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Neuro Anatomy > Lab 3/1 > Flashcards

Lab 3/1 Flashcards

1
Q

midbrain lesions lead to

A

affected gait, PLR, v-lat strabismus, globe rotation, altered state of consciousness

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2
Q

cerebellum fx

A

motor execution and error correction
coordination of movement
vestibular fx

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3
Q

cerebellar white matter

A

brainstem -> cortex
cerebellar nuclei -> cortex
brainstem -> cerebellar nuc

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4
Q

granule cell layer

A

deepest; small tightly packed neurons

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5
Q

purkinje cell layer

A

1 cell layer thick btwn granule cell layer and molecular cell layer

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6
Q

purkinje cell dendrites

A

into molecular layer; other axons come up perpendicular to those

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7
Q

molecular layer

A

mostly made of purkinje cell dendrites and axons projecting to purkinje cells

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8
Q

cerebellar input

A

sensory systems and motor programs

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9
Q

cerebellar output

A

purkinje cells -> cerebellar nuclei -> UMNs

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10
Q

purkinje cells ->

A

cerebellar nuclei -> UMNs

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11
Q

cerebellum lives in ____ bounded dorsally by ____

A

lives in cd cr fossa; bounded dorsally by tentorium cerebelli

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12
Q

cerebellar lesions will likley

A

also effect cd brainstem unless v small or vascular

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13
Q

vestibulocerebellum afferents

A

vestibular via ccp

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14
Q

vestibulocerebellum efferents

A

vestibular nuclei via ccp

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15
Q

vestibulocerebellum fx

A
  • posture
  • balance
  • VOR
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16
Q

vestibulocerebellum incluse

A

floculonodular lobe -> vestibular nuclei -> vestibulocerebellum

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17
Q

spoinocerebellum major afferents

A
  • spinocerebellar pathways (via CCP)

- cerebral cortex (UMNs and sensory via MCP)

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18
Q

spinocerebellum efferents

A

UMNs (via RCP)

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19
Q

spinocerebellum fx

A
  • real time error correction
  • posture
  • balance
  • tarted limb movements
  • locomotion
  • postural rxns
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20
Q

does cerebellum play a role in menace pathway

A

yes; its the step before synapse on facial nucleus

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21
Q

spinocerebellum includes

A

vermis and paravermis and fastigal and interposos nuclei

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22
Q

cerebrocerellum

A

planning and regulation of skilled movements

- less developed in domestic animals (lat hemisphere -> dentate nucleus -> motor cortex)

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23
Q

cerebellar cortical atrophy histo change

A

dispranized; granule cell layer = less tight and dense = more spread out purkinje cells over it there defining boundary between granular cell or molecular layers

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24
Q

general proprioceptive ataxia pathays

A

caused by lesion involving ascending proprioceptive pathways (spinocerebellar pathways, DCML pathways) in spinal cord or brainstem; can have lesion in forebrain but this is much less severe

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25
Q

GPA clinical signs

A

sloppy gait with long sloppy strides, scuffing, can’t predict where feet being placed; floating, delayed protraction

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26
Q

GPA ipsilateral if lesion in

A
  • spinal cord
  • medulla
  • pons
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27
Q

GPA contralateral if lesion in

A

forebrain

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28
Q

vestibular ataxia seen with lesion in

A

vestibular apparatus, vestibular nerve, vestibular nuclei, flocularnodular lobe

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29
Q

vestibular ataxia clinical signs

A

wide based stance, short choppy strides, falling over (usually toward side of lesion)

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30
Q

cerebellar ataxia occurs with lesion in

A

cerebellum b/c loss of cerebellar circuits to regulate locomotion through rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts/ pathways

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31
Q

cerebellar ataxia clinical signs

A

hypermetira, intention tremors, cerebellar lesion can also -> vestibular ataxia

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32
Q

wide based stance

A

can be seen with all 3 types of ataxia but is most pronounced with vestibular ataxia

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33
Q

decerebellate rigidity vs decerebrate rigidity

A

decerebellate rigidity will often have pelvic limbs flexed at hips and the big difference is that there is no mentation difference (ie the patient is wide awake and alert)

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34
Q

cerebellar cortical abiotrophy histo change

A

degeneration of prukinje cells

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35
Q

largest commissure connecting left and right side of telencephalon

A

corpus callous; shiny band of tissue deep within longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

what is ventral to corpus callous

A

fornix

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37
Q

fornix is associated with

A

hypocampal formation (archicortex)

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38
Q

lamina terminalis

A

rostral boundary of diencephalon; separates diencephalon from telencephalon

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39
Q

fibers between diencephalon and piriform lobe

A

fibers of internal capsule

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40
Q

optic tract path

A

moves cdly and dorsally until surrounds and synapses on LGN of thalamus

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41
Q

LGN

A

protrudes laterally from cd diencephalon

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42
Q

cd aspect of 3rd ventricle leads to

A

mesensephalic aquaduct

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43
Q

inter ventricular foramina

A

connects 3rd to lateral ventricles; best way to find this on gross section is to find where choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle courses through foramen on way to lateral ventricles

44
Q

many thalamic nuclei are

A

relay nuclei bc they relay info from brainstem and basal nuclei to neocortex

45
Q

internal capsule

A

axons carrying info from thalamus to cortex and axons carrying motor information from cortex to brainstem

46
Q

what thalamic nuclei are grossly evident

A

medial and lateral geniculate nuclei

47
Q

medial geniculate nuclei fx

A

relays auditory info to cortex

48
Q

lateral vehicular nuclei fx

A

relays visual information to cortex

49
Q

how to find LGN

A

follow optic tract (this will be at end of optic tract just rostral to rostral colliculus)

50
Q

other nuclei in thalamus (other than LGN and MGN) relay

A

somatosensory, taste, olfaction, vestibular, and motor information to primary cortical areas

51
Q

relay nuclei are located in

A

lateral thalamus

52
Q

medial thalamus

A

adjacent to interhalamic adhesion, contains intralaminar nuclei which

53
Q

intralaminar nuclei

A

part of ARAS and indirect spinothalmic pathway

54
Q

nuclei in hypothalamus control

A

autonomic output from cd brainstem and spinal cord as well as skeletal muscle for fxs important to homeostasis, behavior patterns associated with emotional expression and reproduction

55
Q

ventral most portion of diencephalon

A

hypothalamus

56
Q

hypothalamus and wall of ventral portion of 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus is lateral to wall of ventral portion of 3rd ventricle

57
Q

infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle

A

small extension of 3rd ventricle continues ventral to hypothalamus into infundibulum

58
Q

ventral aspect of brain can see

A

optic chiasm, pituitary gland, and mammillary bodies

59
Q

optic chiasm relatioship to rostral hypothalamus

A

optic chiasm is ventral to rostal hypothalamus

60
Q

axons from retina for circadian rhythm

A

synapse in suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus

61
Q

mammilary bodies are part of

A

ventral aspect of cd hypothalamus

62
Q

pituitary gland location

A

attached to ventral aspect of hypothalamus at infundibulum between optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

63
Q

medial region hypothalamus location

A

md to columns of fornix

64
Q

lateral region hypothalamus location

A

lateral to columns of fornix

65
Q

lesions of lateral zone of hypothalamus

A

can produce coma or other alterations of consciousness, similar to lesions of midbrain by interferingg with ascending reticular activating system

66
Q

lesions of medial zone of hypothalamus

A

can result in autonomic and endocrine dysfunction

67
Q

subfornical organs location and names

A

SFO, OVLT, Mediance eminence = circumventricular organs associated with hypothalamus and located in wall of 3rd ventricle

68
Q

subfornical organs fx

A

detect circulating substances in blood including angiotensin II and other hormones important for homeostasis and/ or allowing for secretion of hormones into the blood

69
Q

telencephalon important strcutures

A
  1. Neocortex
  2. Paleocortex
  3. Archicortex
  4. Sulci and Gyri
  5. Corpus callosum
  6. Internal capsule
  7. Corona radiata
  8. Basal nuclei
70
Q

neocortex

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes

71
Q

paleocortex

A

rhinal fissure, piriform lobe, olfactory peduncle. olfactory bulb

72
Q

archicortex

A

deep to neocortex and paleo cortex; fornix can be seen on half brain

73
Q

primary sensory and motor areas of neocortex recieve

A

direct input form sensory and motor relay nuclei of thalamus

74
Q

damage to primary sensory areas of cortex

A

produce specific sensory deficits

75
Q

damage to occipital lobe

A

deficits in tests requiring visual processing (visual following visual placing, navigating obstacles menage response)

76
Q

damage to somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe; may cause postural rxn deficits or hypalgesia

77
Q

hypalgesia

A

decreased pain perception

78
Q

damage to motor cortex

A

may cause deficits in any fx that requires cortical UMNs including postural rxns, menace response, visual following

79
Q

prefrontal cortex, pts of temporal and parietal lobes involved in

A

more complex neural processing; damage to these areas may produce behavioral/ personality changes (frontal lobe) and generalized neglect (parietal lobe)

80
Q

parietal lobe is involved in

A

visuomotor transformations

81
Q

lesions in parietal lobe

A

can produce deficits in a variety of visually guided behaviors (menace, visual following, visual placing, navigating obstacles)

82
Q

association cortex

A

regions of neocortex which integrate more diverse types of information to guide behavior (this is in parietal lobe, visuomotor transformations, visualy guided movements)

83
Q

motor cortex location

A

frontal lobe

84
Q

somatosensory cortex location

A

frontal / parietal lobe

85
Q

visual cortex locaiton

A

occipital lobe

86
Q

prefrontal cortex / limbic cortex location

A

frontal lobe, rostral ot motor cortex

87
Q

hippocampal formation

A

archicortex; located deep to temporal and piriform lobes; vaguely C shaped

88
Q

amygdala location

A

amygdala is a basal nucleus; can be seen near ventral tip of hippocampus

89
Q

lateral ventricle

A

hippocampal formation rolls out will see lateral ventricle which has smooth shinny surface bc of ependymal cells

90
Q

lateral ventricle course

A

curves ventrally into temporal and piriform lobe

91
Q

fornix made of

A

axons leaving hippocampal formation which follow curve of hippocampus from temporal lobe to location dorsal to cd diencephalon where they join fibers from fornix on other side

92
Q

body of fornix

A

where axons course rostrally adjacent to midline dorsal to diencephalon

93
Q

axons from body of fornix

A

some will continue rostrally dorsal to rostral commissure to synapse on spatial nuclei many of axons in body of fornix curve ventrally cd to rostral commissure forming columns of fornix

94
Q

sepal nuclei

A

part of basal nuclei axons from body of fornix that continue rostrally dorsal to rostral commissure synapse here; these are coated dorsal and rostral to rostral commissure in septum pellucidum

95
Q

columns of fornix

A

axons in body of fornix that curve ventrally just cd to rostral commusire form these; columns of fornix then course cdly to synapse in mammillary bodes

96
Q

columns of fornix to mammilary bodies location

A

slightly lateral to midline so not seen on medial surface of half brain

97
Q

fornix carries

A

axons from mammillary bodies and septal nuclei back to hippocampus

98
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

collects information from many cortical areas and projects to hippocampal formation just dorsal to corpus callosum

99
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

rostral and ventral part of front lobe, plays important role in personality complex behavior and decision making

100
Q

PTN location

A

medial to LGN and just rostral to rostral colliculus

101
Q

axons in optic tract

A

course up the lateral aspect of diencephalon and synapse in LGN, pretectal nuclei and rostral colliculus

102
Q

just cr to rostral colliculi transverse apperance

A

brainstem has characteristic transverse appearance at this level where lateral and cd expansion of diencephalon result in LGN and MGN being located lateral to midbrain

103
Q

sigificant structures associated with somatosensory system dorsal root

A 
dorsal roots
fasciulus gracilis
nucleus cuneatus
trigemnial nerve
trigeminal sensory nuclei
3 branches of trigeminal nerve
intraliminar nuclei of thalamus
periaqueductal gray
raphe nuclei
locus coeruleus
brainstem origin of reticular activating system (pontine/ midbrain reticular formation)
104
Q

sigificant structures associated with somatosensory system dorsal horn

A

dorsal horn
fasciculus cuneatus
medial lemniscus

105
Q

sigificant structures associated with somatosensory system dorsal funiculus

A

dorsal funiculus
nucleus gracilis
somatosensory cortex
trigeminal ganglion

Neuro Anatomy (17 decks)

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