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Neuro Anatomy > Week 7 Notes > Flashcards

Week 7 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Neuromodulatory pathways

A

pathways that do not carry specific sensory info or motor commands

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2
Q

neurons in neuromodulatory pathway serving fxs such as

A
  • regulating baseline level of activity in broader regions of nervous system
  • gaiting flow of information w/ in nervous system
  • regulating cognitive fxs l
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3
Q

regulating baseline level of activity in broader regions of nervous system to control

A

arousal, sleep wake cycling, and vigilance

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4
Q

gaiting flow of information within nervous system determines

A

ex. which info is attended to, reaches consciousness and/or generates a behavioral response

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5
Q

regulate cognitive fxns such as

A

mood, motivation, memory

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6
Q

en passant terminals

A

some of the neurons of in neuromodulatory system use these terminals to release neurotransmitter to neuropil to broadly affect regional neurons rather than forming conventional synapses w/ specific neuron populations

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7
Q

en passant terminals act on

A
  • target cells through G-protein coupled receptors not ligand gated ion channels-> more enduring effects in pathway
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8
Q

Neuromodulatory systems

A
  • The Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS): Chollinergic Pathway
  • Monoaminergic systems
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9
Q

Monoaminergic systems

A
  • Noradrenergic system
  • Seratonergic System
  • Histaminergic system
  • dopaminergic system
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10
Q

ARAS system main location

A
  • major component is group of ARAS is group cholinergic neurons in reticular formation near pons/ midbrain junction
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11
Q

Cholinergic

A

release acetylcholine as major neurotransmitter

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12
Q

Other neurons contributing to ARAS (other than cholinergic neurons in reticular formation)

A
  • Ascending monoaminergic neurons from pons, medulla, and hypothalamus also contribute to ARAS
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13
Q

input to ARAS

A
  • ascending sensory pathways (especially non-specific nociceptive pathways)
  • visual input
  • auditory input
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14
Q

Information coming in ARAS can

A

alert brain that potentially threatening or important event occurred w/o regard for details of sensory stimulus

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15
Q

Where does more processed information reaching ARAS neurons come from

A
  • projections from cerebral cortex
  • projections from limbic structures
  • this is why thinking of stressful things can stress you out
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16
Q

cholinergic neurons project to

A
  • intralaminar nuclei (in medial thalamus)

- specific cholinergic basal nuclei

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17
Q

cholinergic neurons to basal nuclei

A
  • further project diffusely to and stimulate cerebral cortex
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18
Q

ascending cholinergic neurons reach basal nuclei via

A

pathway through lateral thalamus

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19
Q

monoaminergic pathways from locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and tuberomammillary nuclei

A
  • utilize norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine as neurotransmitters play role in ascending activation of cerebrum by projections to forebrain
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20
Q

ARAS functions in

A

sleep wake cycle and alertness

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21
Q

Lesions that interrupt ARAS pathway are located in

A
  • brainstem (midbrain)
  • lateral hypothalamus
  • intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
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22
Q

anticholinergic drugs

A
  • if cross CNS barrier can affect state of alertness and -> seizures and respiratory depression
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23
Q

monoaminergic systems

A
  • brainstem nuclei w/ diffuse projections to many regions of CNS use monoamine neurotransmitters to modulate activity in cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic pathways
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24
Q

monoaminergic system modulates

A

behavioral processes including:

  • arousal
  • attention
  • sleep/wake cycling
  • emotions
  • motivation
  • motor fxns
  • processing of nociceptive information
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25
Q

noradernergic system which neurotransmitters?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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26
Q

Noradrenergic system neuron location

A
  • locus coeruleus (pons)

- lateral tegmentum of pons and medulla

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27
Q

noradrenergic system projections

A
  • makes diffuse projections to most regions of CNS
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28
Q

ascending projections of noradernergic system

A
  • transverse lateral hypothalamus

- generally excitatory and form component of ARAS

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29
Q

noradernergic system projections to spinal cord

A

generally reduce transmission of nociceptive information

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30
Q

seratonergic system neurotransmitter

A

seratonin

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31
Q

seratonergic system neurons location

A
  • Raphe Nuclei (runs throughout cd brainstem near midline)
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32
Q

Seratonergic system projections

A
  • makes diffuse projections to many regions CNS

- projects to forebrain, brainstem, spinal cord

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33
Q

Ascending projections seratonergic system forebrain

A
  • play role in wake/ sleep cycling
  • mood
  • motivation
  • emotions
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34
Q

projections to brainstem and spinal cord seratonergic system

A
  • play role in respiratory fx

- reduce transmission of nociceptive information in spinal cord circuits

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35
Q

abnormal levels in seratonergic system

A
  • implicated psychiatric dx and are targets of common behavioral medication
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36
Q

histaminergic system neurotransmitter

A

histamine

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37
Q

histaminergic system neuron location

A

hypothalamic nuclei

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38
Q

histaminergic system projections

A
  • virtually all regions of brain and spinal cord
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39
Q

histaminergic system mediates

A
  • arousal and attention
  • modulates activity in vestibular system
  • may influence brain blood flow
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40
Q

histaminergic antagonists that cross blood- CNS barrier

A
  • diphenhydramine
  • causes drowsiness as side effect
  • can be used to control motion sickness by blocking vestibular pathways
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41
Q

dopaminergic system neurotransmitter

A

dopamine

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42
Q

dopaminergic system neurons location

A

ventral midbrain tegmentum (ex. substantia nigra)

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43
Q

dopaminergic system projections

A
  • less diffuse

- more specifically organized than other monoamine pathways

44
Q

dopaminergic system involved in control of

A
  • voluntary movement

- cognitive processes such as reward-based learning

45
Q

why do midbrain and hypothalamic lesions cause most extreme deficits in terms of consciousness and arousal

A

b/c pathways = v focal in those lesions; midbrain lesions knock out cholinergic neurons knocking out ARAS -> depression/ unconsciousness (lesion rostral to midbrain can do same)

  • lesion in hypothalamus can knock out things gong to basal nuclei so knocks all communication out same with intralaminar nuclei
  • with cortex can knock out a little not knocking out the entire pathway
46
Q

Hierarchy in control of homeostasis

A

lowest: - spinal cord
- cd brainstem
- hypothalamus
highest: - cerebral cortex and limbic structures

47
Q

homeostasis

A

mechanisms that maintain w/ in narrow physiological range the constancy and composition of bodily fluids, body temp, blood pressure, and other physiological variables

48
Q

ultimate control center for homeostatic regulation

A
  • hypothalamus but this gets influence from cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
49
Q

spinal cord homeostasis input

A
  • receives visceral afferent input via spinal nerve

- input can be used to mediate local reflexes or relayed to brain (Nucleus of solitary tract) -> further processing

50
Q

spinal cord homeostasis output

A
  • visceral efferent neurons controlled by local visceral or somatic afferent input or by descending pathways from autonomic centers in brainstem and hypothalamus
51
Q

cd brainstem homeostasis fx VA and VEs

A

fxs like spinal cord with VA and VE and local reflex loops these travel in CNs rather than spinal nerves

52
Q

brainstem reticular formation

A
  • contains neurocircuitiry that regulates and coordinates autonomic and homeostatic activity in brainstem and spinal cord
  • these circuits often called “regulatory centers” but these are not always well defined
53
Q

regulatory centers fx

A
  • maintaining vital fxs like blood pressure, respiration, micturition
54
Q

severe brainstem damage

A

can have life-threatening physiologic consequences

55
Q

hypothalamus homeostatic fx

A
  • master coordinator of homeostasis, coordinating autonomic, endocrine, and somatic activity
56
Q

hypothalamus projections to

A

-brainstem and spinal cord permits control of somatic and visceral LMNs

57
Q

hypothalamus output

A
  • via hypophysis, permits control of endocrine systems
58
Q

cerebral cortex and limbic structures

A
  • brain regions underlie recognition of sensory stimuli, memories of experiences and their consequences and spontaneous thought processes
59
Q

limbic system an influence homeostasis via

A

projections to hypothalamus and brainstem

60
Q

cd brainstem contribution to homeostasis

A
  • autonomic reflexes

- brainstem homeostatic regulatory centers

61
Q

autonomic reflexes

A

include PLR and baroreceptor reflex

62
Q

brainstem homeostatic regulatory centers

A
  • medullary cardiovascular center
  • swallowing center
  • respiratory center
  • vomiting center
  • micturition center
63
Q

baroreceptor reflex afferents

A
  • afferents in aortic arch and carotid sinus

- relay blood pressure info via CN IX and X

64
Q

baroreceptor reflex center

A

in medulla includes:

  • nucleus of solitary tract
  • PN X
  • Nucleus ambiguus
65
Q

VE pathway to heart

A

travels via CN X and sympathetic pathway

66
Q

regulatory center

A
  • includes more basic reflex centers but will integrate input from variety of sources to generate more broadly useful output via multiple pathways
  • many for physiological homeostasis in cd brainstem generate autonomic output
67
Q

what other pathways play critical role in homeostasis

A
  • somatic efferent pathways also play crucial role in many aspects of homeostasis such as
  • breathing
  • swallowing
  • V+
  • micturition
68
Q

medullary cardiovascular system includes

A

regions medulla that regulate vascular tone, heart rate, cardiac contractility to maintain appropriate cardiac output and distribution of blood

69
Q

medullary cardiovascular system input

A
  • baroreceptors in aorta, carotid bifurfactoin and other blood vessels (CN IX, X)
  • Chemoreceptors sense O2, CO2, H+
  • Circulating hormones bind at circumventricular organs
  • Hypothalamus and Amygdala- modify blood pressure in response to stress
70
Q

medullary cardiovascular system output

A
  • via PN CN X
  • Nucleus Ambiguous
  • Descending projections ot sump preganglionic neurons in spinal cord
71
Q

effect medullary cardiovascular system output

A

changes in peripheral vascular tone, heart rate, and force of contractility depending on cardiovascular demands

72
Q

swallowing center afferents

A
  • CNs V, IX, X (sensory of food bolus in mouth, pharynx, esophagus)
73
Q

swallowing center efferents

A

V, VII, IX, X, XII

74
Q

swallowing center neurocircuitiry

A

coordinates sequence of pharyngeal and esophageal relaxation and contraction, closure of glottis, raising soft palate, movements of tongue, cheeks, and jaw to accomplish swallowing in response to stimulus of food bolus in mouth and pharynx

75
Q

Respiratory center location

A

pons and medulla

76
Q

respiratory center input from

A
  • neurons w/ in respiratory center stimulated by increased levels CO2 and hydrogen ions in blood
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors sense O2, CO2, H+
  • Receptors via CN X
  • reticular activating system
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebral cortex
77
Q

Receptors via CN X respiratory center input

A

pulmonary stretch receptors, airway receptors

78
Q

reticular activating system and respiratory center input

A

more alert = faster response

79
Q

hypothalamus respiratory center

A

modify resp rate to control body temp or in response to pain, stress, or fear

80
Q

cerebral cortex respiratory center

A

mediates voluntary control of respiration by projections to respiratory control center and also directly to phrenic LMNs

81
Q

respiratory center processing

A
  • occurs in Nucleus of solitary tract

- occurs in other nuclei w/ in reticular formation

82
Q

UMNs in respiratory center project to

A
  • phrenic motor neuron pool (MNP) in spinal cord segments C5, C6,C7 to control diaphragm
  • accessory respiratory muscles
  • muscles involved in breathing (pharyngeal, laryngeal, tongue, facial, and abdominal muscles)
83
Q

brainstem or cervical spinal cord lesions can severely damage

A

the respiratory center or its descending projections to spinal cord can lead to abnormal breathing patterns or respiratory paralysis respectively; these lesions must be severe to cause respiratory paralysis

84
Q

Vomiting center afferents

A
  • area postrema
  • CN X
  • Vestibular nuclei
  • cortex
85
Q

area postreama and vomiting center

A
  • a circumventricular organ that plays role in chemically induced emesis by detecting circulating toxins or drugs like opiates
86
Q

CN X and vomitting center

A

GI distention or chemical irritation can trigger vomiting

87
Q

vestibular nuclei and vominting center

A

motion sickness

88
Q

cortex and vomiting center

A

psychological component of nausea, HUMANS

89
Q

CNs which contribute to V+

A

V, VII, IX, X, XII (+ LMNs to skeletal muscles)

90
Q

opening mouth

A

CN V and VII

91
Q

anti peristalsis in duodenum, stomach, esophagus, relaxation fo GIT sphincters

A

CN X

92
Q

salvation

A

CN VII and IX

93
Q

pharyngeal muscle coordination, raising soft palate to occlude nasal cavity, closure of glottis

A

CN IX and X (nucleus ambiguus)

94
Q

movement of tongue

A

CN XII

95
Q

contraction of abdominal wall and diaphragm, followed by suppression of respiration

A

LMNs to abdominal wall and diaphragm

96
Q

clinical application of vomitting center

A
  • different neurotransmitters used by different afferents knowing which pathway causing V+ lets you know which to treat
97
Q

respiratory center used when

A
  • swimming hold breath
  • about to start dong something exertion and start breathing harder with anticipatory need for O2 (forebrain)
  • sleep (hypothalamus to respiratory center)
  • vocalization
98
Q

c1-c5 lesion -> tetraplegia and loss of nociception

A

respiration can be next to go this is v bad

99
Q

brainstem lesion affecting respiration

A

lesion big enough to effect respiration then it is big enough to cause other signs

100
Q

2 paths to forebrain using cholinergic neruons

A
  1. intralaminar nuclei -> cerebral cortex (usually activating)
  2. Lateral hypothalamus -> Basal nuclei -> cerebral cortex
101
Q

narcolepsy

A

loss oc consciousness in anims

102
Q

cataplexy

A

lack of tone in collapsing

103
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclus and ARAS

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus -> pineal gland -> hypothalamus -> ARAS

104
Q

major players in ARAS

A

Locus cueruleus and substantial nigra? bc they get input from somatosensory pathway and special senses, generally excite

105
Q

neuromodulatory pathways important points

A
  • don’t carry specific info
  • dont make neuron fire but can increase or decrease fifing
  • influence how info processed in CNS
  • role in level of arousal / attention / sleep wake

Neuro Anatomy (17 decks)

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