W6-L2 control of lung function

Question 1

what are the Medulla oblongata control centres

Answer 1

Dorsal and ventral inspiratory groups

apneustic and pneumotaxic centres

Question 2

Dorsal inspiratory group

Answer 2

control for inspiration and sets the rate

Question 3

Ventral inspiratory group

Answer 3

control for expiration, inhibiting apneustic and inactive during quiet breathing

Question 4

apneustic centre

Answer 4

stimulates the dorsal respiratory group activity

inhibited by pulmonary afferents

Question 5

pneumotaxic centre

Answer 5

inhibit the DRG

regulating depth and frequency of breathing

Question 6

draw a graph to show apneustic and pneumotaxic centres coordination

Answer 6

linear incr with apneustic

drop at pneumataxic and flat during no activity

Question 7

what are the innervation of the respiratory muscles

Answer 7

parasympathetic- vagus nerve
sympathetic- spinal cord
motor- intercostal nerves

Question 8

types of capillaries present in the Blood brain barrier

Answer 8

hight junction not allowing fluid through

Question 9

describe the chemosensitivity of the medulla

Answer 9

ions cannot pass through the blood brain barrier but CO2 can increasing acidity by dissociation with water and sensed by projections medulla

Question 10

pulmonary afferents affecting ventillation

Answer 10

irritant receptor-embedded within epithelium epithelium leading to cough, high velocity expulsion of air

stretch receptors- activated by excessive stretching of lungs, afferent signals to respiration centres: inhibit DRG and apneustic centre and stimulate pneumotaxic VRG
inspiration inhibited and expiration stimulated

J-receptors- oedema and pulmonary capillary engorgement sensitive, stimulating increase in breathing frequency

Question 11

describe what happens pass the CO2 threshold for brething

Answer 11

struggle phase starts where the is an increase drive for breathing

Question 12

describe what happens pass the O2 threshold for black out

Answer 12

too little oxygen level present within the body resulting in fainting

Question 13

chloride shift

Answer 13

negative charged chloride ions enter the RBC to maintain the resting membrane potential through the AE1 transporter

Question 14

how to calculate pH

Answer 14

negative log to base 10 concentration H+

Question 15

alkalaemia

Answer 15

higher than normal pH of blood

Question 16

acidaemia

Answer 16

lower than normal pH of blood

Question 17

alkalosis

Answer 17

circumstance that will cause an increase in the pH by decreasing the H+ concentration

Question 18

acidosis

Answer 18

circumstance that will cause an idecrease in the pH by increase the H+ concentration

Question 19

Acid-base homeostasis

Answer 19

Ventilation- changes stimulate RAPID compensatory effect
changing CO2 conc and affecting pH
Kidneys- HCO3- and H+ changes in concentration SLOW compensatory effect to adjust pH

Question 20

peripheral chemo receptors

Answer 20

FOUND in aortic arch- carotic bodies and aortic bodies

Question 21

draw a flow rate-time and volume-time graph for normal breathing, laughing, coughing, talking and yawning

Answer 21

refer to notes slide 20

Question 22

breathing during exercise

Answer 22

efferents from primary motor cortex innervates the gross skeletal musculature to medulla
proprioceptive receptors afferent from muscles
spindle Golgi tendons organs innervate the medulla on the way to brain

Question 23

skins and breathing

Answer 23

immersion into cold water <10 degree Celsius causes hyperventilation aka inspiratory grasp and feedback to medulla

Question 24

describe hyperventilation

Answer 24

refer to notes

Question 25

describe hypoventilation

Answer 25

refer to notes

Question 26

describe diarrhoea

Answer 26

refer to notes

Question 27

describe vomiting

Answer 27

refer to notes