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BRS > week 7 lecture 4 > Flashcards

week 7 lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the function of the kidney?

A

excretion-metabolic products and foreign substances urea, uric acid and creatinine or drugs
regulation- body fluids, electrolytes and acid-base substance
control- blood pressure
secretion- hormones-erythropoietin and renin

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2
Q

anatomical structure of kidney

A

slide 6

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3
Q

blood supply to the kidney

A

renal artery- segmental artery- interlobar artery- arcrutae artery- interlobular artery- afferent arteriole- glomerular capillaries- efferent arterioles- peri tubular capillaries- interlobular veins- actuate veins- interloper veins- renal veins

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4
Q

anatomical differences between the male and female bladder and urethra

A

detrusor, trigone, internal sphincters, external sphincters,

bulbousurethra gland

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5
Q

function of detrusor muscle

A

allows pressure build up to signals the brain to urinate

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6
Q

function of trigone

A

stretch to limit of expansion that signals the brain to urinate

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7
Q

function of internal sphincters

A

allows involuntary control to prevent urination

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8
Q

function of external sphincters

A

voluntary control that prevent urination

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9
Q

function of bulbourethral gland

A

secrete lubricating fluid to the sperm to promote survival

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10
Q

nephron structure

A

glomerulus-bowman capsule-PCT- descending and ascending loop of Henle- DCT and collecting duct

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11
Q

cell types and location in the kidney and which are rich in mitochondria

A

epithelial cells in PCT and Loop- rich in mitochondria
principal cell- low in mitochondria
intercalated cell- rich in mitochondria

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12
Q

types of nephron, their features and ratio of occurence

A

superficial nephron and juxtamedullary

occurrence is 10:1 ration

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13
Q

why cortex granular while medulla striated

A

close packing of the glomerulus in the superficial nephron makes it have a granular appearance

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14
Q

constituents of juxtaglomerular apparatus and function

A

juxtaglomerular cells- regulates the blood pressure by secreting renin
macula Densa-GFR regulation through tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism
extraglomerular messangial cells

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15
Q

glomerular filtration features adaptations

A

presence of fenestration, basal membrane, slit and slit diaphragm

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16
Q

diameter of the slit diaphragm

A

70nm

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17
Q

mechanism of glomerular filtration pressures

A

hydrostatic pressure from the aorta forces the plasma fluid out against the oncotic pressure and the hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman’s Capsule fluid

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18
Q

how to calculate the net ultrafiltration pressure

A

net ultrafiltration pressure= pressure glomerulus- oncotic glomerulus - hydrostatic bowman

19
Q

what is the GFR?

how to calculate GFR

A

Glomerulus filtration rate-meaning the amount of filtrate passing from the glomerulus to the bowman capsule per unit time
GFR= pressure net ultra-filtration x constant Kf
affected by surface area and membrane permeability

20
Q

values of GFR for healthy male and female

A

90-140 mL/min in males and 80-125mL/min in females

21
Q

causes of a fall in GFR

A

renal disease with build up of excretory products

22
Q

how is the GFR regulated

A

myogenic mechanism- increase vessel resistance in response to increase BP in arteriole and tubule-glomerular feedback mechanism- decrease ATP and adenosine discharged in response to macula densa

23
Q

what’s renal clearance? and how to calculate it

A

amount of plasma that is completely cleared of a particular substance per unit time
conc. in urine x urine flowrate over conc. in plasma

24
Q

what does freely filtered means?

A

same concentration of substance passing through the blood and the bowman capsule as filtration process

25
Q

how to calculate GFR for freely filtered molecule

A

measuring the renal clearance of the melecule

26
Q

what molecule used for free filtration

which one is most commonly used

A

inulin and creatinine
creatinine is most commonly used as the inulin is not found in mammals and therefore should be infused, meaning it is short-lived

27
Q

what assumption is made when using creatinine?

A

muscle mass is unchanged and therefore secretion is constant

the amount of creatinine secreted into the PCT is negligible

28
Q

what is indicated by low renal clearance of creatinine or high plasma creatinine

A

renal failure

29
Q

why is creatinine not a perfect molecule

A

small amount secreted into the nephron

30
Q

what happens if total amount of a substance entering the kidney equals amount excreted

A

renal clearance is equal to the RPF

31
Q

explain the secretion and reabsorption in the renal tubule

A

draw diagram

32
Q

explain how creatinine works for GFR determination

A

amount renal clearance since the creatinine is freely filtered, having the same concentration as the plasma

33
Q

how to determine renal plasma flow

A

amount of plasma going into the kidney

total amount entering kidney equals excretion, then renal clearance is equal to RPF, using PAH

34
Q

how does PAH works?

A

PAH is completely removed from the plasma by filtration and secretion

35
Q

what is filtration fraction? How to interpret the results and the formula

A

ratio of the GFR to the RPF, aka amount filtered from the plasma that ends up in the bowman capsule

36
Q

transport mechanism in renal tubules for passive and active transport

A

passive- diffusion, osmoses and electrical gradient
active- primary and secondary
primary active-active transport through pumps or endocytosis
secondary active- solute movement along electrochemical gradient move other solute along
symport and antiport

37
Q

transport pathways

A

transcellular and paracellular

38
Q

what happens in the PCT

A

reabsorption of Na+ and HCO3- using carbonic anhydrase
angiotensin II effect on Na+-H+ antiport number
glucose symport reabsorption
NaCl and water-67%
glucose-100%
urea 50%

39
Q

describe the reabsorption in the loop of Henle

A

15% in descending loop and 25% NaCl in ascending

40
Q

describe the reabsorption in the DCT

A

NaCl reabsorption and active Ca2+ reabsorption

41
Q

describe the reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct

A

principal cells and intercalated cells functions

42
Q

participating pressures in glomerular filtration

A

blood- hydrostatic and oncotic

interstitial fluid- hydrostatic and oncotic

43
Q

principal cells control

A

Na+ and K+ reabsorption in response to aldosterone and ADH
aldosterone-regulation of Na+ reabsorption through apical Na+ channel and basolateral Na+-K+ ATPase pumps
ADH- increase apical aquaporins to control water reabsorption

44
Q

intercalated cells

A

maintain acid base balance
alpha-intercalated cells-HCO3- reabsorption and H+ secretion
Beta intercalated cells- HCO- secretion and H+ reabsorption

BRS (28 decks)

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