Week 3 Science and Scholarships: Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
Identify the two types of large arteries
A
Elastic and Muscular
2
Q
Examples of large elastic arteries
A
Aorta and pulmonary arteries
3
Q
examples of large, muscular arteries
A
femoral, radial and brachial arteries
4
Q
large Elastic arteries are made of predominantly
A
elastic fibres
5
Q
large muscular arteries are made of predominantly
A
smooth muscle
6
Q
function of large arteries
A
Blood is distributed fast into target areas via large arteries
7
Q
structure of arteries
A
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
8
Q
what is tunica intima made up of
A
endothel, lamina propria, basement membrane, sub endothelial connective tissue
-thinnest layer
9
Q
what is tunica media made up of
A
smooth muscle (elastic fibres) and elastic lamellae
-thickest in arteries
10
Q
what is tunica adventitia/externa made up of
A
connective tissue , nerve fibres and vasa vasorum
-thickest in veins
-sometimes has smooth muscle in veins ONLY
11
Q
describe the structure of capillaries
A
no smooth muscle
only endothelium
sometimes pericytes
erythrocytes are able to squeeze through capillaries
12
Q
changes in diameter of vessels change what
A
the pressure of blood
13
Q
structure of arterioles
A
small blood vessels (about 30-5 μm in diameter) with 1-4 layers of smooth muscle
14
Q
structure of valves
A
-extensions of intima (made of endothelium)
-supported by CT that proveides strength and flexiiblity
15
Q
function of valves
A
allow for unidirectional flow of blood through veins i.e blood can flow back towards the heart
16
Q
location of lymphatic vessels
A
they start blind (open ended)
17
Q
structure of lymphatic vessels
A
contain valves to direct lymph flow
18
Q
function of arteries
A
deliver blood to the tissues from the heart
19
Q
identify types of arteries
A
muscular
elastic
arterioles
20
Q
function of veins
A
return blood from the tissues to the heart
21
Q
identify types of veins
A
medium
large
venules
22
Q
similarities in wall structure of veins and arteries
A
-both have 3 layers (intima,media,adventitia)
23
Q
what is endothelium
A
-simple Squamous epithelium
-smooth
-antithrombogenic
24
Q
what structure is found between tunica intima and tunica media
A
IEL
internal elastic lamina
25
what is vaso vasorum
small vessels supplying O2 and nutrients to outer wall
26
key features of elastic arteries
-conducting arteries
-large diameter, thick wall and located close to heart
-media has high elastin content organised as numerous concentric elastic laminae
-vasa vasorum in adventitia
27
key features of muscular arteries
-distributing arteries
-prominent IEL that marks outer of tunica intima
-media has more smooth muscle fibres (many visible nuclei)
-EEL marks outer media
-vasa vasorum in adventitia
28
EEL means
external elastic lamina
29
key features of arterioles
-resistance vessels
-small diameter, thin, less complex walls
-thick wall RELATIVE to luminal diameter
-tunica media (smooth muscle) most prominent
30
function of arterioles
-regulates/slows blood flow & pressure through capillaries
31
key features of venules
-tunica intima is reduced to endothelium
-tunica media is thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
-adventitia fuses with connective tissue
-small venules can be surrounded by pericytes
32
function of venules
collect blood from capillaries
33
function of medium veins
Blood reservoir due to high capacitance
34
key features of medium veins
-thin walled
-large and irregular lumen
-intima can form valves
-media has low muscle content is patchy
-adventitia is broadest and has vasa vasorum
35
function of large veins
act as blood reservoir
36
key features of large veins
-no valves
-no IEL
-muscular media but thinner than large arteries
-prominent adventitia with lots of collagen
-no EEL
-vasa vasorum in adventitia
37
Differences between arteries and veins
-arteries are a part of a high-pressure system whereas veins are a part of a low pressure system
-arteries act as a pressure reservoir whereas veins act as a blood reservoir
-arteries are at a full blood capacity whereas veins are at a 30-70% blood capacity
-arteries don't contain valves whereas veins do (intima)
-arteries contain a circumferential, middle layer of muscle, where is veins contain a patchy and discontinuous layer of muscle
-arteries have thinner adventitia, where is veins have thicker adventitia than their media
-arteries have small lumen, thick walls and circular cross section whereas veins have large lumen, thin walls and collapsed cross section
38
function of capillaries
sites of exchange between blood vessels and tissues
39
identify the types of capillaries
continuous ,fenestrated, sinusoidal (discontinous)
40
wall structure of capillaries
-reduced complexity compared to large vessels
-endothelium
+/- fenestrations
+/- tight junctions
-pinocytotic vesicles
-basal lamina
+/- pericytes
-smallest diameter vessels
41
Key features of endothelial cells
-have an anti-thrombogenic function
-thin to maximise exchange
-breakdown Lipoproteins to triglycerides and cholesterol
-contain intercellular tight junctions
-contain Pinocytotic vehicles
42
Features of continuous capillaries
-most widespread
-tight junctions
-many pinocytotic vesicles
-no gaps between endothelial cells
-rapid exchange
43
more tight junctions means
More selective barrier
44
if there are more pinocytotic vesicles means
More exchange
45
Features of fenestrated capillaries
-endothelial cells are pierced by many fenestrations
+/- thin diaphragm
46
What do fenestrated capillaries allow for
Extensive exchange between blood and tissues, but limited in terms of particle size
47
If a fenestrated capillary has a diaphragm then ...
This makes it more selective
48
Fenestrated capillaries vs continuous capillaries
Continuous are slower exchange, but are more selective
49
key features of sinusoidal capillaries?
-large diameter
-tortuous pathway
-incomplete endothelial lining
-large fenestrations
-discontinuous basal lamina
50
what do sinusoidal capillaries allow for
-maximum exchange between blood and tissues
-gaps in wall, can allow for the movement of whole cells
51
Outline the functions of blood
1. Transport gases, wastes, hormones and nutrients around the body
2. Regulates pH and ion concentration in the interstitial fluids by the diffusion of ions and absorption acids
3. Restrict fluid loss at the injury site through the clotting process
4. Defends against toxins and pathogens via WBC action
5. Stabilises body temperature by absorbing the heat produced by skeletal muscles
52
what is serum
Plasma which has undergone coagulation
53
identify components of blood
Plasma
-water
-electrolytes
-nutrients eg metabolic wastes, hormones, dissolved gases
-plasma proteins eg albumin
Cellular elements
-RBC + WBC
Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Platelets
54
Function of water in blood
water provides circulatory volume and medium for dissolved solutes
-transport &distribution, heat loss
55
function of electrolytes in blood
important in volume regulation osmolarity, pH regulation and membrane potential
56
examples of plasma proteins
albumin
antibodies
coagulation factors
pH buffering
57
Function of albumin in blood
drives oncotic/osmotic pressure/
-linked to carrier proteins,
58
List WBC's from most to least abundant
Never let monkeys, eat bananas
neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocytes
eosinophil
basophil
59
outline process of haemostasis
1.vascular spasm
2.circulating platelets are activated by and adhere to exposed collagen at injured vessel
3.activated platelets release ADP and thromboxane
4.these chemicals attract other platelets passing by
5.newly attracted platelets adhere to other platelets and attract even more platelets to form the platelet plug
6.cascading events convert fibrinogen into the fibrin meshwork
7.uninjured endothelium releases nitric oxide and prostacyclin which causes the confinement of the platellet to the site of injury and later promotes fibrinolysis as a means of homeostasis
60
outline process of haematopoiesis
-low RBC count
-hypoxia
-hypoxia detected by kidneys
-kidneys release erythropoietin
-this stimulates erythropoiesis
-increasing RBC count
-oxygen levels increase
61
describe the location of the heart
-Thoracic cavity
-Posterior to the sternum
-2nd costal cartilages T4/T5
-anterior to oesophagus
-rests on diaphragm
-pericardial cavity
-slight left
62
identify the three layers of the heart
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
63
what is the parietal pericardium
inner serous and outer fibrous pericardium
64
what's the visceral pericardium
epicardium
65
identify the AV valves
bicuspid and tricuspid
66
identify semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary
67
function of right heart
Right atrium and right ventricle. Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it towards the lungs
68
function of left heart
Left atrium and left ventricle. Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the body
69
anterior surface of heart
sternocostal
70
what is posterior surface of heart known as
diaphragmatic
71
left and right surface of heart
pulmonary
72
what is meant by base of heart
the posterior side
73
what is in the base of heart
left atrium and bit of right atrium
74
where's apex of heart
-left ventricle
-5th intercostal space (ICS)
75
trace blood flow of heart
-SVC/IVC
-right atrium
-tricuspid valve
-right ventricle
-pulmonary valve
-pulmonary artery
-lung
-pulmonary vein
-left atrium
-mitral valve
-left ventricle
-aortic valve
-aorta
-body
76
identify structures in RA
-auricle
-pectinate muscles
-fossa ovalis
-opening coronary sinus
-IVC and SVC
-interatrial spetum
-tricupsid valve
77
identify structures of RV
-tricuspid valve
* Papillary muscles
* Tendinous cords
* Pulmonary valve
* Interventricular septum
78
identify structures of LA
- 4 pulmonary veins
-left auricle
-floor oval fossa
79
identify structures of LV
* Ventricular walls
* Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve
* Aortic valve
* Papillary muscles
80
where do u listen to aortic valve
right 2nd ICS next to sternum
| APT-M 2245
81
where do u listen to bicuspid valve
left 5th ICS & midclavicular line
82
where do u listen to pulmonary valve
left 2nd ICS next to sternum
83
where do u listen to tricuspid valve
left 4/5th ICS next to sternum
84
describe structure of AV vs SL valves
AV are leaflets whereas SL are cusps
85
function of valves
support unidirection of blood flow and avoid regurgitation
86
name two coronary arteries
RCA and LCA
87
where do coronary arteries originate
from aorta superior to aortic valves
88
function of RCA
-supplies AV and SA node
-supplies diaphragmatic and more posterior
89
define BP
pressure exerted on artery walls by blood
90
describe endocardium
Inner layer of wall that lines chambers
91
describe myocardium
Middle, thickest wall layer
92
describe epicardium
Outer layer of wall in contact with pericardial cavity
93
what makes up pericardial sac
-Inner serous parietal layer of sac
-Outermost fibrous pericardium layer
94
what walls are thickest out of the 4 chambers
ventricular walls and left side
95
what makes up inner surface of pericardial sac
mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium )
96
what is systolic blood pressure
measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats eg120
97
what is diastolic blood pressure
measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats. eg80
98
Normal limits for BP
120/80
99
what can cause high BP
(external)
-poor diet
-smoking and alcohol
-lack of exercise
-FHx
-co morbidities
-medication
100
what's the difference between primary and secondary hypertension
primary (most common) often results from a mixture of causes whereas secondary often occurs from another disease and can be fixed
101
identify different grades of HTN
normal
elevated
hypertension stage 1
hypertension stage 2
hypertensive crisis
102
how is HTN diagnosed
using sphygmomanometer with multiple repeats
103
what may influence accuracy of BP reading
stress
physical activity
time of day
resting or not
posture
caffeine
smoking
104
define HTN
a condition where the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high
105
what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)
a measure of the average pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle
106
how to calculate MAP
2/3 x diastolic + 1/3 x systolic
107
how to calculate CO
heart rate x stroke volume
108
what is total peripheral resistance (TPR)
refers to the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation, primarily in the arterioles
109
where is the main difference in thickness of heart walls
in the myocardium
110
function of pericardial sac
Keeps heart in place, prevents overexpansion, lubricates (↓ friction with beating), protects against infection & injury
111
what surrounds the pericardial sac
* Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) covers surface facing pericardial cavity
* Fibrous (dense) connective tissue
112
describe the structure of the epicardium
outermost layer
CT+fat+nerves+mesothelium cells
protects and lubricates heart surface
113
describe the structure of the myocardium
-thick, middle layer of heart
-Composed of cardiac muscle fibres
-responsible for pumping blood through circulatory system
114
describe the structure of the endocardium
-inner most layer
-endothelial cells
-provides smooth surface for blood flow within chambers
115
describe the structure of heart valves
-dense CT core = fibrosa
-covered either side by fibroelastic CT and endothelium
116
identify the structures of the cardiac conduction system
SA node
AV node
bundle of HIS
bundle branches
purkinje fibres
117
describe location of SA node
localised in the right atrium near the entry of the superior vena
118
describe location of AV node
localised in the right atrium , above cardiac skeleton that separates atria and ventricles
119
describe location of bundle of HIS
normally found distal to the AV node next to tricuspid valve in the atria
120
describe location of purkinje fibres
run subendocardial and “deliver” the excitation to the cardiomyocytes
121
Describe how the membrane becomes depolarised and repolarised in cardiac conduction
-resting membrane at -70 m/v
-slow influx of Na+ depolarises membrane
-T-type Ca2+ transient channels open and membrane becomes more depolarised
-then Ca2+ L-type channels open and membrane becomes more depolarised
-threshold reached, action potential fired
-K+ channels open, efflux of K+ initiates hyper polarisation
122
how does the autonomic NS effect heart beat frequency
-Parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation increases the K+ efflux and causes hyperpolarisation and slows the depolarisation
-decreased vagal influence, Sympathetic stimulation increases the Ca2+ influx and causes faster depolarisation
123
identify the two broad stages of cardiac cycle
diastole and systole
124
Outline what happens in diastole
Isovolumetric relaxation (ventricular pressures drop below the aortic and pulmonary pressures)
Rapid inflow into ventricles
Diastasis (reduced inflow into the ventricles)
Atrial contraction (100% full)
(4 phases)
125
Outline what happens in systole
Isovolumetric contraction
Rapid ventricular ejection
Reduced ventricular ejection
(3 phases)
126
what valves are open in diastole
mitral and tricuspid open
semilunar closed
127
what valves are open in systole
aortic and pulmonary open
AV closed
128
how many phases in cardiac conduction system
7
(4+3)
129
define cardiac output
volume blood elected from the left ventricle each minute (HR x SV)
130
define cardiac cycle
rhythmic sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat (systole and diastole)
131
define stroke volume
blood ejected from the left ventricle with each cardiac cycle.
132
What are the two main factors that influence stroke volume
preload and after load
133
What is preload?
End-diastolic pressure when the ventricle is filled (at end-diastolic volume)
134
What is after load?
the resistance or pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole
135
describe pressure changes in cardiac cycle
1.atrial pressure increases as systole is occurring, contraction causes pressure increase
2.AV valves open, blood flow into ventricles, increasing ventricular pressure
3.Ventricles contract, increasing pressure
4.Ventricle pressure>Atrial pressure so AV valves close
5.Ventricle pressure>Aortic pressure so SL valves open
6.ventricle pressure drops as blood leaves ventricle
7.Aortic pressure>Ventricular pressure, SL valves close
8.Ventricular pressure continues to drop until it goes below atrial pressure, left atrium refills (bc AV valves open) and cycle repeats
136
Define the frank starling mechanism
the greater the return of venous blood to the heart, the greater the subsequent output that can be achieved
137
when is aortic pressure high
higher in systole
138
what is longer diastole or systole
diastole
139
units for BP
mmHg
140
identify two factors that impact blood flow
-pressure difference/ gradient along a vessel
-resistance to blood flow through a vessel
141
blood flows from area of __ to __
high pressure to low pressure
142
how does measuring BP work
1. Cuff inflated above systolic pressure. Arterial inflow ceased.
2. Cuff slowly deflated until it drops below arterial pressure. Arterial inflow restored. At this point, first Korotkoff sounds are heard.
3. Cuff deflates to below diastolic pressure, at which points Korotkoff sounds disappear.
143
how does flow/ resistance affect arterial pressure
If flow and/or resistance increase, arterial pressure (particularly systolic pressure)
will increase.
Conversely, if flow and/or resistance decrease, arterial pressure will decline.
144
define pulse pressure
difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
-indicates elasticity and compliance of arterial walls
145
define conductance
the measures of blood flow for a given pressure difference
146
define resistance
the impediment to blood flow in a vessel. Can be
increased with vasoconstriction and decreased with vasodilation
147
how is acute control of blood flow achieved
achieved primarily through rapid vasoconstriction or vasodilation of resistance arteries
148
what mechanisms determines where blood flow goes?
Vasodilators released from active tissue.
Endothelial derived factors.
Dampened sympathetic control.
Muscle pump
149
what term describes blood flow within a capillary
vasomotion
150
what term describes blood flow through a capillary
intermittent
151
how do non lipid substances move through capillary
diffuse through intercellular clefts located between endothelial cells.
152
identify the 4 starling forces
-capillary hydrostaic
-interstital fluid
-plaasma colloid osmotic
-interstitial fluid colloid osmotic
153
what leads to net outward force in capillary
Elevated capillary pressure at arterial end results in a net outward force
154
what leads to net inward force in capillary
Lower capillary pressure at venous end, leads to a net inward force
155
how does arterial pressure influence CO
increase arterial pressure increases CO and ventricular filling
156
how does exercise influence venous return
Muscle pump promotes increase in venous return.
157
what is Hypovolemia
Decrease in venous return with severe dehydration or blood loss
158
how do postural changes influence venous return
Rapid shift in body position may increase (lying down) or decrease (standing up) venous return.
159
how does muscle length influence influence cardiac muscle active tension
cardiac muscle active tension increased with muscle length.
160
what does thedifference between active tension and passive tension represent
difference=the force exerted on the volume of blood during contraction.
161
how do autonomic controls influence CO
- Sympathetic stimulation has both a chronotropic and inotropic effect.
-Increased HR.
-Increased contractility.
- Parasympathetic stimulation suppresses HR, slows AV conduction and modestly reduces contractility.
162
describe sympathetic innervtion of heart
-To increase HR and contractility of the myocardium: cardioacceleratory centre of medulla sends out messages via the sympathetic nerves through the paravertebral ganglion.
-These nerve fibres innervate the SA,AV node and myocardium. -This causes stimulation of adrenal medulla resulting in release of adrenaline and noradrenaline,
-these hormones bind to B1 receptors and cause depolarisation of the nodal cells (threshold is reached) and signals are sent faster, increasing HR and atrial myocardium contractility.
163
what reflex regulated BP
baroreflex
164
what is meant by isovolumetric contraction
a phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles of the heart contract, but there is no change in the volume of blood within the ventricles
165
simply describe starlings law
-more EDV
-more preload
-more SV
-more forceful contraction
166
what is meant by isovolumetric relaxation
time where all valves are closed and volume of blood in ventricles remains constant
167
distinguish between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of blood vessels into tissues, while osmotic pressure draws fluid back into blood vessels from the tissues
-osmotic driven by albumin vs hydro driven by plasma volume
168
large veins are found
closer to surface of body
169
list two types of blood flow
laminar and turbulent
170
values for different degrees of HTN
normal 120-129 and 80-84
grade 1: 140-159 and 90-99
grade 2: 160-179 and 100-109
grade 3 180+ and 110+
171
values for different degrees of HTN
normal 120-129 and 80-84
grade 1: 140-159 and 90-99
grade 2: 160-179 and 100-109
grade 3 180+ and 110+
172
outline baroreceptor reflex
1.Change in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus
2.this sensory (afferent) message is sent to cardioregulatory centres of the medulla (AP sent out faster or slower depending) via afferent cranial nerves (9,10)
3.Cardioregulatory centres send out an efferent message that triggers the sympathetic or parasympathetic NS
4. Changes in CO (SV and HR) and constriction/dilation of blood vessels
5.Increase/decrease in BP
173
normal waist circumferences
* Men: (102 cm or less)
* Women: (88 cm or less)
174
what causes isolated diastolic hypertension
various factors
-excess salt
-smoking
-alcohol
-lack of exercise
-genetic influence
175
what are pallor of palmar creases indicative of
anaemia
176
what is peripheral cyanosis indicative of
poor peripheral perfusion
177
what are janeway lesions, Osler nodes and splinter haemorrhages indicative of
infective endocarditis (splinter haemorrhages least specific)
178
what is capillary refill > than 3s indicative of
poor Peripheral perfusion (PVD)
179
what is tar staining indicative off
smoking
180
what is tendon xanthomata indicative of
hyperlipidaemia
181
what is clubbing indicative of
various non specific
-infective endocarditis, CHD
182
what is scleral jaundice indicative of
severe congestive heart failure leading to hepatic congestion
183
what is conjunctival pallor indicative of
severe anaemia
184
what is arcus cornealis indicative of
hyperlipidaemia
185
what is xanthelasma indicative of
hypercholesterolaemia
186
what is malar flush indicative of
pulmonary HTN and low CO eg mitral stenosis
187
what is poor dental hygiene indicative of
increased infective endocarditis risk
188
what is central cyanosis indicative of
CHF, COPD, cyanotic congenital heart disease
189
what is high arched palate indicative of
marfan's : congenital heart disease
190
what are bruits
turbulent blood flow, atherosclerosis
191
what is a raised JVP indicative of (>3 cm)
right heart failure
192
what are thrills and heaves
thrills=palpable murmurs
heaves=right ventricular hypertrophy
193
pitting sacral oedema and pitting oedema are indicative of
RHF
194
how to check for mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation
dynamic manœuvre (left lateral),
-bell for mitral stenosis and diaphragm for mitral regurgitation
-both on expiration
195
how to check for aortic regurgitation
use diaphragm (patient leans forward)
-check at erbs point on expiration
196
dullness and crackles when percussing and ausculting lungs respectively indicate
pleural effusion (LHF)
197
features of continuous capillaries (CNS)
-most widespread
-very tight junctions
-few pinocytotic vesicles
-no gaps between endothelial cells
-restricted exchange
198
function of heart
-pumps blood and viral nutrients around the body
-some heart cells have endocrine function, releasing signalling hormones
199
shape of heart
conical, broad based and pointed apex
200
size of heart
size of human closed fist =14 x 9 cm
201
outline histology of cardiac muscle
-branched, cylindrical cells, single nucleus
-intercalated discs that allow for synchronised contractions by connecting adjacent cells
-many mitochondria
202
SA node function
natural pacemaker of heart, generates consistent AP's
-sets the electrical rythm of heart by firing 60-100 times a minute
203
AV node function
-cluster of cells
-allow atria to contract before ventricles, by delaying electrical signal briefly
204
bundle of HIS function
pathway for electrical impulse from AV node to ventricles, allowing coordinated contraction
205
function of purkinje fibres
specialised cardiac muscle fibres rapidly transmitting electrical pulses, stimulating ventricular muscle contraction for efficient pumping
206
aortic stenosis murmur
-decrescendo/crescendo sound
-high pitched
-systolic
-radiation to carotid arteries
207
mitral regurgitation murmur
-blowing
-parasytollic (throughout sytole)
-high pitched
-radiates to axilla
208
aortic regurgitation murmur
-blowing, decrescendo
-diastolic
-no radiation
209
mitral stenosis murmur
-mid diastolic
-rumbling
-low pitched
-no radiation
210
crushing central chest pain, radiating to neck/left arm
MI/angina
211
tearing chest pain, radiates to back and sudden onset
aortic dissection
212
pleuritic chest pain that is relieved by sitting forward
pericarditis
213
factors effecting blood flow through vessel
*Blood Vessel Diameter
*Blood Viscosity
Vessel Length
Pressure Gradient
Turbulence (or laminar)
Elasticity of Blood Vessels
214
describe parasympathetic innervation of heart
-Parasympathetic messages are sent via vagus nerve from dorsal root ganglion to the SA,AV node only (mostly impacts HR)
-Ach is released, which forces efflux of K+, causing hyperpolarisation
-therefore making it harder for HR to increase
215
contrast chronotropic vs inotropic
Chronotropic effects refer to changes in heart rate, whereas inotropic effects refer to changes in the strength of heart contractions.
Chronotropic mechanisms influence the rate of depolarization of the sinoatrial (SA) node, whereas inotropic mechanisms influence calcium levels in cardiac muscle fibers.
to increase BP: Positive chronotropic effects increase heart rate, whereas positive inotropic effects increase the force of heart contractions
to decrease BP: Negative chronotropic effects decrease heart rate, whereas negative inotropic effects decrease the force of heart contractions,
216
what is capillary hydrostatic pressure
-in the capillary
-pressure exerted by fluid inside capillary towards interstitial fluid
217
whats interstitial fluid pressure
-in the interstitial fluid
-pressure exerted by fluid inside the plasma towards capillary
218
what is plasma colloid osmotic pressure
-towards capillary
-pressure exerted by proteins such as albumin, pulling fluid towards the capillary
219
what is interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
-towards the interstitial fluid
-pressure exerted by proteins, such as albumin, pulling fluid towards interstitial fluid
220
factors effecting resistance (blood flow)
-lumen radius
-viscosity of blood
221
