Week 3-L3-adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal gland found

A

above the kidney

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2
Q

adrenal gland blood supply

A

many arterial supply but only single venous drainage

right adrenal vein drains into the IVC but left adrenal vein drains into renal vein

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3
Q

draw gross anatomy of the adrenal gland

A

top->liver and spleen
middle adrenal glands and arterial supply
bottom kidney arterial and venous supply
across IVC and aorta

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4
Q

micro anatomy of adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

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5
Q

adrenal cortex made up of

A

Zona glomerulosa, fasciculate and reticularis

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6
Q

adrenal cortex secretion

A

corticosteriods e.g.cortisol

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7
Q

adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines e.g. adrenaline

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8
Q

corticosteroids

A

mineralocorticoids-aldosterone, glucocorticoids-cortisol, sex steroids-androgen and oestrogen

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9
Q

catecholamines

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline and dopamine

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10
Q

aldosterone secretion

A

zona glomerulosa

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11
Q

cortisol androgen and oestrogen secretion

A

zona fasciculata and reticularis

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12
Q

adrenal cortex micro anatomy

A

capsule, zona glomerulosa, fasciculata. reticularis and medulla where hormones are transported to the central vein to the blood stream

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13
Q

what is a steroid

A

derived from cholesterol

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14
Q

adrenal gland secretions precursor

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

is adrenaline a steroid

A

no because it is not a cholesterol derived product

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16
Q

number of carbon atoms in a cholesterol molecule

A

27

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17
Q

enzyme definition

A

protein that catalyses a specific reaction

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18
Q

enzyme involved with cholesterol->progesterone and which type of reaction

A

side chain cleavage to pregnenolone and 3-betahydroxy steroid dehydrogenase
oxidation reaction

19
Q

progesterone to mineralocorticoids

A

21->11 ->18 hydroxylase

20
Q

progesterone to glucocorticoids

A

17->21->11 hydroxylase

21
Q

aldosterone mechanism of action

A

stimulate Na+ reabsorption in the DCT, salt reabsorption
stimulates K+ and hydrogen secretion in DCT
increase in Na+ causes reabsorption of water and increase blood pressure while increasing the blood pH more alkaline

22
Q

aldosterone regulation

A

juxtaglomerular apparatur JGA- detects drop in BP aka decreased renal perfusion pressure and increase renal sympathetic activity. renin increase secretion in response to drop in blood pressure

23
Q

aldosterone function

A

controls blood pressure, control sodium levels and lowers potassium

24
Q

how is cortisol level regulated

A

by pituitary gland

25
Q

effects of cortisol

A

normal stress response hormone
metabolic effects-peripheral protein catabolism, hepatic glucogenesis, incr blood glucose concentration, fat metabolism andhance effects of glucagon and catecholamines
weak mineralocorticoids effects
renal and cardiovascular effects-excretion of water load and incr vascular permeability

26
Q

when is cortisol level highest? lowest and how does it vary?

A

8am or early morning and lowest midnight and decrease during the day

27
Q

what kind of rhythm does cortisol follow

A

circadian rhythm

28
Q

Addison’s disease

A

primary adrenal failure - do not produce enough steroid hormone
autoimmune disease where the immune system destroy the adrenal cortex
tuberculosis of adrenal gland most common cause
pituitary gland incr ACTH and hence MSH

29
Q

Addison disease symptoms

A

low blood pressure weakness weight loss vertigo skin and good tan, hyperpigmentation, gastrointestinal nausea

30
Q

Addison disease tan cause

A

pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) large precursor protein which forms ACTH and MSH. Addison disease cause incr in ACTH and therefore MSH which cause tanning

31
Q

Addison disease tan cause

A

pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) large precursor protein which forms ACTH and MSH. Addison disease cause incr in ACTH and therefore MSH which cause tanning by melanocyte production

32
Q

Addison disease low blood pressure cause

A

absence of cortisol or aldosterone

33
Q

effects of Addison disease

A
cortisol deficiency,
aldosterone deficiency,
salt loss,
low blood pressure,
eventual death
34
Q

treatment of Addisonian crisis

A

rehydrate normal saline level
give dextrose for hypoglycaemia-glucocorticoid deficiency
hydrocortisone or another corticoid

35
Q

Cushing syndrome principle

A

excessive cortisol or glucocorticoid

36
Q

Cushing syndrome causes

A

steroid oral intake,
pituitary dependent oedema
ectopic ACTH- lung cancer
adrenal adenoma/carcinoma

37
Q

too much cortisol cause

A

excess cortisol-tumour of adrenal

excess ACTH-tumour of pituitary

38
Q

Cushing syndrome clinical signs

A

purple striation, moon face, thin skin, proximal myopathy centripetal obesity, diabetes, hypertension and and osteoporosis, immunosuppression

39
Q

medulla derived frm

A

ectodermal neural crest

40
Q

adrenaline and NA synthesis precursors

A

tyrosine

41
Q

catecholamines storage and release

A

cytoplasmic granules and released with Ash response

sympathetic neurones

42
Q

roles of catecholamines

A

fight or flight response

incr cardio rate, sweating, inr blood glucose, alertness and vasoconstriction

43
Q

NA and adrenaline bound to

A

albumin

44
Q

NA and adrenaline degraded by

A

hepatic enzymes monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase