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D-microbiology > Week 12- genetics > Flashcards

Week 12- genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does a microbial “genome” include?

A

all of dna and rna in the cells

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2
Q

What is unique about a viral genome?

A

Dna or RNA , but not both

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3
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

large molecule

contains all of information for cell to survive

contains instructions on how to make proteins

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4
Q

What is the general function of RNA

A

assist DNA

use info from dna(instructions) and helps to make protein in cell

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5
Q

3 types of rna

A

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

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6
Q

Role of tRNA

A

assists with putting amino acids together at ribosome

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7
Q

Role of mRNA

A

to hold the instructions for the correct
sequence of amino acids

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8
Q

Role of rRNA

A

makes up the ribosomes

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9
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures that will hold dna

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10
Q

How is DNA “packaged” in a prokaryotic cell (bacteria)

A

Nucleioud region

condensed and found in chromosomes

one single circular chromosome

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11
Q

How is DNA “packaged” in a eukaryotic cell and where is it found?

A

Found in nucleus

condensed and found in chromosomes

linear chromosomes-look like a line typically 2 or more that contain dna

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12
Q

What organelle can have extranuclear DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

ladder with base of deoxyribose and phosphate

A–t

C–G

both are held together by weak hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

Which bases pair together in DNA?

A

adenine — thymine

guanine— cytosine

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15
Q

Which specific RNA bases pair with DNA bases (to make mRNA)?

A

rna. dna
A– t

C– G

G– C

U– A

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16
Q

What substances make up the “backbone” of the DNA molecule?

A

Sugar(deoxyribose) and phosphate

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17
Q

What substances make up the “backbone” of the RNA molecule?

A

sugar (ribose) and phosphate

18
Q

Describe a plasmid—can it be transferred?

A

Bonus DNA

19
Q

What does a Resistance plasmid
provide?

A

allows for the cell to be resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

small unit on chromosome

will have instructions for one protein

21
Q

Where are genes located?

A

in dna

on a chromosome

22
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

one protein

23
Q

genotype

A

Genetic makeup of organism

internal stuff

24
Q

phenotype

A

characteristics that you show

traits

25
Q

How does DNA replication occur

A

double-stranded DNA molecule is unwound and separated into two single strands.

Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, with the help of enzymes like DNA polymerase.

26
Q

Why is DNA replication called
“semiconservative”?

A

New DNA is composed of one original strand and one new daughter strand

27
Q

What occurs in the transcription portion of protein synthesis?

A

mRNA is created using DNA as a template

mRNA will read one side of DNA

mRNA will create a complimentary copy of DNA(using A,U,C,G)

mRNA will go to ribosome

28
Q

Describe the overview of the translation portion of protein synthesis—what is occurring, what different types of RNA are involved and what is their role in protein synthesis

A

In ribosome:

tRNA will read the mRNA

tRNA will read one codon at a time (codon= one amino acid) until it reaches stop codon

after stop codon, protein synthesis is complete

29
Q

Define mutation

A

mistake in dna

permanent change

30
Q

Can DNA damage be repaired in microorganisms?

A

Some repairs

if it cannot, will cause mutations

31
Q

What are base frameshift mutations

A

Will inert or delete a base in one codon

will cause all the codons to have to shift, causing every amino acid form this point to end up different then desired

insert/delete a base, will shift all codoms

32
Q

Base substitution mutations

A

substitute one base for another

(somewhere a ATCG base will randomly get substituted in dna, will change rna base as well)

33
Q

What occurs in a silent mutation and what is the effect on the cell?

A

A base in Dna will change, but the amino acid produced by rna will stay the same

coded for correct amino acid even after mutation

lucky mutation, nothing wrong happens from it

34
Q

What occurs in a missense mutation and what is the effect on the cell?

A

mutation in DNA will cause RNA to be different

will code for the wrong amino acid

35
Q

What occurs in a nonsense mutation and what is the effect on the cell?

A

mutation in dna will cause rna to be different

translation from rna will accidentally make a stop codon instead of a amino acid

code stop instead of amino acid

36
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

random mistakes, typically during replication

typically replicate at a very low rate

arise naturally, without external influence, due to errors during DNA replication or spontaneous changes in the DNA molecule

37
Q

induced mutation

A

caused by mutagens

increased rate

uv light, x rays or environment

38
Q

what could induce a mutation

A

uv light, X-rays and environmental factors

39
Q

transformation

A

Will obtain dna from environment(cell that died)

will intake the dna piece and will transform itself based on the piece of dna it collected

40
Q

transduction

A

Bacteriophage will enter donor cell

dna from cell will enter bacteriophage

will infect new recipient cell with its new modified dna

able to transfer its dna from one cell to another

41
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

bacteria(donor) will connect to recipient using pillus

Bacteria will then send over some of its dna to the recipient

bacteria dna will grow inside of recipient

42
Q

What are some of the specific purposes (specific examples) of recombinant DNA technology?

A

Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits

Combine beneficial traits of two or more organisms

Create organisms that synthesize products humans need

D-microbiology (13 decks)

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