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Neuro Anatomy > Week 6 Learning Issues Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 6 Learning Issues Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Grey matter components of mature cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

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2
Q

cerebellar cortex organizatoin

A

similar to cerebral cortex; neuron cell bodies have migrated to surface and white matter is deep to grey matter

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3
Q

folia

A

narrow ridges which cover surface of cerebellar cortex increasing surface area

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4
Q

cerebellar white matter

A
  • deep to cerebellar cortex
  • contains axons traveling to and from cerebellar cortex
  • cerebellar nuclei embedded in white matter
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5
Q

cerebellar cortex regions

A
  • medial region= vermis

- 2 lateral regions= hemispheres

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6
Q

medial regions of hemispheres

A

paravermis and vermis; paravermis lateral to vermis(fnxly not anatomically distinct from lateral region of hemisphere)

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7
Q

cerebellum lobes

A
  • 3 transversely oriented lobes
  • floccularnodular lobe
  • rostral lobe
  • cd lobe
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8
Q

floccularnodular lobe

A
  • most cd lobe
  • most primitive pt of cerebellum
  • tucked under cd aspect of cerebellum overlying medulla
  • closely associated with vestibular system
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9
Q

floccularnodular lobe parts

A
  • midline modulus

- lateral flocculus

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10
Q

vestibular nuclei and flocculonodular lobe

A

in rostral medulla just ventral to flocculonodular lobe

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11
Q

primary fissure

A

separates rostral and cd lobes

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12
Q

rostal lobe

A

plays important role in posture and muscle tone

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13
Q

histological layers of cerebellar cortex

A
  • molecular layer (most superficial)
  • Purkinje cell layer
  • granule cell layer (deepest)
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14
Q

molecular layer

A

most superficial and contains:

  • axons of granule cells, -dendrites of purkinje cells,
  • sparsely distributed interneurons
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15
Q

Purkinje cell layer

A
  • contains single row large neurons

- sends dendrites into molecular layer and an axon into white matter to synapse on cerebellar nuclei

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16
Q

granule cell layer

A
  • deepest cortical layer
  • relatively small, densely packed neurons
  • interneurons connecting these neuron populations
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17
Q

different neuron types of cerebellar cortex are interconnected

A

in specific pattern that is same in all regions of cerebellum allowing cerebellum to process afferent information and generate an output that sculpts activity in motor pathways

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18
Q

cerebellum fx

A
  • must analyze sensory and motor information to produce useful regulation of motor fx
  • sensory and motor info from all regions of CNS must get to cerebellum
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19
Q

how does cerebellum regulate motor fx

A

by projecting to UMNs in the motor cortex and brainstem

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20
Q

cerebellar representation

A

ipsilateral

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21
Q

sensory pathways carrying for fro spinal cord

A

either don’t cross or cross twice

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22
Q

cd cerebellar peduncle

A

dorsal spino- and cuneo-cerebellar pathways send proprioceptive info to cerebellum via cd cerebellar peduncle

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23
Q

information relayed to cerebellum

A
  • proprioceptive information

- highly processed sensory information from visual, somatosensory, and auditory cortex

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24
Q

information traveling from forebrain to cerebellum

A

must decussate b/c forebrain contains contralateral representation

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25
Q

forebrain to cerebellum pathway

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • synapse on pontine nuclei
  • axons of these neurons decussate in transverse fibers of the pons
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • cerebellum
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26
Q

cerebellum to forebrain pathway

A
  • cerebellum
  • rostral cerebellar peduncle
  • decussate in midbrain
  • forebrain
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27
Q

afferents to cerebellum synapse in

A

cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex

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28
Q

information in cerebellum is processed in

A

cerebellar cortex

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29
Q

output of the cerebellar cortex

A

-purkinje cell which projects to cerebellar nuclei

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30
Q

purkinje cell output

A
  • projects to cerebellar nuclei
  • has inhibitory effect on cerebellar nuclei, thought to sculpt outflow from cerebellum to provide appropriate signals to motor systems
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31
Q

each cerebellar nuclei receive input from

A
  • a specific region of cerebellar cortex
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32
Q

lateral hemisphere purkinje cells project to

A

dentate nucleus -> motor cortex (movement planning)

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33
Q

paravermis purkinje cells project to

A

interpositions nucleus -> lateral motor pathways (movement execution)

34
Q

vermis purkinje cells project to

A

fastigial nucleus -> medial motor pathways (movement execution)

35
Q

output from flocculonodular lobe goes

A

directly to vestibular nuclei (balance and eye movements)

36
Q

cerebellar nuclei provide

A

output for the cerebellum

37
Q

cerebellar nuclei control

A

-fx in motor systems by synapsing on UMNs that give rise to various motor pathways

38
Q

major target of cerebellar output

A

is UMNs of motor pathway

39
Q

functional divisions of motor processing

A
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • spinocerebellum
  • cerebrocerebellum
  • these regions not significantly interconnected; operate as independent systems to regulate different fxs of motor pathways
40
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A
  • flocculonodular lobe

- role in vestibular fx

41
Q

spinocerebellum includes

A
  • vermis and paravermis, fastigial and iinterpositus nuclei
42
Q

spinocerbellum fx

A
  • involved in modifying ongoing movements to compensate for errors detected by sensory feedback
43
Q

cerebrocerebellum includes

A

lateral hemispheres and dentate nuclei

44
Q

cerebrocerebellum involved in

A

planning, initiating, and coordinating movements

45
Q

Forms of ataxia

A
  • cerebellar ataxia
  • general proprioceptive ataxia
  • vestibular ataxia
46
Q

cerebellar ataxia is

A

lack of coordination that can occur due to cerebellar lesions

47
Q

characteristics of cerebellar ataxia

A
  • depend on what region of cerebellum is affected
  • hypermetria (w/ excessive flexion of limbs)
  • wide based stance
  • unsteady gait
  • intention tremors
  • side to side or front to back swaying of the trunk
  • loss of balance and decomposition of limbs
48
Q

General proprioceptive ataxia in all 4 limbs caused by

A
  • lesions of brainstem and C1-C5
  • ataxia is due to interruption of general proprioceptive pathways to brainstem, to the cerebral cortex and to cerebellum
49
Q

General proprioceptive ataxia characterized by

A
  • crossing over of limbs
  • scuffing
  • interference
  • gait over-reaching
  • limbs extended and advanced for prolonged duration during protraction fo limb (floating/ overreaching)
50
Q

gait abnormalities seen with medullary and C1-C5 lesions are

A

a combination of ataxia and spastic tetraparesis

51
Q

spastic tetraparesis seen with medullary and C1-C5 lesions due to

A

interruption of descending UMN pathways

52
Q

vestibular ataxia characterized by

A
  • imbalance
  • circling
  • turning and/ or falling over
53
Q

pure vestibular ataxia

A
  • occurs with peripheral vestibular dx
  • animal will maintain ability to quickly move feet and place them appropriately to avoid falling down will be maintained; these animals will have short choppy strides and wide based stance
54
Q

vestibular lesions in medulla

A

vestibular ataxia will be complicated by general proprioceptive ataxia and spastic paresis and signs of all 3 of these deficits will be evident to varying degrees

55
Q

cerebellar lesions can

A

result in vestibular ataxia which will likely be seen in conjunction with cerebellar ataxia (which can include hypermetria, truncal tremors, and intention tremors, and other deficits localizable to cerebellum)

56
Q

animals with cerebellar lesions will not

A

be paretic or plegic because cerebellum does not contain UMNs and does not contribute to general strength of movement

57
Q

decerebellate rigidity caused by

A
  • caused by large lesions of cerebellum especially those affecting rostral lobe
58
Q

decerebellate rigidity characterized by

A
  • extension of forelimbs, opisthotonus, and often flexion of hips
  • if lesion confounded to cerebellum, patient will be conscious and aware of sensory stimulation (THIS IS DIFFERENT THAN DECEREBRATE RIGIDITY)
59
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia

A
  • affects kittens and calves with mothers affected by panleukopenia virus (kittens) and BVD (calves) while pregnant; if infection occurs during rapid cell proliferation in granule cell layer of cerebellar cortex cells become infected by virus and die (other types cells in cerebellum may also be affected); cats can live with this condition
60
Q

cerebellar cortical abiotrophy

A

seen in dogs, cats, horses (Arabians), cattle, possibly sheep and pigs; degeneration of certain cell populations (especially purkinje cells) w/ in cerebellar cortex due to premature cell death; occurs early in life animals normal at birth then progress in severity

61
Q

cerebellar fxs

A
  1. Motor planning and initiation
  2. Adjust ongoing motor programs to compensate for unanticipated errors
  3. Coordinate timing and pattern of muscle contractions
  4. Regulate muscle tone, posture and vestibular reflexes
  5. Plays important role in long term motor learning
62
Q

motor planning and initation

A

Cerebrocerebellum

63
Q

adjust ongoing motor programs to compensate for unanticipated errors

A
  • Spinocerebellum
  • cerebellum receives input about intended movement from UMNs to various motor pathways and sensory info (feedback) related to ongoing movement then influences activity in UMNs of various motor pathways to make necessary corrections in motor program
64
Q

coordinating timing and pattern of muscle contractions

A

to keep movements smooth and continuous

65
Q

regulates muscle tone, posture, and vestibular reflexes

A

vestibulocerebellum

66
Q

example of cerebellum playing an important role in long term motor learning

A

VOR; signals to LMNs involved in eye movements to accomplish VOR depend on factors including distance between eyes and location in head so cerebellum makes adjustments needed to keep VOR accurate as head moves
- cerebellum also important for learning conditioned responses

67
Q

basal ganglia and cerebellum process

A

diverse info regarding sensory feedback, reward and punishment, memory, motivation, arousal, and ongoing motor commands, and influence motor output by regulating UMNs

68
Q

basal ganglia are involved in

A

aspects of motor coordination and planning

69
Q

cerebellum involve in

A

coordinating execution of ongoing movements so they are smooth and accurate

70
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • subset telencehalic basal nuclei
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalmic nucleus
71
Q

substantia nigra location

A

in ventral midbrain

72
Q

subthalmic nucleus

A

in diencephalon

73
Q

subset telencephalon basal nuclei involved in

A

motor coordination and control

74
Q

group of nuclei of basal ganglia form

A

several parallel loops that connect many areas of neocortex w/ UMNs in motor cortex with brainstem motor nuclei

75
Q

loops can

A

process diverse info from cortical and subcortical systems and regulate activity of UMNs

76
Q

basal ganglia involved in

A

motor planning, initiation and termination of movements, oculomotor control, play role in influencing higher cognitive and limbic fxs

77
Q

Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia

A

seen in horses that eat yellow star thistle or Russian knapwood affects basal ganglia (in substantia nigra and globes pallid us) -> motor dysfunction associated with facial muscles -> starvation -> death

78
Q

lesions of cerebellum clinical signs

A
  • ataxia (lack of coordination bc cerebellar lesion bc not coordinating motor coordination if cerebellum can’t fx properly)
  • intention tremors (spinocerebellum?)
  • exaggerated movements (hypermetria) (cerebrocerebellum?)
  • vestibular dysfunction (vestibulocerebellum)
79
Q

structural and vascular lesions affecting basal ganglia and adjacent subcortical structures can cause

A

circling behavior and neglect similar to those seen with forebrain lesion

80
Q

forebrain lesions tend to cause

A
  • wide circles or driving movements toward side of lesion
  • neglect of stimuli contralateral to the lesion
  • mental dullness
  • behavioral changes
  • +/- seizures
  • +/- contralateral menace deficits, postural rxn deficits, and decreased sensation of noxious stimuli
81
Q

neglect occurs

A

bc neural representation of stimuli in damaged forebrain lost so animal doesn’t respond to it (this stimuli would be in space contralateral to lesion)
- can -> circling because behavior neglect bc animal drawn to investigate stimuli ipsilateral to lesion so they drift toward side of lesion

82
Q

subcortical forebrain lesions involving thalamus can cause

A
  • proprioceptive circling or standing with head turned usually toward side of lesion
  • WILL PROBABLY LACK HEAD TILT UNLIKE WITH VESIBULAR CIRCLING

Neuro Anatomy (17 decks)

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