impregnation of inorganic substances into bone matrix (hardens bone)
  • Become (differentiate) osteocytes when encased/trapped in own bone deposits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where are osteoblasts found

A

lines surface/edges of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

features of osteocytes

A
  • Maintain bone microenvironment
  • Delicate cellular projections (fingers) create a sensory network through bone matrix
  • Regulate other bone cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

where are osteocytes found

A
  • Cell Body = inside small cavities in bone (Lacunae)
  • Cellular Projections = travel through small canals (Canaliculi)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

outline the lineage of bone cells

A
  • mesenchymal cell ( osteoprogenitor )–> osteoblast –> osteocyte

*WBC’s –> osteoclast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

features of osteoclast

A
  • Differentiate from haematopoietic stem cell
  • Fusion of monocyte/macrophage type cells
  • Large multinucleated cell with ruffled basal surface
  • Creates a suction (sealing zone) on bone to break down bone matrix (i.e. Resorption)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where are osteoclasts found

A

edge of bones in resorption pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

identify the major components of Haversian system/ osteon

A

-lacuna
-canaliculi
-central Haversian canal (allow vessels and nutrients)
-concentric lamellae (bone rings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are volkmanns canals

A

horizontal canals for vessels that connect adjacent osteons

51
Q

what are interstitial lamella

A

old osteons no longer containing Haversian canals

52
Q

identify the major components of spongy bone

A

lamella
lacuna and canaliculi

53
Q

identify functions of cartilage

A
  • Maintains shape
  • Resist compression & absorbs shock
  • Provides smooth surface to minimise friction
54
Q

what cells make up cartilage

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

55
Q

function of chondroblasts

A

secrete cartilage ECM

56
Q

what are chondrocytes and where are they found

A
  • chondroblasts trapped in cartilage matrix
    -found in lacuna (no need for extensions ergo no canaliculi)
57
Q

what is found in cartilage ECM

A

-collagen type 2 and chondroitin t/f watery and rubbery

58
Q

identify the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline / articular
fibrocartilage
elastic

59
Q

hyalin cartilage appearance

A

smooth, clear and glassy

60
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

prevents friction and holds airways open

61
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

on the ends of long bones at moveable joints

62
Q

appearance of fibrous cartilage

A

-Rows of chondrocytes in lacunae; extensive parallel bundles of collagen

63
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

resist compression and absorb shock

64
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral discs

65
Q

appearance of elastic cartilage

A

web like mesh of elastic fibres amongst lacunae

66
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

Provides flexible, elastic support; maintains shape

67
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

outer ear and epiglottis

68
Q

define ossification

A

formation and remodelling of bone tissue

69
Q

name the two methods of bone ossification

A

-intramembranous ossification
-endochondral ossification

70
Q

outline intramembranous ossification

A

-ossification centre is developed
-osteoblasts begin produce bone at ossification centres
-osteoblasts become trapped –> osteocytes
-calcification is promoted
-trabeculae form
-bone continues to be remodelled by cells

71
Q

egs of intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones of skull
clavicle
mandible

72
Q

outline endochondral ossification

A

-MSC divide into chondrobalsts
-chondrolasts lay down cartilage tissue
-they become trapped –> chondrocytes
-hyaline model begins to expand
-chondrocytes burst (change pH)
-ossification at bone ends (epiphysis)
-primary ossification centres form
-these centres continue to be remodelled
-secondary ossification centres form
-epiphyseal line formation

73
Q

name two types of bone growth

A

interstitial and appositional growth

74
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

bone grown in length
-occurs at epiphyseal plate

75
Q

what is appositional growth

A

bone grown in width
-deposit bone on outside of bone

76
Q

epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line

A

the plate is cartilage and allows growth vs line is fused bones

77
Q

what is bone modelling

A

-osteoclasts removing bone at the same rate as osteoblasts forming bone tissue
-finding balance in bone cell functions

78
Q

what are the factors effecting bone modelling

A

-Nutriton
-Hormones
-Disease
-Age and motility

79
Q

what causes bone growth and bone loss

A

-bone growth occurs if osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts
-bone loss if osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts

80
Q

how does nutrition impact bone modelling

A

adequate minerals and vitamins are essential to bone integrity
eg Vitamin D,C and calcium and phosphate

81
Q

how do hormones impact bone modelling

A

-growth and sex hormones at puberty can impact bone growth
-loss of oestrogen at menopause can lead to post menopausal osteoporosis
-Calcitonin (limits reabsoprtion of Ca)
-PTH (increases reabsoprtion of Ca)

82
Q

how does disease impact bone modelling

A

Cancers and inflammation can release factors that suppress new bone formation

83
Q

how does age and motility impact bone modelling

A

-cells become less active as one ages
-takes more energy to build bone compared to break down bone

84
Q

Outline the process of bone fracture repair

A

1.blood clot formation
-macrophages phagocytose any fragments/debris
2.Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus
-fibroblasts and chondroblasts form a mould
3.Formation of bony callus
-spongy bone begins to form at ends
4.Remodelling
-normal functions of bone cells to create trabecular and cortical product

85
Q

list the time ranges for each stage of bone fracture repair

A

1) hours -days
2) days-weeks
3) 3-4 months
4) years

86
Q

list the structural classes of joints

A

bony
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

87
Q

list the functional classes of joints

A

synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis

88
Q

what is a bony joint +eg

A

complete fusion of two bones
-hip (os coxae) and frontal bone

89
Q

what is a fibrous joint +eg

A

held together by dense collagen fibres
-syndesmosis of ankle

90
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint+eg

A

held together by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage)
-pubic symphysis , sternocostal joint of rib 1

91
Q

what is a synovial joint+eg

A

held together by a fibrous joint capsule and ligaments, and contains a joint space between bone ends
-knees, knuckles, elbow

92
Q

what is a synarthrotic joint

A

immobile , with no movement

93
Q

what is amphiarthrotic joint

A

partial, minor movements possible

94
Q

what is a diarthrotic joint

A

freely mobile, large range of movements allowed

95
Q

synovial joint is a ____ joint

A

diarthrotic

96
Q

fibrous joint is a ___ joint

A

synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

97
Q

cartilaginous joint is a ___ joint

A

amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic

98
Q

bony joint is a ___ joint

A

synarthrotic

99
Q

how do extension and flexion work

A

plane=sagittal
axis of rotation = medio-lateral

100
Q

how do adduction and abduction work

A

plane=frontal/coronal
axis of rotation=antero-posterior

101
Q

how does rotation work

A

plane=transverse / horizontal
axis of rotation=vertical

102
Q

name the 6 synovial joints

A

gliding
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball and socket

103
Q

what planes of movement do gliding joints allow

A

none i.e non axial

104
Q

what planes of movement do hinge joints allow

A

one (sagittal plane) i.e uniaxial

105
Q

what planes of movement do pivot joints allow

A

one (vertical plane) i.e uniaxial

106
Q

what planes of movement do condylar joints allow

A

two (coronal and sagittal) i.e biaxial

107
Q

what planes of movement do saddle joints allow

A

two (coronal and sagittal) i.e biaxial

108
Q

what planes of movement do ball and socket joints allow

A

three (sagittal, coronal and vertical) i.e mutiaxial

109
Q

Outline the functions of muscles

A
  1. Motion: Walking, running, blood & urine (peristalsis), air (external respiration)
  2. Stabilising Body Position: Posture and alignment of the skeleton
  3. Regulation of Organ Volumes: Smooth muscles and sphincters
  4. Support of Soft Tissue: Protect and maintain position of organs (Pelvic)
  5. Maintain body temperature: Production of heat through contractions/shivering
  6. Storage nutrients: Amino acids (protein) and glycogen
110
Q

identify types of muscle tissue

A

smooth skeletal and cardiac

111
Q

describe organisation of cardiac muscle

A

-Muscle Fibres arranges as branched parallel bands that appear ‘Striated’
-One, central nucleus
-Involuntary Control; (Autorhythmic)

112
Q

describe organisation of smooth muscle

A

-non striated
-one, central nucleus
-involuntary control
-Visceral ‘Single-unit’ Smooth Muscle Tissue or Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissue (each unit has own nerve tissue eg arrestor pili)

113
Q

describe organisation of skeletal muscle

A

-myocytes
-voluntary
-Long, cylindrical multinucleated cell –> striations
-Cannot divide, but satellite cells (stem cells) can repair/replace
-Muscle cell membrane = sarcolemma
-Muscle cell cytoplasm = sarcoplasm

114
Q

what is found in a sarcoplasm

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Glycogen
  • Myoglobin
  • Transverse (T) Tubules
  • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER)
115
Q

identify layers of connective tissue in muscle from inside to out

A
  • Endomysium
    -Fascicle
  • Perimysium
    -muscle
    -Epimysium
    -Tendons
116
Q

Describe how muscles contract

A

-Nervous system sends electrical signal to muscle.
-Signal triggers release of calcium ions.
-Calcium ions bind to proteins in muscle fibers.
-Molecular events cause actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other.
-This sliding generates force and shortens muscle fibers.
-ATP provides energy for contraction.

117
Q

Describe how muscles relax

A

-Nervous system signals relaxation by reducing stimulation.
-Calcium ions are pumped back into storage sites.
-Without calcium, proteins in muscle fibers change shape.
-Actin and myosin filaments return to their resting positions.
-Muscle fibers elongate, relaxing.

118
Q

Explain how muscles work with tendons to move the body.

A
  • The muscle tissue attaches its tendon at the Myotendinous Junction
  • Tendons are long, whitish strap-like bands that transmits contractile force from muscle(s) to the location on bone
119
Q

what’s a dermatome

A

Each sensory area on the skin
-arises from Doral root ganglion

120
Q

what’s a myotome

A

muscle groups stimulated by afferent nerve
-arises from ventral root

121
Q

what’s atrophy

A

Decrease Growth of Muscle Cell Size & Decreased strength/speed of myofibrils

122
Q

what’s hypertrophy

A

increased Growth of Muscle Cell Size & Increased strength/speed of myofibrils

123
Q
A

Foundations of Medicine (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions