week 1-chemistry Flashcards by Logan Kaiser

Define “microorganism”

any organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope

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What percentage of microorganisms actually cause disease?

Less then 1%

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What is a pathogenic microorganism?

Microorganisms that have the ability to produce disease are called pathogenic

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What is an infectious disease?

The type of disease a microorganism causes is called an INFECTIOUS DISEASE

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What causes infectious diseases?

Toxins
extracellular enzymes
antiphagocytic factors
adhesion proteins

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Why is it important to identify microorganisms?

We study them so we can identify the
microorganism causing the disease and find ways to kill it(antibiotics)

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What are the main inorganic molecules that living organisms are composed of?

Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts

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What are the main organic molecules that living organisms are composed of?

Carbon or hydrogen present
Lipids
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
* ATP

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What will microorganisms use carbohydrates (sugars) for (main function)?

Used to produce ATP

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Which cellular structure are
lipids found in?

Cell membranes

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Microorganisms can make many proteins. What types of pathogenic proteins can they make?

toxins, extracellular enzymes,
adhesion proteins

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What are enzymes?

enzymes help in all metabolic reactions in cells

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What are transportation proteins?

channels and pumps help move
substances in and out of the cell

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What molecules are the building blocks that make up proteins?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sulfur.

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Amino Acids

-The monomers (building blocks) that make up proteins
– Different amino acids are linked together to form proteins

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What are the general functions of DNA,

provides the instructions for a cell to function—it provides the instructions on how to make proteins

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What are the general functions of, RNA

assists DNA by assembling the proteins (puts correct amino acids together) at the ribosomes

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How many H bonds are created from c-g and a-t(u)

Three H bonds form between C and G
* Two H bonds form between T and A in DNA or between U and A in RNA

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What are the general functions of ATP?

Energy supply molecule for cells

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Bacteria

-Most are single cell with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-Prokaryotic cells

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virus

-Acellular-they cannot undergo
life processes unless they are inside of
another living cell
-Composed of a nucleic acid and proteins
-NOT CELLS

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Fungi

-Eukaryotic cells
-Possess cell walls
-composed of molds and yeasts
-Can produce antibiotics

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Molds

multicellular; grow as long filaments (hyphae); reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

Yeasts

unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual
spores

Protozoa

Single-celled * Eukaryotic cells * Lack cell wall Contain nucleus and intracellular structures

Give general characteristics of prokaryotic cells what structures are similar and which ones are different?

Contain NO nucleus – No membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria) – Includes bacteria

Give general characteristics of eukaryotic cells—what structures are similar and which ones are different?

Contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles – Include all algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants

What are the 3 primary shapes of bacteria (prokaryotic cells)?

-Cocci (spherical shape) – Rod/Bacilli – Spirochete (Spiral shaped)

What are the functions of flagella in a eukaryotic cell?

helps to aid in mobility sensory and transport functions

What are the functions of cilia, in a eukaryotic cell?

cell movement and help move substances around cells

What are the functions of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

generation of metabolic energy

What are the functions of, cell membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

Controls movement of substances in and out of cell

What are the functions of ribosomes, in a eukaryotic cell?

translate messenger rna

What is an endospore?

Constitute a defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable conditions

Why does endospore form

when one or more nutrients are in limited supply or under very harsh conditions (such as boiling)

What happens when conditions are good in endospore

Germinate (become live cells again) when conditions improve

Do all bacteria form endospore

Why is endospore clinically signifiant

they are difficult to kill outside of the body—if an endospore enters the body it will become vegetative

General functions of Flagella in a prokaryotic cell

long structures that Are responsible for movement of cells

General functions of cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

Provides structure and shape and protects cell from osmotic forces

General functions of capsule in a prokaryotic cell

outer structure finally attached to bacteria and may protect it from host immune system and may adhere it to host cells

General functions Fimbriae/common pili in a prokaryotic cell

Used by bacteria to adhere to one another, to host cells/tissues, and to substances in environment

General functions of sex pili in a prokaryotic cell

Join two bacterial cells and mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another

General functions of nuclear region/nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell

contains dna that controls function of cell

General functions of inclusions in a prokaryotic cell

includes reserves of nutrients or chemicals

General functions of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell

site for synthesis of proteins

General functions of cell membranes in a prokaryotic cell

selectively allows things in and out of cell and produces energy molecules

Gram positive cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

Relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan appear purple under microscope

gram negative cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

thin layer of peptidoglycan cells appear pink under microscope

synthesis

formation of larger molecules from smaller requires energy

decomposition

breaks down from large to small molecules releases energy

exchange reactions

Involve atoms moving from one molecule to another

Water

-Most abundant substance in organisms -Most of its special characteristics due to two polar covalent bonds

Acids and Bases

Acid – dissociates into one or more H+ and one or more anions(proton donor) Base – binds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociate into cations and OH(proton acceptor)

Salts

Compounds that dissociate in water into cations and anions other than H+ and OH– Cations and anions of salts are electrolytes