week 5- Infection, Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Resources

Question 1

Pathogenic

Answer 1

Can cause disease

Question 2

microorganism that causes disease

Answer 2

called infectious

also called pathogenic

Question 3

What are normal microflora?

Answer 3

MO that live on/in us that do not cause disease under normal circumstances

Question 4

How do we obtain normal flora?

Answer 4

development in womb

during birthing process

during first few months of life

Question 5

How can normal flora benefit us?

Answer 5

Protect againts pathogenic diseases

Question 6

List areas of the body that normal microflora are normally found

Answer 6

skin

upper respiratory tract

GI tract

Question 7

List areas of the body that normal microflora are NOT normally found

Answer 7

Blood

Lower respiratory tract/ alveoli

Bladder/urine

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

Define “opportunistic” microbes/pathogens

Answer 8

microflora that under certain circumstances they can cause diseases

Question 9

describe 3 ways normal microflora become opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 9

Normal flora go to unusual place in body that it shouldn’t be in

immunocompromised

imbalance of normal flora-disrupted

Question 10

What are reservoirs of infection

Answer 10

where cells hang out until they find a human host

pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

Question 11

3 types of reservoirs of infection

Answer 11

animals(dogs bats etc..)(zoonotic)

humans(carry in body, could be asympathetic)

nonliving reservoirs(soil)

Question 12

What are the main portals of entry for a pathogen (how do pathogens get inside our bodies)

Answer 12

skin

mucous membranes- line body that are open to environment(mouth nose)-Respiratory tract

placenta-typically has protective barrier-some pathogens may enter and infect fetus

parenteral route-pathogens deposited directly into tissues beneath skin or mucous membrane

Question 13

What will have to occur for a microbe to actually cause an infection (disease) in a person?

Answer 13

microbe must enter body

overcome host immune system

find place to multiply in host tissue

Question 14

pathogenicity

Answer 14

ability to cause disease

Question 15

virulence

Answer 15

how/degree of pathogenicity

can also be called pathogenicity factors

Question 16

Exotoxins and endotoxin

Answer 16

EX- Secreted out of microorganism

END-alreafy in cell-gram negative cell wall

Question 17

3 types of exotoxin

Answer 17

neurotoxin

enterotoxin

cytotoxin

Question 18

What are the main types/categories of pathogenicity/virulence factors that microorganisms have?

Answer 18

Adhesion factors-proteins adhere or stick to cell

Extracellular enzymes-secreted out of microorganism

Production of toxins-endotoxin and exotoxins

Question 19

2 other ways that microorganisms can cause the signs and symptoms of an infectious disease

Answer 19

antiphagocytic factors(antiimmune system)-capsules

cytotoxic-kill cells

enters immune system-causes inflammation and damages tissues

Question 20

collagenase

Answer 20

breaks down collagen framework in tissues

Question 21

hyaluronidase

Answer 21

digests hyaluronic acid (glue that holds cells together) to get to deeper tissue

Question 22

coagulase

Answer 22

coagulates blood proteins (converts fibrinogen to fibrin)—providing a hiding place for bacteria in
a clot

Question 23

hemolysin

Answer 23

lyses(breaks down) RBC

Question 24

protease

Answer 24

Break down proteins(antibodies)

Question 25

kinase

Answer 25

digest blood clots (digests fibrin)

Question 26

cytotoxins

Answer 26

kill host cells in general or affect their function

Question 27

neurotoxins

Answer 27

interfere with nerve cell function

Question 28

enterotoxins

Answer 28

affect cells lining the GI tract

Question 29

Capsules

Answer 29

contain chemicals normally found in the human body to trick immune system and avoid being
killed

Question 30

Endotoxins

Answer 30

can cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, and shock—found in Gram Negative
bacteria cell wall and released upon death or division of cell

Question 31

Leukeocidins

Answer 31

chemicals capable of destroying phagocytic white blood cells (neutrophils)

Question 32

Briefly describe 5 phases of infectious diseases (which phase only occurs in some infections?)

Answer 32

Incubation- time between infection and showing signs/syptoms

Prodromal phase(some)- time of general symptoms

illness-severe signs/symptoms

decline phase- symptoms go away

convalescence-no more signs or symptoms-repairing tissues

Question 33

How can infections be transmitted? (briefly describe the three major categories/types of transmission
and give examples of each type)-Contact

Answer 33

(Direct- kiss, sex shake hands

(indirect- share glass, share toothbrush)

(respiratory droplets-sneeze)

Question 34

How can infections be transmitted? (briefly describe the three major categories/types of transmission
and give examples of each type)-vehicle

Answer 34

Air-sneezing coughing sweeping dust

Water- inside of water

Food- spread in and on food

sharing food, water or air with something that has the virus can transmit it

Question 35

How can infections be transmitted? (briefly describe the three major categories/types of transmission
and give examples of each type)-Vector

Answer 35

Bugs
Mechanical-spread virus present on their body to new host (fly)

biological-inside of bug-spread by biting like mosquito

Question 36

Describe a nosocomial infection

Answer 36

Infections people acquire at the hospital

Question 37

prevalence

Answer 37

Number of total cases

Question 38

incidence

Answer 38

number of new cases

Question 39

epidemic

Answer 39

Significant increase in cases in small area

Question 40

pandemic

Answer 40

significant increase in cases in large area(country)

Question 41

morbidity

Answer 41

disease state( morbidity rate is how many people have disease)

Question 42

mortality

Answer 42

death (mortality rate is how many people died from disease)