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Foundations of Medicine > Week 1 Science and Scholarships > Flashcards

Week 1 Science and Scholarships Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the integumentary system?

A

skin and accessory organs

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2
Q

Outline function of the integumentary system

A

-protection from environmental hazards
-regulate temperature

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3
Q

What constitutes musculoskeletal system?

A

bones, muscles, joints

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4
Q

Outline function of muscular system

A

Locomotion
Support
Heat generation

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5
Q

Outline function of skeletal system

A

Support
protection of soft tissues
mineral formation
blood formation

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6
Q

What constitutes the nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

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7
Q

Outline function of nervous system

A

Directing immediate responses to stimuli
Regulating other organs and body systems to carry out homeostasis
integrating stimuli and control centres

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8
Q

What constitutes the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands

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9
Q

Outline functions of endocrine system

A

Directing longe term changes (via molecules and hormones) to regulate activities of other body systems and organs

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10
Q

What constitutes the reproductive system

A

male and female sex organs + cells and tissues

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11
Q

Outline function of reproductive system

A

production of sex cells and hormones
support embryonic development from conception to childbirth

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12
Q

What constitutes the cardiovascular system

A

blood vessels and the heart

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13
Q

Outline the function of the cardiovascular system

A

transport of nutrients , gases and water

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14
Q

What constitutes the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs

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15
Q

outline function of lymphatic system

A

governs immunity and defence
regulates fluid levels in the body

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16
Q

What constitutes the respiratory system

A

airways and lungs

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17
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system

A

delivery of air to sites for gas exchange to occur between the air and circulating blood

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18
Q

what constitutes the urinary system

A

the urinary bladder,urethra and ureter

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19
Q

what are atoms

A

smallest stable unit of matter

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20
Q

what makes up atoms

A

protons(+) neutrons(no charge) and electrons(-)

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21
Q

atoms have ___ charge

A

no charge

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22
Q

what are atoms that lose or gain an electron called

A

ions

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23
Q

cations are

A

atoms that lose an electron(s) to gain a net positive charge
+

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24
Q

anions are

A
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25
Q

Define an element

A

pure substance that consist only of atoms of the same type (i.e with the same atomic number)

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26
Q

List the principal elements of the human body + one function

A

Carbon-all organic compounds
Hydrogen-water + body components
Nitrogen-proteins, nucleic acids
Oxygen-water + respiration
Phosphorus-bones, teeth
Calcium-bones, nerve impulse, muscle contraction

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27
Q

What are molecules and compounds

A

substances consisting of atoms of one or more elements joined together by a chemical bond

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28
Q

Difference between compound and molecules

A
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29
Q

List the four classes of biomacromolecules

A

lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates

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30
Q

What are organic compounds made of

A

C,H and usually O

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31
Q

How many bonds can Carbon form

A

up to 4 bonds with atoms

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32
Q

Whats the importance of amino group

A

acts as a base by accepting H+ based on pH
can form bonds with other molecules

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33
Q

What is the importance of carbonyl group

A

acts as an acid releasing H+ to become COOH

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34
Q

What is the importance of hydroxyl group

A

may link molecules through dehydration synthesis

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35
Q

what is the importance of phosphate group

A

may link other molecules to form larger molecules
may store energy

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36
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of

A

CHO
1:2:1 ratio

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37
Q

What is the function of carbohydrate

A

energy source+storage

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38
Q

what are examples of carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches

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39
Q

what is a monosaccharides

A

simplest sugars containing one carbon ring
eg glucose, fructose

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40
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

contain two carbon rings

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41
Q

example of disaccharide

A

sucrose lactose

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42
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

complex sugars containing hundreds of carbon rings

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43
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen and starch

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44
Q

what are lipids

A

organic molecules that can not readily dissolve in water
CHO
1:2<1
doesn’t attract water

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45
Q

examples of lipids

A

fats, oils and waxes

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46
Q

function of lipids

A

energy

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47
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose and fructose-energy source

galactose

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48
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose and maltose-energy source

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49
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen-energy storage
cellulose
amylose
amylopectin
starch

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50
Q

list some lipids

A

fatty acids
glycerides
eicosanoids
steroids
phospholipids

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51
Q

function of fatty acids

A

energy sources

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52
Q

function of glycerides

A

energy sources, energy storage , insulation and physical protection

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53
Q

function of eicosanoids

A

chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities

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54
Q

function of steroids

A

structural components of cell membranes, hormones

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55
Q

function of phospholipids

A

structural component of cells membranes

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56
Q

what elements do proteins contain

A

CHON (s)

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57
Q

What are functions of proteins

A

structural support
movement
transport
enzyme / catalyst
coordination and control
immune defence

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58
Q

what is the primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

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59
Q

what is secondary structure

A

bonds formed between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain

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60
Q

what is a tertiary structure

A

coiling and folding to give protein a final 3d shape

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61
Q

what is a quaternary structure

A

interactions between multiple polypeptides chains

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62
Q

what are nucleic acids made up of

A

contains CHONP
phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base (ACGTU)

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63
Q

Function of of nucleic acids

A

to store and transfer information

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64
Q

identify two types of nucleic acids

A

dna and rna

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65
Q

Function of DNA

A

growth development and reproduction

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66
Q

What does DNA contain

A

genetic instructions

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67
Q

what bonds form between nitrogenous bases in the double helix

A

Hydrogen bonds

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68
Q

identify three types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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69
Q

function of mRNA

A

encode amino acid sequences during translation

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70
Q

function of tRNA

A

carry amino acids during translation

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71
Q

function of rRNA

A

constitute component of ribosomes

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72
Q

define chemical bond

A

an attraction that links atoms and ions together

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73
Q

what is an intramolecular bond

A

keep a molecule intact
forms stronger bonds

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74
Q

what is an intermolecular bonds

A

hold multiple molecules together
weak bonds

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75
Q

what are valence electrons

A

electrons in the outermost shell

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76
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

atoms share electrons to fill out their outer electron shell and enable stability of the atoms

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77
Q

how are covalent bonds classified

A

single, double and triple depending on the number of pairs of electrons shared

polar and non polar

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78
Q

what are polar covalent bonds

A

when electrons are unequally distributed in an atom this creates a partial polar region

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79
Q

what are non polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are equally shared between atoms and there is no net electrical charge difference across the molecule

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80
Q

what are ionic bonds

A

involves the transfer of valence electrons between two oppositely charged ions

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81
Q

what are metallic bonds

A

valence electrons are donated to a sea of freely moving electrons

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82
Q

properties of metals

A

-very strong
-malleable and ductile ‘
-good conductors of electricity and heat

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83
Q

identify the two types of van der Waals bonds

A

London dispersion forces
Dipole-dipole bonds

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84
Q

what are London dispersion bonds

A

occurs between non polar molecules and creates a momentary dipole

85
Q

what are dipole dipole bonds

A

occurs between polar molecules (have a permanent dipole)

86
Q

What are H bonds

A

attractive (strong) bond between a H atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom (NOF)

87
Q

identify properties of water

A

high BP
high surface tension
freezes/floats

88
Q

define metabolism

A

sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body

89
Q

identify the three types of basic chemical reactions

A

anabolic
catabolic
exchange

90
Q

catabolic reactions are

A

energy releasing and exergonic as they break down larger molecules into smaller ones

91
Q

anabolic reactions are

A

energy requiring and endergonic reactions that build up smaller molecules into larger ones

92
Q

what is an exchange reaction

A

consist of both synthesis and decomposition reaction

93
Q

what are reversible reactions

A

products can be converted back to the original reactants

94
Q

identify the three main components of the cell

A

nucleus cytoplasm and plasma cell membrane

95
Q

what is in the nucleus

A

nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, chromosomes and chromatin (houses genetic material)

96
Q

functor of the nucleus

A

control centre of the cell (the mastermind)
regulates the expression of genes
produces ribosomal subunits (nucleolus)

97
Q

Describe structure of nuclear envelope

A

double membrane
nuclear pores
continuous with rough ER

98
Q

Describe structure of the nucleolus

A

spherical dark body
in nucleus
amembraneous

99
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

site of RNA synthesis and abundant in cells that actively synthesise proetins

100
Q

Whats a nucleosome

A

histone and DNA wrapped/compacted in a cell

101
Q

Importance of nucleosome

A

regulates gene expression
packs the DNA inside the cell

102
Q

What is chromatin

A

colour
compacted DNA wrapped around protein which pack into chromosomes

103
Q

Identify two types of chromatin

A

euchromatin and heterochromatin

104
Q

what is euchromatin

A

active cell that is disposed and lightly stained

105
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

inactive cell that is highly condensed and intensely stained

106
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

change in nucleus size

107
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

space in cell from nucleus to plasma cell membrane

108
Q

function of ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

109
Q

what is the cytosol

A

all the fluid in a cell that surrounds organelles
75-90% water and mixture of compounds

110
Q

Rough ER ribosome vs freely floating ribosome

A

ribsomes on rough Er produce proteins for extracellular use whereas freely floating ribsomes produce proteins for use inside the cell

111
Q

structure of ribosome

A

made in ribosome, 2 subunits, high RNA content,
attaches to rough ER or freely float in cytosol

112
Q

Structure and function of rough ER

A

continue with nuclear envelope
studded with ribsomes
folds and transports, modifies protein

113
Q

Structure and function of smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes
unique enzymes
detoxification and synthesis of fatty acids and steroids

114
Q

Structure of Golgi complex

A

sorts and packages proteins exiting the rER
2 surfaces (entry and exit)
3-20 cisternae

115
Q

which way do the surfaces face in the Golgi complex

A

entry faces RER (cis cisternae)
exit faces PCM (trans cisternae)

116
Q

what are vesicles/vacuoles

A

membrane bound molecules
vehicle/carriers

117
Q

function of vesicles

A

carry water proteins and wastes

118
Q

what is the structure of lysosome

A

membrane enclosed vesicles that contains 50 enzymes
ph5

119
Q

function of lysosomes

A

break down molecules
digestion
autophagy
recycling cellular materials

120
Q

what’s autophagy

A

self consumption

121
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

ATP (energy production)
aerobic cellular respiration

122
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

double membraned
inner folds-cristae
inner space -matrix

123
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

skeleton/framework of cell
strength shape and framework

124
Q

structure of cytoskeleton

A

labile
made of filamentous proteins that allows movement

125
Q

structure of the centrosome

A

mitotic spindle
apparatus formed from microtubules

126
Q

function of centrosome

A

essential to cell division

127
Q

structure and function microvilli

A

numerous short extensions
increase surface area

128
Q

structure and function of cillia

A

hair like projections
moves fluid along the cell (muco escalator)

129
Q

structure and function of flagella

A

longer than cilia
aids movement of whole cell

130
Q

function of plasma cell membrane

A

protects the cell
communication
regulates inputs and outputs

131
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic heads and fatty acid tails

132
Q

what does superior mean

A

towards the head

133
Q

Outline anatomical position

A

Stand upright
Face forward at the observer
The mouth is closed and facial expression is neutral
Arms are by the side with palms of the hands facing forwards
Feet are flat on the floor and are close together with toes pointing forwards

134
Q

what does inferior mean

A

towards the toes

135
Q

what does anterior mean

A

towards the front

136
Q

what does ventral mean

A

anterior surface

137
Q

what does palmar mean

A

anterior surface of the hand

138
Q

what does plantar mean

A

base surface of the foot

139
Q

what does posterior mean

A

towards the back

140
Q

what does dorsal mean

A

posterior surface

141
Q

what does rostral mean

A

towards the superior-anterior tip

142
Q

what does caudal mean

A

towards the inferior-posterior tip (tail)

143
Q

what does media mean

A

nearer to midline

144
Q

what does lateral mean

A

farther from the midline

145
Q

what does ipsilateral mean

A

one the same side of the body as another structure

146
Q

what does contralateral mean

A

on opposite side of body as another structure

147
Q

what is the axial body (skeleton)

A

centre body line (mass)

148
Q

what is the appendicular body (skeleton)

A

limbs off the trunk

149
Q

what does proximal mean

A

nearer to the axial body attachment

150
Q

what does distal mean

A

further from axial body attachment

151
Q

what’s a plane vs section

A

plane is the flat surface that passes through body whereas section is the surface that results after cut along plane

152
Q

whats the sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into L R

153
Q

what’s the mid sagittal plane

A

equal halves

154
Q

what’s the para sagittal plane

A

unequal halves

155
Q

what’s the transverse plane

A

horizontal plane divided body into upper and lower portions

156
Q

what’s the coronal (frontal) plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

157
Q

what is pathology

A

study of diseases

158
Q

identify the main types of medical imaging

A

xray
CT
ultrasound
MRI
nuclear medicine
interventional radiology

159
Q

when are x rays used

A

dense structures
structures of different density are adjacent to each other
assessing tube placement eg catheters

160
Q

advantages of x rays

A

relatively cheap
quick, accessible and can be mobile

161
Q

disadvantages of x ray

A

static image
limited detail
risk of radiation for pregnant women and children

162
Q

how do x rays work

A

ionising radiation
absorption of x rays varies depending on the density of tissue

163
Q

how do CT scans work

A

ionising radiation
takes x rays from various angles which is reconstructed into multi-slice imaging
IV contrast can be used to provide greater detail

164
Q

when are CT scans used

A

diagnosis
monitoring and staging in oncology
assess vessels and vascularity
preoperative planning

165
Q

advantages of CT scan

A

relatively accessible
quick
detail for all structures in FOV

166
Q

disadvantages of CT scan

A

radiation dose
patient must stay relatively still on CT table
patient needs to be stable enough for transportation onto CT table

167
Q

how does ultrasound work

A

sound waves used to create a picture, probe transmits the wave and then records the echo received back.

168
Q

when is ultrasound used

A

assessing soft tissues
dynamic assessment

169
Q

advantages of ultrasound

A

accessible
safe
cheaper than CT and MRI
dynamic, not just static

170
Q

disadvantages of ultrasound

A

limited in use of sound waves (transmission and depth)
scans usually require some cooperation from pt

171
Q

how does MRI work

A

1.protons align in magnetic field
2.radio waves briefly transmitted to disrupt alignment of protons
3.protons realign but at different rates
4. picture generated

172
Q

when is MRI used

A

high detail of soft tissue (superior to CT)
doesn’t need IV contrast for vascular structures
fMRI offers scope for functionality

173
Q

advantages of MRI

A

gold standard
doesn’t use ionising radiation

174
Q

disadvantages of MRI

A

claustrophobia
costly
timely
large machines

175
Q

what is nuclear medicine

A

uses radioactive isotopes to access function, diagnosis and treatment eg PET

176
Q

risks of nuclear medicine

A

limited access
risk of ionising radiation

177
Q

what’s the most rapidly growing area of radiology

A

interventional radiology

178
Q

define homeostasis

A

anyself-regulatingprocessbywhichbiological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

179
Q

what do nerve cells release

A

neurotransmitters

180
Q

what do endocrine cells release

A

hormones

181
Q

what does sweating do

A

heat loss via evaporative cooling t/f decrease body temp

182
Q

what happens when hair follicles relax

A

increased air flow next to the skin t/f increased heat loss by convection t/f decrease body temp

183
Q

what does vasodilation do

A

increased diameter of arterioles t/f heat loss by convection and conduction t/f decrease body temp

184
Q

what does the body do to increase body temp

A

reduce sweating
piloerection
constrict skin arterioles
shivering
metabolic

185
Q

outline negative feedback loop

A

1.stimulus produces change in variable
2.change detected by receptor
3.input information sent along afferent pathway
4.information sent along efferent pathway
5.effector feeds back to reduce the magnitude of the original stimulus
6.returns variable to homeostasis

186
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

amplifies an initial change
allows a large response to develop from a small initial signal

187
Q

what is an example of positive feedback loop

A

blood clotting and Ferguson reflex

188
Q

how does BP regulation work

A

-decrease/ increase in BP
-stretch of baroreceptor decreases/increases
-information sent along afferent pathway to brain
-heart beats harder and faster/ softer and slower
-BP returns to normal

189
Q

how does blood glucose regulation work

A

-increase/decrease plasma glucose concentration
-change detected in beta/alpha cells
-insulin/glucagon released
-insulin/glucagon acts on target tissues
-homeostasis returned

190
Q

how does blood calcium regulation

A

-decrease/increase in calcium concentration
-decrease/increase detected by chemoreceptors in PT gland
-PTH released/not released by PT gland
-PTH acts on target tissues
-increased Ca reabsorption by bone/kidney/gut

191
Q

consequences of diabetes mellitus

A

CVD
nephropathy
retinopathy
impaired circulation and decreased wound healing
periodontal disease

192
Q

consequences of rickets

A

-loss of density due to lack of calcium, vitamin D3
-osteomalacia
-poor development of teeth

193
Q

what is ICF

A

inside the cell
-cellular components (organelles are suspended in fluid)

194
Q

what is ECF

A

compartments-outside the cell
ISF and IVF

195
Q

what is ISF

A

between cells and vessels

196
Q

what is IVF

A

plasma major component

197
Q

what is a solution

A

even dispersions of solutes with solvent molecules

198
Q

what are colloids

A

larger molecules of colloidal dimensions

199
Q

what are suspensions

A

dispersion of solutes with solvent molecules

200
Q

define capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by volume of blood against the blood vessels

201
Q

define interstitial pressure

A

pressure exerted by interstitial fluid volume + tissue compliance

202
Q

what is osmosis

A

net movement of fluid through a selectively permeable (plasma) membrane down a concentration gradient

203
Q

what does ADH do

A

conserves water and produces vasoconstriction

204
Q

acid + base –>

A

water and salt

205
Q

H+ concentration influence pH

A

increased H+ = decreased pH
decreased H+ + increased pH

206
Q

what’s acidosis

A

decreased excitability and confusion

207
Q

whats alkalosis

A

increased PNS/CNS activities
numbness
tingling
muscle spasm
convulsions

208
Q

phosphate buffer system reaction

A

H2PO4- –> HPO42- + H+

209
Q
A

Foundations of Medicine (18 decks)

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