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Neuro Anatomy > Week 3 Learning Issues > Flashcards

Week 3 Learning Issues Flashcards

1
Q

Conus medullaris

A

cd extent of spinal cord tapers to an end called conus medullaris, located within caudal lumbar (or sacral in some species) vertebrea; includes sacral and cd spinal cord segments

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2
Q

spinal cord enlargements

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements; process information from thoracic and pelvic limbs

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3
Q

cervical enlargment

A

associated with the brachial plexsus; SC segments C6-T2

resides within vertebra C5-T1 (in dog)

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4
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

associated with the lumbosacral plexsus; SC segments L4-S1 involved in pelvic limb innervation and are larger while segments S1-S3 contribute to pudendal and pelvic nerves; spinal cord segments in L4-S3 range reside within vertebrea L3-L5 (dog)

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5
Q

dorsal median sulcus

A

longitudinal furrow running on dorsal midline of spinal cord (where alar plate grew together and fused)

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6
Q

ventral midline fissure

A

deep furrow that runs along v midline

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7
Q

dorsolateral and ventrolateral sulci

A

less striking than dorsal median sulcus and ventral midline fissure; runs length of spinal cord where dorsal and ventral rootlets enter spinal cord

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8
Q

vertebral foramen

A

ventral body plus dorsal arch of each vertebrea form this

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9
Q

vertebral arch

A

vertical pedicles and horizantal laminae

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10
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of laminae or dorsal arch

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11
Q

vertebral canal

A

sum of vertebral foramina form vertebral canal which surrounds spinal cord

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12
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

notches at junction of arch and body of each vertebrea create this; this accomindates passage of spinal nerves, arterial spinal branches, and interertebral veins

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13
Q

atlas intervertebral foramina

A

has 2 IVF to accomidate C1

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14
Q

transverse vertebral foramina

A

in vertebrea C1-C6 carry vertebral artery, vein, and nerve

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15
Q

dorsal and pelvic sacral foramina

A

between sacral segments S1, S2, S3; transmit dorsal and ventral branches of sacral spinal cord segments S1 and S2

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16
Q

ligaments of vertebral column

A

dorsal longitudinal ligament, interarcuate ligament, dorsal atlanto-occipital membrane, intercapital ligmanets

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17
Q

dorsal longitudinal ligament

A

on floor of vertebral canal, runs length of vertebral column

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18
Q

interarcuate ligament

A

aka yellow ligament; extends between vertebral arches bridgining interarcuate space, dorsal to vertebral canal

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19
Q

dorsal atlanto-occipital membrane

A

between arch of atlas and occipital bone

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20
Q

intercapital ligaments

A

T1-T10 transverse ligaments connect rib heads in pairs, on floor of vertebral canal dorsal to intervertebral discs, makes disc herniation less common in this region

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21
Q

intervertebral disc features

A

annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus, cartilagenous endplate

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22
Q

intervertebral disc

A

fibrous joints forming articulations between vertebral bodies

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23
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

fibrous outer capsule formed by concentric layers of collagen fibers with some elastic fibers between them; this is CT located btwn vertebral discs; sacral vertebrea = fused so no discs between them

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24
Q

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

A

annulus fibrosus is lateral to nucleus pulposus

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25
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous central region of disc composed of water, proteoglycans, and collagen; this is a martrix which makes it gel like; this is mostly water

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26
Q

fx of nucleus pulposus

A

functions as shock absorber. It is a remnant of the notocord

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27
Q

cartilagenous endplate

A

connects IVD to vertebrea and contains blood vessels that supply the IVD

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28
Q

degenerative changes of intervertebral discs

A

include proliferation and disruption of collagen fibers of annulus, replacement of nucleus pulposus with fibrocartilage, and mineralization of nucleus pulposus. These changes can lead to bulging or extrusion of intervertebral disc material into vertebral canal which can impinge on or damage the spinal cord or nerves within vertebreal canal -> neurological deficits

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29
Q

meninges associated with the spinal cord

A

meningeal dura, arachnoid, pia matter; no periodstal dura around spinal cord

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30
Q

epidural space

A

exists in the spinal cord; bounded by meningeal dura on one side and periosteum of vertebrea or ligaments bridiging the space btwn vertebrea (interarcuate ligaments dorsally) on other

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31
Q

what is epidural space filled with

A

fat and blood vessels

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32
Q

notable epidural space

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

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33
Q

intrathecal injection

A

into subarachnoid space

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34
Q

tight junctions and meninges in spinal cord

A

tight junctions btwn cells of arachnoid cell layer create barrier restricting passage most molecules into underlying CSF; dura matter lacks tight junctions more like CT proper with ECM and fibers occupying spaces btwn cells

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35
Q

dorsal and ventral roots in spinal cord covered by

A

meniginges

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36
Q

rootlets and roots invested by

A

pia along their entire course

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37
Q

arachnoid and dura matter cuffs

A

form around roots as they course toward intervertebral foramina

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38
Q

intradural nerve roots

A

proximal spina roots are within columnar region of subarachnoid space, run length of vertebral canal

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39
Q

extradural nerve roots

A

more distal spinal roots in the subarachnoid space within the meningeal cuffs; they are still within the dural cuff but not larger dural sheath surrounding spinal cord

40
Q

pial structures that anchor/ suspend the spinal cord within the dural sheath

A

denticuate ligaments and filum terminale

41
Q

denticulate ligament

A

thickened projection of pia that attaches to dura/ arachnoid laterally

42
Q

filum terminale

A

narrow cord of pia that extends from cd tip of spinal cord and eventually becomes invested by narrow cord of dura

43
Q

lumbar cistern

A

surrounds conus medullaris and continues cd to it forms tapering end subarachnoid space; contains spinal roots associated with cauda equina and filum terminale until these structures enter meningeal cuffs

44
Q

spinal cord segment

A

each segment has pair of spinal nerves (L and R); spinal nerves formed by merging of D and V roots which arise from mult rootlets

45
Q

horse spinal cord/ spinal nerve pair formula

A

C8 T18 L6 S5 Cd5

46
Q

spinal nerve relationship to intervertebral foramina

A

spinal nerve C1- exits vertebral canal via lateral vertebral foramen in atlas
spinal nerves C2-C7 exit via IVF cr to nominally corresponding vertebra
spinal nerve C8 exits via IVF cd to vertebra C7
Spinal nerves T1- Cd5 exit via IVF cd to nominally corresponding vertebra

47
Q

relationship btwn spinal nerves and peripheral nerves in brachial and lumbosacral plexuses

A

axons from mult spinal nerves rearrange to form peripheral nerves -> given peripheral nerve being associated with multiple spinal cord segments

48
Q

development effect on spinal cord length relative to vertebreal column length

A

spinal cord runs length vertebral column and each spinal cord segment develops within vertebrea of sam segment and spinal nerve roots develop in association with each spinal cord segment and psinal nerves exit vertebral canal btwn adjacent vertebrea; spinal cord elongation slows relative to vertebral column elongation and the spatial correspondence is lost and spinal cord is ultimately shorter than vertebral canal so many SC segments located cr to corresponding vertebrea

49
Q

SC segment differential growth

A

depending on how much tissue they innervate they undergo differential growth; those supplying limbs = larger in length and diameter

50
Q

where does spinal cord end

A

dog/ cat- L6/ L7 vertebral junction
Cow- ends lumbosacral junction
horse- ends about S1 S2 vertebreal junction

51
Q

spinal nerves and IVF

A

as segments shift crly DRG and sponal nerves of each segment already encased in IVF so spinal nerves get longer within vertebreal canal spanning distance btwn spinal cord segment from which they arise and IVF through which they exit vertebral canal

52
Q

cauda equina

A

includes D and V spinal roots from lumbar, sacral, and cd spinal cord segments that must travel cdly within vertebral canal to reach corresponding IVF

53
Q

cauda equina location dogs

A

L7-S3 vertebra and includes L7-S3 nerve roots

54
Q

dx of vertebral canal within L7-S3 vertebra

A

can produce sciatic nerve deficits, pelvic and pudendal nerve deficits and caudal nerve deficits

55
Q

sciatic nerve deficits

A

(spinal roots L6,L7,S1)

- decreased withdrawl reflex; sensory deficits and motor deficits of pelvic limb

56
Q

pelvic and pudendal nerve deficits

A

(spinal roots S1, S2, S3); urinary and fecal incontinence; decreased anal tone and decreased perineal reflex

57
Q

caudal nerves

A

(spinal roots Cd 1-5); decreased tail tone, low tail carriage, tail analgesia

58
Q

lesion within L3-L5 (in dog)

A

dx within these vertebrea can produce deficits including paralysis/ paresis and analgesia of pelvic limbs, fecal, and urinary incontinence, decreased anal tone and loss of perineal reflex

59
Q

Major arteries of spinal cord

A

segmental spinal branches, ventral spinal artery, dorsal spinal arteries

60
Q

segmental spinal branches

A
  • arise from vertebral artery, costocervical trunk, and segmental vessel, including intercostal, lumbar, and sacral arteries
  • enter vertebreal canal alongside spinal nerve and segmntal vein via interververtebral foramina
  • divide into D and V branches to supply the D and V spinal arteries respectively
61
Q

arterial rings on spinal cord surface

A

connecting D and V spinal arteries are inconsistent in presence and size and give rise to branches supplying peripheral spinal cord

62
Q

ventral spinal artery

A
  • unpaired artery running length of spinal cord in ventral median fissure
  • recieves blood from L and R spinal branches
  • sends semgntal branches into ventral median fissure to supply central spinal cord
  • continuous with basilar artery cranially
63
Q

dorsal spinal artery

A
  • irregularly bilateral, do not form a continuous trunk

- supply dorsal spinal cord

64
Q

vertebral artery

A

aorta -> brachiocephalic trunk -> subclavian -> vertebral artery

65
Q

costocervical trunk

A

aorta -> brachiocephalic trunk -> subclavian -> costocervical trunk

66
Q

lumbar artery

A

aorta -> abdominal aorta-> lumbar artery

67
Q

sacral arteries

A

aorta -> abdominal aorta -> median sacral artery

68
Q

intercostal arteries

A

aorta -> subclavian -> costocervical trunk -> first 3 dorsal intercostal arteries
aorta -> remaning 9 dorsal intercostal arteries
aorta -> subclavian -> internal thoracic artery -> v intercostal arteries

69
Q

fibrocartilaginous emboli

A

small pieces of intervertebral disc material from degenerating intervertebral discs that occlude arterioles in spinal cord resulting in ischemic myelopathy; NT supplied by obstructed vessels loose blood supply and undergo necrosis can -> damage spinal cord region

70
Q

ischemic myelopathy

A

damage (pathy) to spinal cord (myelo) due to loss of blood supply (ischemia)

71
Q

intrathecal injection

A

contrast agent for myelography and CT in SAS space; anything you put in SAS affects brain and spinal cord bc pia matter is v permiable and SAS is continuous between brain and spinal cord

72
Q

epidural injection

A

injections of anesthetic agensts; can do anestetic intrathecal injection but its not as common in vet med because risky and hard to hit

73
Q

CSF collection

A

from SAS in lumbar and vertebral canal; safer in lumbar area bc better to hit end of spinal cord than brainstem

74
Q

myelogram

A

inject contrast material into subarachnoid space

75
Q

appearance of vertebral canal as seen on myelogram or MRI

A

CSF is white and in subarachnoid space in both; they look v similar

76
Q

layers or laminae

A

discrete regions of grey matter in spinal cord a and cerebral cortex

77
Q

nuclei

A

discrete regions of grey matter in spinal cord brainstem and basal forebrain

78
Q

bundle of axons traveling together in CNS

A

funiculus (small rope), fascicles (small bundle), peduncle (little foot) or tract

79
Q

most general term for bundle of axons

A

tract

80
Q

neurons organized into

A

pathways

81
Q

decussate

A

cross to contralateral side of brain

82
Q

somatosensory pathways carrying info for forebrain

A

cross to contralateral side before reaching forebrain (thalamus and cerebrum);

83
Q

pathways carrying motor commands from cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

A

cross to contralateral side before reaching target LMNs

84
Q

at level of forebrain representation of sensory information and motor commands

A

is contralateral

85
Q

lesions of spinal cord and brainstem

A

often ipsilateral

86
Q

lesions of cerebellum

A

ipsilateral

87
Q

bilateral information

A

ex visceral efferent pathway is routinely bilateral so you contact both halves of your bladder simultaneously

88
Q

somatosensaton

A

mechanical thermal and chemical stimulation of skin muscle and joints

89
Q

proprioception

A

subdivision of somatosensory system; mechanoreceptors in joints tendons and muscles detect position and movement of limbs, trunk, heads, eyes which is used to guide movement

90
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

detects position and movement of head to control posture

91
Q

vision

A

may be used for cognitive processing, establishing day/ night and seasonal rhythms, guiding visuomotor hebaivors and many other fxs

92
Q

visceral sensation

A

mechanical thermall and chemical stimulation occurring w/ in viscera and other internal tissues of body for regulating visceral fx and behavior

93
Q

specialized receptors in the brain

A

often located in circumventricular organs, detect circulating hormones, and chemicals, and plasma osmolatiry and temperature in blood that basses through these brain regions

94
Q

spinal cord mediates

A

visceral and somatic reflexes largely via spinal nerves

95
Q

cd brainstem mediates

A

visceral and somatic reflexes largely via cr nerves and some complex behavior involving sensorimotor integration associated with vision, audition, and vestibular input, gait generation, and autonomic regulation

96
Q

cerebellum mediates

A

motor leanring and fine tuning of motor patterns based on sensory feedback

97
Q

forebrain mediates

A

context, memory, and other complex internal neural states to regulate and override reflexive behavior (conscious awareness and voluntary behavior) also generates refined visually guided and highly coordinated movements

Neuro Anatomy (17 decks)

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