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Week 1 Learning Issues Flashcards

1
Q

3 vesicle stage

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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2
Q

5 ventricles

A

lateral vesicle, 3 vesicle, mesencephalic aquaduct, rostral 4th ventricle, cd 4th ventricle

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3
Q

5 vesicles

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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4
Q

brainstem

A

diencephalon, mesencephalon (midbrain), metencephalon (ventral metencephalon= pons), myelencephalon (medulla)

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5
Q

brain divisions 5

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesecephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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6
Q

brain divisions 3

A

cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

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7
Q

cerebellum

A

dorsal metencephalon

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8
Q

cerebrum

A

telencephalon

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9
Q

functional divisions brain

A

forebrain, cd brainstem, cerebellum

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10
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon; telencephalon and diencephalon

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11
Q

cd brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongotta

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12
Q

brain development to formation of neural groove

A
  1. Neurulation -> neural tube
  2. Notocord -> overlying ectoderm thickening
  3. Neural plate forms
  4. Neural plate invaginate forming neural groove
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13
Q

brain development starting at ectoderm fusion

A

neural groove has just formed:

  1. tissues at junction of neural and non-neural ectoderm fuse dorsally starting at level rhombencephalon
  2. fusion progresses crly and cdly
  3. Neuropores near rostral and cd extent neural tube are last to close
  4. Vesicles are forming as tube is closing
  5. Neural tube and overlying ectoderm separate
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14
Q

Neural tube and ectoderm separate what’s next?

A
  1. neural tube and overlying ectoderm separate
  2. Neural tube is internalized as overlying skin forms
  3. Neural crest cells arise from cells at junction of ectoderm and developing neural tube and migrate throughout body
  4. Mesenchymal cell migration later in development
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15
Q

Mesenchymal cells appear later in development and do what

A
  1. mesenchymal cells derived from somites migrate D and V to NT between NT and ectoderm
  2. This forms meninges/ skulls/ vertebrea around CNS
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16
Q

spinal cord development vs brain development

A

spinal cord NT surrounds central canal and central canal stays relatively simple cylindrical canal for spinal cord development
for brain development have vesicles that -> ventricles; the neural tube surrounding each vesicle develops differently leading to 5 brain divisions

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17
Q

Mylencephalon development -> choroid plexus

A
  • mylencephalon aka medulla oblongotta= associated with 4th ventricle
    1. Start with neural tube, neural canal, sulcus limitans
    2. D aspect NT (rohofplate) expands -> 4th ventricle
    3. Alar plate develops laterally, not dorsally b/c rohofplate expansion
    4. Lumen NT enlarges -> 4th ventricle
    5. Choroid plexus develops in roof 4th ventricle
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18
Q

Mylencephalon development starting choroid plexus development

A

choroid plexus just developed in roof 4th ventricle

  1. Grey matter organized into nuclei with sensory or motor fxs associated with CNs; also diffuse neuron pops or nuclei associated with ascending and descending pathways
  2. Sulcus limitans divides alar and basal plates
  3. CNs VI-X and XII arise from medulla
  4. Bundles of white matter tracts develop as axons grow through brainstem
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19
Q

what CNs arise from medulla

A

VI-X and XII; nuclei associated with these CNs are in alar and basal plates

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20
Q

Alar vs basal plate

A

alar- sensory

basal- motor

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21
Q

where do sensory neurons develop in relation to motor in mylencephalon

A

sensory develop lateral motor develop medial

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22
Q

steps choroid plexus development

A
  1. ependymal cells of alar plate develop laterally as rohofplate expands
  2. Surface capillaries in close contact with ependymal cells of rohofplate form vascular structure = choroid plexus
    - Choroid plexus secretes CSF and ventricles
    - Choroid plexus develops similarly in 3rd and lat ventricles as it does in above described 4th ventricle
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23
Q

Metencephalon development 4th ventricle

A
  • associated with 4th ventricle
  • 2 regions pons and cerebellum
    1. 4th ventricle extends into mesencephalon D to pons; roof = medullary vellum= ependymal layer derived from roofplate; no choroid plexus in medullary vellum bc no space, cerebellum overlies roof 4th ventricle dorsally
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24
Q

Pons in metencephalon

A
  1. Pons= rostral continuation myelencephalon, developes similar to myelencephalon
  2. Alar plate lateral to sulcus limitans, pontine sensory nucleus of CN V develops from here, this is not the pontine nuclei
  3. Basal plate = ventromedial; motor nuclei of CN V develops from this
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25
Q

what do you see on v aspect of the pons

A

transverse fibers of pons (metencephalon)

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26
Q

pontine nuclei

A

found in metencephalon
These are subpopulation of alar plate neuroblasts from pons which migrate ventrally to form the pontine nuclei ventral to the basal plate

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27
Q

Axons of neurons in pontine nuclei

A

found in metencephalon
neurons in pontine nuclei send axons up to cerebellum -> transverse fibers of pons on V aspect of metencephalon where they continue as middle cerebellar peduncles on lateral aspect metencephalon

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28
Q

Cerebellum development

A

found in metencephalon

  1. cerebellum develops D to Pons and 4th ventricle from proliferation of alar plate and unique population of cells from ependymal layers
  2. Cerebellar growth proceeds and comes to overlie myelencephalon and pons
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29
Q

patterns of grey matter organization cerebellum

A
  1. cerebellar cortex on surface

2. cerebellar nuclei embedded in white matter

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30
Q

white matter of cerebellum

A

deep to cerebellar cortex and surrounds cerebellar nuclei it contains axons traveling betweenn brainstem and cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex

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31
Q

rostral, middle, and cd cerebellar peduncles

A

composed of axons traveling to and from cerebellum these anchor cerebellum to brainstem; middle cerebellar peduncle is from transverse fiber of pons

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32
Q

mesencephalon development

A
  • grows dorsally; midbrain; mesencephalic aquaduct
    1. Alar plate expands and grows D to rohofplate to form tectum
    2. Neural canal is reduced to narrow tube= mesencephalic aquaduct
    3. V to tectum alar and basal plates contribute to mesencephalic (midbrain) tegmentum = rostral continuation of medulla and pons
    4. CN nuclei develop
    5. Crus cerebra form v to midbrain tegmentum
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33
Q

4 dorsal prominences of tectum

A

rostral and cd colliculi (involved in vision and audition respectively)

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34
Q

choroid plexus and mesencephalic aquaduct

A

dorsal ependymal cells of mesencephalic aquaduct are surrounded by nervous tissue = no choroid plexus develops

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35
Q

CNs in msencephalon

A

motor nuclei of CN III and CN IV arise from basal plate neurons in mesencephalon

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36
Q

crus ceribri

A

form v to midbrain tegmentum; = made of axons traveling from cerebral cortex carrying mortar signals to brainstem and spinal cord

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37
Q

Diencephalon development

A
  • associated with 3rd ventricle
  • diencephalon rostral most pt of brainstem
    1. Lumen NT expands vertically in median plane, lumen is compressed laterally by growth diencephalic neural tube
    2. Interthalmic adhesion developes as 2 sides thalamus grow medially and partially fuse, this separates 3rd ventricle into D and V chambers
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38
Q

parts of diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus, sub thalamus, hypothalamus

D->V

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39
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland; prominent in sheep and cats, small in dogs; involved in circadian/ circannual rhythms, limbic, and endocrine fx

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40
Q

thalamus

A

gateway to neocortex; heart shaped makes up a lot of diencephalon, sensory pathways other than olfaction fo through here

  • interthalmic adhesion fuse both sides together
  • thalamic neurons go into cerebral cortex via internal capsule
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41
Q

hypothalamus

A

lateral to ventral aspect of 3rd ventricle; neuroendocrine, autonomic, and homeostatic fxs

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42
Q

pituitary gland

A

(aka hypophysis) attached to v aspect diencephalon at hypothalamus

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43
Q

what forms posterior pituitary gland

A

ventral outgrowth of hypothalamus in development forms neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)

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44
Q

what forms anterior pituitary gland

A

hypophyseal pouch extends D from stomadeum and contacts neurohypophysis and forms adenohypohysis (anterior pituitary gland)

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45
Q

Optic vesicle development

A

optic vesicles develop as evaginations from diencephalic vesicles will become retinala and optic nerve

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46
Q

3rd ventricle

A

In diencephalon
donut shape, divided into D and V chambers by formation of interthalmic adhesion
- Rostral extend 3rd ventricle bounded by lamina terminals which = at level rostral commissure and optic chiasma in adult brain, telencephalon vesicles expand rostrally covering and fusing with lamina terminals
- D aspect 3rd ventricle v bounded by rohofplate similar to 4th ventricle; choroid plexus develops in ependymal layer as blood vessels grow D to rohofplate
- V region 3rd ventricle = slit like and forms medial walls hypothalamus

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47
Q

what connects 3rd ventricle witth lateral ventricles

A

interventricular foramina

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48
Q

infundibular recess

A

small diverticulum 3rd ventricle extends into pituitary where it attaches to hypothalamus

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49
Q

mesencephalon components

A

tectum, mesencephalic aquaduct, mesencephali tegmentum (d -> V)

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50
Q

Telencephalon development

A
  • synonymous with cerebrum/ cerebral hemispheres
    1. Telecephalic vesicles expand laterally from wall pros encephalic vesicle at level lamina terminals
    2. Expansion in all direction -> cerebral hemispheres covering diencephalon and mesencephalon and meeting each other D, Cd, and Rostral
    3. Lumen NT within these vesicles will become lateral ventricles
    4. Choroid plexus developes in single ependymal cell layer, this will be continuous with choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
    5. 2 populations of neurons form
    6. cerebral cortex developes
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51
Q

chorioid plexus telencephalon

A

small region NT at medial aspect telencephalon doesn’t develop nervous tissue and remains angle layer of ependymal cells (like rohofplate); choroid plexus of each lateral ventricle develops with in this layer and will be continuous with choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle at interventricluar foramen

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52
Q

Development telencephalon leads to

A

2 populations of neurons, basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

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53
Q

basal nuclei

A

develop adjacent to ventricles= located v med deep to cortex

some basal nuclei include caudate nucleus, putamen, globes pallidus, amygdala, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens

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54
Q

cerebral cortex development

A

developes from separate migration of neurons to surface of brain; neurons organized into layers (laminae) form sheets several mm thick -> cortex largely on surface of cerebral hemisphere with exception of hippocampal formation

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55
Q

3 regions cerebral cortex

A

paleocortex, archicortex, neocortex

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56
Q

paleocortex

A

appears early in evo hx; includes olfactory lobes, olfactory peduncles, piriform lobes

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57
Q

archicortex

A

appears early in evolutionary hx; includes hippocampal formation and fornix; gets pushed into deep position bc massive expansion of neocortex

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58
Q

neocortex

A
  • developed in higher animals; covers much of paleocortex and archicortex in large domestic mammals
  • 4 lobes frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
  • surface covered in sulci (grooves) and gyri (crests)
  • to increase cortical processing must increase surface area while maintaining laminal architecture; expanded sheet folded into gyri like ribbon candy so brain fits into skull
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59
Q

internal capsule

A

white matter/ axons carrying info to neocortex from thalamus and from neocortex to brainstem

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60
Q

corona radiata

A

slips of white matter extending into individual gyri

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61
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter/ axons connecting the L and R cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

what separates the L and R hemispheres

63
Q

Cerebellum

A

dorsal metencephalon

64
Q

IV ventricle

A

trough on D surface of myselencephalon; v to cerebellum

65
Q

medulla

A

mylencephalon

66
Q

pon

A

v metencephalon

67
Q

what connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

mesencephalic aquaduct

68
Q

pyramids

A

2 longitudinal tracts on v surface myelencephalon on either side v midline, axons arise from UMN carry motor info to LMN for voluntary control of movement

69
Q

cd aspect transverse fibers of pons

A

border of mylencephalon and metencephalon

70
Q

trapezoid body

A

cd to transverse fibers fo pons at rostral aspect of v medulla

71
Q

crus ceribri

A

on v aspect mesencephalon; made up of axons of UMNs carrying motor info from cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

72
Q

folia

A

ridges in surface of cerebellum

73
Q

4th ventricle location

A

btw pons and cerebellum; thin sheet tissue (rostral medullary vellum) = D aspect 4th V between cerebellum and mesencephalon

74
Q

cerebellar cortex components

A

vermes (medial region)

hemisphere (lateral to vermes)

75
Q

diencephalon rostral bounary

A

lamina terminalis at level of optic chiasma and rostral commusure

76
Q

diencephalon cd boundary

A

apron line drawn between cd aspects of mammillary bodies (pt of thalamus) and pineal gland (pt of epithalamus);

77
Q

diencephalon dorsal boundary

A

pineal gland caudally and roofplate of 3rd ventricle

78
Q

what is on either side of 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus

79
Q

what separates neocortex and paleocortex on v view of brain

80
Q

cerebral hemispheres separated by

A

longitudinal fissure

81
Q

cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres separated by

A

transverse fissure

82
Q

lateral ventricle location

A

space cd and lateral to hippocampus and medial to caudate nucleus (a basal nucleus)

83
Q

fornix

A

thin horizontal streak white matter D to 3rd ventricle and V to corpus callosum

84
Q

Gyri

85
Q

sulci

A

depressions between fold

86
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick horizontal streak white matter d to fornix

87
Q

septum pellucidum

A

thin sheet tissue spanning gaps btwn corpus callous and fornix and separating lat ventricles

88
Q

gastrulation

A

leads to trilamincr embryo (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) and notochord (from mesoderm)

89
Q

neurulation

A

creates neural tube will -> brain and spinal cord; end result is neural tube which is pseudo stratified neuro-epithelium that lines neural canal

90
Q

neural plate

A

formed by thickening of ectoderm that overlies notocord

91
Q

neural groove

A

formed by invagination fo neural plate

92
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hind brain= fusion of tissues at junction of neural and non-neural ectoderm fuse starting here

93
Q

neuropores

A

r and cd extent neural tube= last regions of tube to close

94
Q

somites

A

mesenchymal cells derived from somites migrate D and V to neural tube btwn neural tube and overlying ectoderm -> meninges, skull, and vertebrea overlying CNS

95
Q

calvaria

96
Q

vertebral arch

A

posterior pt of vertebrea

97
Q

meninges

A

CT surrounding brain, spinal cord, these include Pia matter, arachnoid, and dura matter

98
Q

myloschisis

A

cleft in spinal cord bc incomplete closure neural tube -> exposure neural tube -> spinal cord degeneration -> abnormal spinal cord development -> vertebral arches failing to form -> spina bifida

99
Q

rachisys

A

spina bifida overlying large area

100
Q

meningocele, meningomyelocele, menigoencephalocele

A

cyst like protrusion of meningess, meninges and spinal cord nervous tissue or meninges and brain tissue b/c deffect in vertebral column or calvaria

101
Q

spina bifada

A

defective closure of vertebral arch

102
Q

cranioschisis

A

defective closure of calvaria -> meninges, braincase, and skin can’t form b/c neural tube doesn’t close -> lumen of ventricle exposed in failure rostral neural tube closure -> cranioschisis; can be caused by menigiocele/ meningioencephalocele (protruding mass of brain/ meninges prevents normal calvaria formation)

103
Q

schisis

104
Q

myelo

A

spinal cord

105
Q

cele

106
Q

encephalo

A

brain tissue

107
Q

cranio

108
Q

neural tube closure

A

begins at level of rhombencephalon, proceeds rostrally to idly, regions of neural tube changing shape to reflect brain regions they’ll develop into as regions in neural tube close

109
Q

neural crest cells

A

migrate D -> V-lat; form segmental clusters cells D-lat to NT -> DRG

  • 1 process grows to periphery w/ dendritic zone for sensory info from somatic or visceral tissues
  • other processes grow centrally -> DR, synapse at DH
  • proximal regions of central and peripheral processes fuse -> pseudo unipolar neuron
110
Q

NCC migration

A

NCC may migrate -> contribution to PNS neurons in sensory and autonomic ganglia enter NS

111
Q

germinal neuroepithelium

A

-> neurons, ependymal cells, and most of glial cells of CNS; remain adjacent to neural canal as development proceeds; increase in # leads to increased size neural tube and canal

112
Q

where to ependymal cells come from

A

cells left from germinal neuroepithelium post development -> ependymal cells = will line ventricles and central canal= fluid filled spaces located w. in NT of CNS; some cells adjacent to ventricles can generate new neurons into late adulthood

113
Q

germinal cells

A

differentiate into neuronal and glial cell precursors

114
Q

grey matter

A

neurons and glial cells develop into this

115
Q

D and V to neural canal, walls of neural tube

A

are thin, these cells -> choroid plexus, floor plate, roof plate

116
Q

floorplate

A

germinal/ ependymal cells at ventral aspect of NT

117
Q

roofplate

A

germinal/ ependymal cells at dorsal aspect of NT

118
Q

sulcus limitans

A

longitudinal groove in lateral wall neural canal -> division grey matter of cd brain and spinal cord into D and V regions

119
Q

alar plate

A

D to sulcus limitans; neurons involved in sensory processing

120
Q

basal plate

A

V to sulcus limitans; many neurons in this region develop into LMN

121
Q

VE neurons

A

formed by neurons at junction of alar and basal plates

122
Q

white matter

A

developing neurons in grey matter send out axonal processes forming white matter; axons connect to CNS via rostral or cd projection; axons developing motor neurons may leave CNS forming VRs and CNs

123
Q

central process from pseudounipolar neurons in DR and CN sensory ganglia ->

A

sensory neurons in DH -> contribution to white matter

124
Q

ventricle

A

fluid filled spaces developed from neural canal and lined by ependymal cells in brain

125
Q

central canal

A

fluid filled spaces developed from neural canal and lined by ependymal cells surrounded by spinal cord

126
Q

choroid plexus

A

ventricular system and central canal of spina cord resulting from 5 brain divisions filled with CSF that is produced by choroid plexsus

127
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

128
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

129
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

130
Q

Prosecencephalon -> vesicle -> ventricle

A

telencephalon -> lateral ventricle

diencephalon -> 3rd ventricle

131
Q

mesencephalon -> vesicle -> ventricle

A

mesencephalon -> mesencephalic aquaduct

132
Q

rhombencencephalon -> vesicle -> ventricle

A

metencephalon -> rostral 4th ventricle

Myelencephalon -> cd 4th ventricle

133
Q

telencephalon components

A

neocortex, archiocortex, paleocortex, basal nuclei

134
Q

diencephalon components

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus

135
Q

mesencephalon components

A

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles

136
Q

metencephalon components

A

pons (v metencephalon), cerebellum

137
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongotta

138
Q

dorsal horn

A

somatic sensory and visceral sensory (afferent)

139
Q

ventral horn

A

visceral motor and somatic motor (efferent)

140
Q

VE

A

in intermediate grey along w/ interneurons

141
Q

LH

A

in thoracic and lumbar regions (symp VE neurons) = in intermediate grey

142
Q

forebrain fxs

A 
forebrain= prosencephalon= telenephalon and diencephalon
fxs: 
concious awareness
learning
decision making
complex motor behavior
143
Q

forebrain lesion manifestations

A
  • deficits in concious perception (ex. nasal analgesia)
  • behavioral abnromalities
  • specific motor abnormalities (ie postural rxn deficits, complex gate manuvers)
  • mention (dull change personality)
  • seizures
  • wide circling/ wandering/ drifting
144
Q

forebrain lesions representation

A

contralateral

145
Q

cd brainstem fx

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

  • Fx of CNs III-X and XII b/c nuclei for these located here
  • generation fo gate
  • control of vital fxs (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure)
  • controls arousal and consiousness
  • motor and sensory pathways traveling btwn spinal cord and cerebrum like those involved in postural runs and conscious perception of stimuli must pass through
146
Q

cd brainstem lesions representation

A

ipsilateral

147
Q

cd brainstem lesions manifestations

A
  • lack of consciousness/ unconciousness
  • CN deficits (III-X and XII) ex. drooping ear, ptosis
  • lack vital fxs
148
Q

cerebellum representation

A

ipsilateral

149
Q

cerebellum fx

A

90% matter in animals

- motor coordination, vestibular fx

150
Q

cerebellar lesion manifestations

A
  • generally NOT depressed or cognitively impaired NOT weak
  • ataxia
  • intention tremors (head approaches target and oscillates bc cerebellum plays role in motor skills)
  • hypermetria (exaggerated movements)
  • +/- vestibular dysfunction

Neuro Anatomy (17 decks)

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