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D-microbiology > week 1-chemistry > Flashcards

week 1-chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “microorganism”

A

any organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope

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2
Q

What percentage of microorganisms actually cause disease?

A

Less then 1%

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3
Q

What is a pathogenic microorganism?

A

Microorganisms that have the ability to produce disease are called pathogenic

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4
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

The type of disease a microorganism causes is called an INFECTIOUS DISEASE

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5
Q

What causes infectious diseases?

A

Toxins
extracellular enzymes
antiphagocytic factors
adhesion proteins

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6
Q

Why is it important to identify microorganisms?

A

We study them so we can identify the
microorganism causing the disease and find ways to kill it(antibiotics)

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7
Q

What are the main inorganic molecules that living organisms are composed of?

A

Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts

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8
Q

What are the main organic molecules that living organisms are composed of?

A

Carbon or hydrogen present
Lipids
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
* ATP

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9
Q

What will microorganisms use carbohydrates (sugars) for (main function)?

A

Used to produce ATP

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10
Q

Which cellular structure are
lipids found in?

A

Cell membranes

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11
Q

Microorganisms can make many proteins. What types of pathogenic proteins can they make?

A

toxins, extracellular enzymes,
adhesion proteins

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

enzymes help in all metabolic reactions in cells

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13
Q

What are transportation proteins?

A

channels and pumps help move
substances in and out of the cell

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14
Q

What molecules are the building blocks that make up proteins?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sulfur.

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15
Q

Amino Acids

A

-The monomers (building blocks) that make up proteins
– Different amino acids are linked together to form proteins

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16
Q

What are the general functions of DNA,

A

provides the instructions for a cell to function—it provides the instructions on how to make proteins

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17
Q

What are the general functions of, RNA

A

assists DNA by assembling the proteins (puts correct amino acids together) at the ribosomes

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18
Q

How many H bonds are created from c-g and a-t(u)

A

Three H bonds form between C and G
* Two H bonds form between T and A in DNA or between U and A in RNA

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19
Q

What are the general functions of ATP?

A

Energy supply molecule for cells

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20
Q

Bacteria

A

-Most are single cell with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-Prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

virus

A

-Acellular-they cannot undergo
life processes unless they are inside of
another living cell
-Composed of a nucleic acid and proteins
-NOT CELLS

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22
Q

Fungi

A

-Eukaryotic cells
-Possess cell walls
-composed of molds and yeasts
-Can produce antibiotics

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23
Q

Molds

A

multicellular; grow as long filaments (hyphae); reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

24
Q

Yeasts

A

unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual
spores

25
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled
* Eukaryotic cells
* Lack cell wall
Contain nucleus and intracellular structures

26
Q

Give general characteristics of prokaryotic cells what structures are similar and which ones are different?

A

Contain NO nucleus
– No membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria)
– Includes bacteria

27
Q

Give general characteristics of eukaryotic cells—what structures are similar and which ones are different?

A

Contain nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
– Include all algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants

28
Q

What are the 3 primary shapes of bacteria (prokaryotic cells)?

A

-Cocci (spherical shape)
– Rod/Bacilli
– Spirochete (Spiral shaped)

29
Q

What are the functions of flagella in a eukaryotic cell?

A

helps to aid in mobility sensory and transport functions

30
Q

What are the functions of cilia, in a eukaryotic cell?

A

cell movement and help move substances around cells

31
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

A

generation of metabolic energy

32
Q

What are the functions of, cell membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of cell

33
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes, in a eukaryotic cell?

A

translate messenger rna

34
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Constitute a defensive strategy against
hostile or unfavorable conditions

35
Q

Why does endospore form

A

when one or more nutrients are in limited supply or under very harsh
conditions (such as boiling)

36
Q

What happens when conditions are good in endospore

A

Germinate (become live cells again) when conditions improve

37
Q

Do all bacteria form endospore

A

no

38
Q

Why is endospore clinically signifiant

A

they are difficult to kill
outside of the body—if an endospore enters the body it will become vegetative

39
Q

General functions of Flagella in a prokaryotic cell

A

long structures that Are responsible for movement of cells

40
Q

General functions of cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

A

Provides structure and shape and protects cell from osmotic forces

41
Q

General functions of capsule in a prokaryotic cell

A

outer structure finally attached to bacteria and may protect it from host immune system and may adhere it to host cells

42
Q

General functions Fimbriae/common pili in a prokaryotic cell

A

Used by bacteria to adhere to one another, to host cells/tissues, and to substances in environment

43
Q

General functions of sex pili in a prokaryotic cell

A

Join two bacterial cells and mediate the
transfer of DNA from one cell to another

44
Q

General functions of nuclear region/nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell

A

contains dna that controls function of cell

45
Q

General functions of inclusions in a prokaryotic cell

A

includes reserves of nutrients or chemicals

46
Q

General functions of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell

A

site for synthesis of proteins

47
Q

General functions of cell membranes in a prokaryotic cell

A

selectively allows things in and out of cell and produces energy molecules

48
Q

Gram positive cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

A

Relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
appear purple under microscope

49
Q

gram negative cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan
cells appear pink under microscope

50
Q

synthesis

A

formation of larger molecules from smaller
requires energy

51
Q

decomposition

A

breaks down from large to small molecules
releases energy

52
Q

exchange reactions

A

Involve atoms moving from one molecule to another

53
Q

Water

A

-Most abundant substance in organisms
-Most of its special characteristics due to two polar covalent bonds

54
Q

Acids and Bases

A

Acid – dissociates into one or more H+ and one or more anions(proton donor)

Base – binds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociate into cations and OH(proton acceptor)

55
Q

Salts

A

Compounds that dissociate in water into cations and anions other than H+ and OH–
Cations and anions of salts are electrolytes

D-microbiology (13 decks)

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