Week 7-Pathogenic Gram Positive bacteria

Question 1

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 1

strong toxins are released. Can causes death if inhaled with symptoms of pulmonary disease. If ingested toxin can invade GI tract. It also cause cutaneous infections.

Question 2

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 2

causes foodborne intoxication (not food poisoning)—the neurotoxin can lead to death by paralysis by interfering with neuromuscular junction

Question 3

Clostridium difficile

Answer 3

can overgrow after use of excessive antibiotics—causes explosive diarrhea or life threatening pseudomembranous colitis caused by strong toxins

Question 4

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 4

during a traumatic event such a surgery or gunshot wound, causes gas gangrene (tissue necrosis with production of foul smelling gas) caused by 11 toxins—shock, kidney failure and death can follow. Can also cause mild food poisoning with abdominal cramping and diarrhea but NO fever, vomiting or nausea

Question 5

Clostridium tetani

Answer 5

endospores enter skin and releases a toxin—starts with tightening of the jaw and neck muscles—opposing muscle contraction can cause bones to break

Question 6

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Answer 6

causes a respiratory infection that in non-immune patients is most severe–sore throat, pain, fever pharyngitis and oozing of fluid. The fluid can thicken and form a pseudomembrane in pharynx

Question 7

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 7

rarely pathogenic in healthy adults (no symptoms or flu like symptoms) but commonly causes meningitis in immunocomprimised patients because bacteria travels via blood to brain. Can harm fetus if crosses the placenta (premature delivery, miscarriage, still birth or meningitis of newborn)

Question 8

Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 8

in patients with weaker immune systems, bacteria multiply in skin and nerves—gradually destroying tissue and resulting in loss of facial features, digits and other body parts

Question 9

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 9

causes tuberculosis—lung disease with formation of small, hard nodules in lungs—fever, cough for more than 3 weeks with blood, chills, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss

Question 10

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 10

causes atypical pneumonia with a non-productive cough (“walking pneumonia”)

Question 11

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 11

1-scalded skin syndrome and folliculitis skin conditions (sty, furuncle/boil,carbuncle)

2-causes TRUE toxic shock syndrome (fever, vomiting, red rash, low BP, loss of sheets of skin); can be fatal

3-causes osteomyelitis—inflammation of bone marrow and surrounding bone (bone pain and high fever)

4-can cause many nosocomial (hospital acquired) wound/skin infections as well as other nosocomial infections

5-if ingested causes food poisoning which gives gastrointestinal symptoms—caused by enterotoxin

Question 12

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

Answer 12

can cause infection in newborn (neonatal meningitis with permanent neurological damage, blindness, deafness and cognitive impairment)—check pregnant women for this bacteria. In the past this led to many deaths from “childbirth fever”—septicemia

Question 13

Streptococcus pneumonia

Answer 13

causes pneumonia with productive cough (rusty sputum), high fever, chest pain, rapid breath and chills. Also causes sinusitis and otitis media (ear infection) as well as bacteremia, endocarditis and meningitis

Question 14

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

Answer 14

1-causes pharyngitis characterized by sore throat, fever, malaise and headache—can lead to scarlet fever (causes diffuse rash sometimes called “sandpaper rash”)

2-glomerulonephritis—infection of nephrons in kidneys; can lead to kidney damage

3-causes rheumatic fever (this can harm heart valves and muscle_

Question 15

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
&
Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 15

can cause necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease) as well as cellulitis (infection starts on skin and can appear as a red streak—can get into blood and cause bacteremia)

Question 16

What can cause IMPETIGO (pus filled skin lesions that form yellowish crust)

Answer 16

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
&
Staphylococcus aureus

Question 17

What specialized structure can Clostridium and Bacillus species form that allow them to survive outside the body and survive harsh conditions (such as boiling, et)

Answer 17

endospore

Question 18

Why is Endospore clinically significant

Answer 18

allow mo to remain dormant outside of body

once it gets into body, it becomes active and disease causing again

Question 19

Why is S. aureus able to cause so many different types of infection

Answer 19

a lot of pathogenicity factors

normal flora-ability to grow and reproduce anywhere

Question 20

What is the name of the enzyme that S. aureus has that gives it resistance to an antimicrobial drug

Answer 20

Beta- lactamase

Question 21

Which antimicrobial drug is beta lactamase resistant to

Answer 21

penecillin

will break down penicillin

Question 22

Describe the catalase test and what it is used for

Answer 22

This test can detect the presence of catalase

important in distinguish between Staphylococci and Streptococci

Staphylococci- positive-bubbles

Streptococci- negative-no bubbles

Question 23

Describe the coagulase test and what it is used for

Answer 23

differentiates strains of Staphylococcus aureus from S. epidermidis and other coagulase-negative species

differentiate between clotting blood

s. aures- positive-causes blood clots

other staph-negative- no blood clot

Question 24

What is MRSA? (What is unique about it and why is this clinically significant?

Answer 24

resistant to methiciline

methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

Question 25

What types of diseases can MRSA cause?

Answer 25

Noninvasive – Food poisoning Cutaneous – Various skin conditions Systemic – Variety of infections when bacteria invade deeper tissues

Question 26

What is VRSA

Answer 26

resistant to vancomycin Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus