week 3-L5 glucose homeostasis

Question 1

range for hypoglycaemia

Answer 1

below 4-5 mmol/L

Question 2

blood glucose concentration < 2mmol/L

Answer 2

unconsciousness, coma and death

Question 3

glucose regulation

Answer 3

increase in blood glucose- insulin secretion

decrease in blood glucose-glucagon, cortisol, GH and catecholamines

Question 4

pancreas gland

Answer 4

retroperitoneal structure

Question 5

pancreas exocrine secretion

Answer 5

exocrine acinar cells

Question 6

pancreas endocrine secretion

Answer 6

Islets of Langerhans

Question 7

alpha-cells secretion

Answer 7

Glucagon

Question 8

B-cells secretion

Answer 8

Insulin

Question 9

Gamma cells secretion

Answer 9

somatostatin

Question 10

types of communication between cells of pancreas

Answer 10

paracine communication by tight junction and gap junction

Question 11

Glucokinase

Answer 11

main glucose sensor-rate limiting step-that acts on the glucose transported on GLUT2 protein which is not insulin sensitive

Question 12

pro-insulin cleavage

Answer 12

C-peptide used to determine insulin level as more stable product and insulin

Question 13

incretin effect

Answer 13

increase in insulin level from oral intake vs IV of glucose

Question 14

GLP-1 aka glucagon-like peptide-1

Answer 14

Gut hormone secreted in response to nutrients in gut
transcription from pro-glucagon gene, L-cells
stimulates insulin and suppress glucagon
increase satiety and used in DM treatment, incretin effect

Question 15

difference first phase insulin response between T2DM and normal

Answer 15

normal peak insulin after glucose intake followed by steep decrease
T2DM slow increase followed by slow decrease as insulin has to be made fresh

Question 16

insulin receptor

Answer 16

insulin domain: extracellular-alpha and intracellular-beta subunit
insulin binds to alpha subunit- conformational change of beta subunit tyrosine kinase domains