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D-microbiology > Week 6-Body's Defenses/Immunity Resources > Flashcards

Week 6-Body's Defenses/Immunity Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Differentiate between innate resistance (non-specific defenses) and adaptive immunity (specific immunity/defense)

Innate

A

Innate-non specific-
The first line and second line of defense-
Born with this-
General defense against disease
-no memory cells
groups of cells and structures

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2
Q

Differentiate between innate resistance (non-specific defenses) and adaptive immunity (specific immunity/defense)

Adaptive

A

Adaptive-specific-3rd line of defense- acquired-
B cells and T cells
Requires exposure to specific invader to activate cells
-Memory cells are produced to defend against next exposure

the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct/specific invaders and their products

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3
Q

Be able to recognize first line of defense factors. What is the overall purpose of first line of defense factors?

A

-external barriers like skin and mucus membranes

Structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body

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4
Q

Second line of defense

A

Specific white blood cells that help prevent against the growth

-mucus
-Phagocytes- neutrophils and macrophages
-NK cells
-inflammation
-Fever

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5
Q

Why is the skin such an effective defense against pathogenic microbes?

A

Skin is packed very tightly-hardly allows anything in

Skin has chemicals that defend against pathogens

Sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
* Helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear- Helps prevent against MO from growing on skin

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6
Q

How does normal flora (microbiota) work as a defense (microbial antagonism)?

A

Normal microbiota compete with potential
pathogens

Activities of normal microbiota make it hard for
pathogens to compete

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7
Q

What does it mean if a cell is a “phagocyte”?

(Second line of defense)

A

Cells capable of phagocytosis

The ingestion and digestion of pathogens/debris

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8
Q

Describe the role of neutrophils. How do they kill?

A

a main phagocyte- make up around 60% of WBC’s

first WBC to go to site of infection;

can kill by secreting toxins as well;

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9
Q

Describe the role of macrophages. How do they kill?

A

can either wander to cell tissues or they are fixed in cell tissues (alveoli and brain)

macrophages can phagocytize damaged tissue

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10
Q

How does a NK cell kill pathogens? How does it know which cells to kill?

(second line of defense)

A
  • Secrete toxins (perforins and granzymes) onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors

(can differentiate between “self” and “non-self”-between normal cells and pathogens or abnormal cells)

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11
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

inhibit the spread of viral infections

They prevent the virus in neighboring cells from replicating

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12
Q

Briefly describe the 3 processes in acute inflammation. What is the purpose of inflammation? What occurs with chronic inflammation?

A

Prevent spread of pathogen by containing it in specific area and then destroying it

  1. Vasodilation+ increased permeability of bv—bringing more blood and its healing components to area (redness, painful,edema part)
  2. phagocytes come to the area to kill pathogen
    -Neutrophils come first and macrophages come later
  3. Tissue repair (anabolism to repair)—macrophages can phagocytize damaged tissue
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13
Q

Acute vs chronic inflammation

A

Acute- helpful

Chronic-Damage to tissues

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14
Q

How can a fever be beneficial in fighting infection?

A

increase the body’s core temperature

Inhibits growth of some microorganisms, increases metabolism for tissue repair

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15
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecules (usually proteins) the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack—

they will stimulate an immune response-What T and B cells respond to

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16
Q

What is the concept of “self” vs. “non-self” as it relates to immunity?

A

Stuff body contains-Self

Foreign invaders-nonself

17
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system as it relates to host defenses?

A

Remove excess fluid from tissues

Return it to CV system

absorption of fats

Protects against foreign invaders

18
Q

What types of white blood cells are found in: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and MALT?What is the purpose of
these lymph organs and tissues?

Lymph nodes

A

All have T cells and B cells inside of them

lymph nodes- filters lymph-

scattered around body

19
Q

What types of white blood cells are found in: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and MALT?What is the purpose of
these lymph organs and tissues?

Spleen

A

All have T cells and B cells inside of them

spleen-filters blood-

by the breast

20
Q

What types of white blood cells are found in: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and MALT?What is the purpose of
these lymph organs and tissues?

Tonsils

A

Have T and B cells inside

tonsils-Help trap respiratory droplets in tonsils before they enter body

21
Q

What types of white blood cells are found in: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and MALT?What is the purpose of
these lymph organs and tissues?

MALT

A

Have T and B cells inside

Malt-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-

initiates immune responses to specific antigens

22
Q

Humoral Immunity (also called anti-body mediated immunity) involves what type of cells and works best against what type of pathogens?

A

B cells, plasma cells, memory B cells and Helper T cells

Works best against extracellular bacteria

23
Q

Briefly describe the role of each cell involved in Humoral -anti-body mediated immunity including the role of antibodies. Be able to understand what occurs from recognition of antigen to the destruction of the antigen

A

B cells start inactive-recognizes antigen-now becomes active

Helper T cells-Tell B cells to clone into plasma cells-also makes memory cells

plasma cells produce proteins called antibodies to kill antigen

antibodies seek out antigen, bind to it and kill it

24
Q

IgG

A

produced second-most common and longest-lasting antibody (circulates in plasma); can cross the placenta

25
Q

IgM

A

first antibody produced (circulates in plasma)

26
Q

IgA

A

associated with body secretions such as
breast milk, sweat and saliva

27
Q

IgE

A

involved in response to parasitic infections
and allergies

28
Q

Cell-mediated immunity involves what type of cells and works best against what type of pathogens?

A

Cytotoxic, memory and helper T cells
Works best against intracellular virus

29
Q

Briefly describe the role of each cell involved in cell-mediated immunity. Be able to understand what occurs from recognition of antigen to destruction of pathogen

A

Cytotoxic T cells start inactive-recognize the bad guy(antigen)- now are activated

Helper T cells- Tell Cytotoxic T cells to clone/expand-Makes memory cells for later

Now an army go cytotoxic T cells to go kill antigen throughout body-release performs and granzymes

30
Q

What are memory cells and why are they important?

A

Memory cells are produced while fighting the infection so you remember how to fight specific infection

Immediately functional upon subsequent contacts with the antigen that activated it

31
Q

Natural vs artificial

A

-Naturally acquired- Response against antigens encountered in daily life

  • Artificially acquired- Response to antigens introduced via a vaccine
32
Q

Active vs passive

A
  • Active-Person receiving immunity actively responds to antigen-B and C cells kick in and try to kill
  • Passive- Passively receive antibodies from another individual-temporary
33
Q

what is serology and how can we use it to diagnose infectious diseases?

A

Serology refers to using antigen-antibody reactions in the laboratory for diagnostic purposes.

study of reactions between antigens and antibodies

34
Q

Natural active

A

exposed to foreign invader(antigen or pathogen)
-stimulates b and T cells to kick in

35
Q

Natural passive

A

mothers antibodies are given to baby trough fetus

mother gives antibodies to baby via placenta/breastmilk

36
Q

artificial active

A

Active-inject antigens(vaccine) B and C cells kick in to kill whatever vaccine given

37
Q

artificial passive

A

give person antibodies from a donor through IV-monthly

D-microbiology (13 decks)

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