Week 12- genetics

Question 1

What does a microbial “genome” include?

Answer 1

all of dna and rna in the cells

Question 2

What is unique about a viral genome?

Answer 2

Dna or RNA , but not both

Question 3

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 3

large molecule

contains all of information for cell to survive

contains instructions on how to make proteins

Question 4

What is the general function of RNA

Answer 4

assist DNA

use info from dna(instructions) and helps to make protein in cell

Question 5

3 types of rna

Answer 5

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

Question 6

Role of tRNA

Answer 6

assists with putting amino acids together at ribosome

Question 7

Role of mRNA

Answer 7

to hold the instructions for the correct
sequence of amino acids

Question 8

Role of rRNA

Answer 8

makes up the ribosomes

Question 9

What are chromosomes?

Answer 9

Structures that will hold dna

Question 10

How is DNA “packaged” in a prokaryotic cell (bacteria)

Answer 10

Nucleioud region

condensed and found in chromosomes

one single circular chromosome

Question 11

How is DNA “packaged” in a eukaryotic cell and where is it found?

Answer 11

Found in nucleus

condensed and found in chromosomes

linear chromosomes-look like a line typically 2 or more that contain dna

Question 12

What organelle can have extranuclear DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 13

ladder with base of deoxyribose and phosphate

A–t

C–G

both are held together by weak hydrogen bonds

Question 14

Which bases pair together in DNA?

Answer 14

adenine — thymine

guanine— cytosine

Question 15

Which specific RNA bases pair with DNA bases (to make mRNA)?

Answer 15

rna. dna
A– t

C– G

G– C

U– A

Question 16

What substances make up the “backbone” of the DNA molecule?

Answer 16

Sugar(deoxyribose) and phosphate

Question 17

What substances make up the “backbone” of the RNA molecule?

Answer 17

sugar (ribose) and phosphate

Question 18

Describe a plasmid—can it be transferred?

Answer 18

Bonus DNA

Question 19

What does a Resistance plasmid
provide?

Answer 19

allows for the cell to be resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs

Question 20

What is a gene?

Answer 20

small unit on chromosome

will have instructions for one protein

Question 21

Where are genes located?

Answer 21

in dna

on a chromosome

Question 22

What does a gene code for?

Answer 22

one protein

Question 23

genotype

Answer 23

Genetic makeup of organism

internal stuff

Question 24

phenotype

Answer 24

characteristics that you show

traits

Question 25

How does DNA replication occur

Answer 25

double-stranded DNA molecule is unwound and separated into two single strands. Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, with the help of enzymes like DNA polymerase.

Question 26

Why is DNA replication called “semiconservative”?

Answer 26

New DNA is composed of one original strand and one new daughter strand

Question 27

What occurs in the transcription portion of protein synthesis?

Answer 27

mRNA is created using DNA as a template mRNA will read one side of DNA mRNA will create a complimentary copy of DNA(using A,U,C,G) mRNA will go to ribosome

Question 28

Describe the overview of the translation portion of protein synthesis—what is occurring, what different types of RNA are involved and what is their role in protein synthesis

Answer 28

In ribosome: tRNA will read the mRNA tRNA will read one codon at a time (codon= one amino acid) until it reaches stop codon after stop codon, protein synthesis is complete

Question 29

Define mutation

Answer 29

mistake in dna permanent change

Question 30

Can DNA damage be repaired in microorganisms?

Answer 30

Some repairs if it cannot, will cause mutations

Question 31

What are base frameshift mutations

Answer 31

Will inert or delete a base in one codon will cause all the codons to have to shift, causing every amino acid form this point to end up different then desired insert/delete a base, will shift all codoms

Question 32

Base substitution mutations

Answer 32

substitute one base for another (somewhere a ATCG base will randomly get substituted in dna, will change rna base as well)

Question 33

What occurs in a silent mutation and what is the effect on the cell?

Answer 33

A base in Dna will change, but the amino acid produced by rna will stay the same coded for correct amino acid even after mutation lucky mutation, nothing wrong happens from it

Question 34

What occurs in a missense mutation and what is the effect on the cell?

Answer 34

mutation in DNA will cause RNA to be different will code for the wrong amino acid

Question 35

What occurs in a nonsense mutation and what is the effect on the cell?

Answer 35

mutation in dna will cause rna to be different translation from rna will accidentally make a stop codon instead of a amino acid code stop instead of amino acid

Question 36

spontaneous mutation

Answer 36

random mistakes, typically during replication typically replicate at a very low rate arise naturally, without external influence, due to errors during DNA replication or spontaneous changes in the DNA molecule

Question 37

induced mutation

Answer 37

caused by mutagens increased rate uv light, x rays or environment

Question 38

what could induce a mutation

Answer 38

uv light, X-rays and environmental factors

Question 39

transformation

Answer 39

Will obtain dna from environment(cell that died) will intake the dna piece and will transform itself based on the piece of dna it collected

Question 40

transduction

Answer 40

Bacteriophage will enter donor cell dna from cell will enter bacteriophage will infect new recipient cell with its new modified dna able to transfer its dna from one cell to another

Question 41

bacterial conjugation

Answer 41

bacteria(donor) will connect to recipient using pillus Bacteria will then send over some of its dna to the recipient bacteria dna will grow inside of recipient

Question 42

What are some of the specific purposes (specific examples) of recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 42

Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits Combine beneficial traits of two or more organisms Create organisms that synthesize products humans need