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A&P > Week 7-Articulations > Flashcards

Week 7-Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Joint aka articulation

A

-place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth
-bones articulate with each other at a joint

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

scientific study of joints

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3
Q

Classification of Joints

A

-classified by structural and functional characteristics
1) Fibrous joint
2) Cartilaginous joint
3) Synovial joint

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4
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Structural characteristics: no joint cavity and holds bones together with dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue

Structural categories: gomphosis, suture, syndesmosis

Functional classification: synarthrosis (immobile) or amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile)

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5
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Structural characteristics: no joint cavity and pad of cartilage wedged between ends of bones

Structural categories: synchondrosis, symphysis

Functional classification: synarthrosis (immobile) or amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile)

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6
Q

Synovial joint

A

Structural characteristics: joint cavity filled with lubricating fluid that seperates articulating surfaces of bones, articulating surfaces are enclosed with connective tissue capsule, and bones attached to each other by ligaments

Structural categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket

Functional classification: diarthrosis (freely mobile)

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7
Q

Synarthrosis

A

-Immobile joint
-2 types of fibrous and 1 type of cartilaginous

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8
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

-Slightly mobile joint
-1 type of fibrous and 1 type of cartilaginous

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9
Q

Diarthrosis

A

-Freely mobile joint
-all synovial joints

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10
Q

Function of fibrous joints

A

Hold 2 bones together

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11
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A

-articulations of teeth in their sockets
-sutures between skull bones
-articulations between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula

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12
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

1) Gomphoses
2) Sutures
3) Synesmoses

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13
Q

Gomphosis

A

-resembles peg in a socket
-only found as articulations of roots of individual teeth with alveolar processes of mandible and maxillae
-tooth is held firmly in place by fibrous periodontal membranes
-synarthrosis (immobile)

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14
Q

Sutures

A

-fibrous joints found between certain skull bones
-synarthroses (immobile joints)
-have distinct interlocking, usually irregular edges that increase their stability and decrease number of fractures at these articulations
-permit skull to grow as brain increases in size during childhood
-sutures become ossified in adulthood, fusing skull bones (fully fused sutures= synostoses)

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15
Q

Syndesmoses

A

-fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long stands of dense regular connective tissue only
-allow for slight mobility (amphiarthroses)
-found between radius and ulna and between tibia and fibula
-shaft of 2 bones bound by interosseous membrane (provides pivot where 2 bones can move relative to one another)

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16
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A

1) Synchondroses
2) Symphyses

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17
Q

Synchondroses

A

-articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
-synarthroses (immobile)

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18
Q

Examples of synchondroses

A

-hyaline cartilage of epiphyseal plates in children bind epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones
-spheno-occipital synchondrosis between body of sphenoid and basilar part of occipital bone
-costochondral joint (between each bony rib and its respective costal cartilage)
-first sternocostal joint (attachment of first rib to manubrium of sternum by costal cartilage, provides stability to rib cage)

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19
Q

Symphysis

A

-has pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones
-amphiarthroses (slight mobility)

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20
Q

Examples of symphyses

A

-Pubic symphysis: between right and left pubic bones
-Intervertebral joints: bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both separated and united by intervertebral discs

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21
Q

Synovial joint anatomy

A

-articular capsule
-joint cavity
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-ligaments
-nerves
-blood vessels
-accessory structures: bursae and fat pads

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22
Q

Articular capsule

A

-double layered capsule
-outer layer= fibrous layer
-inner layer= synovial membrane

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23
Q

Fibrous layer

A

-formed from dense connective tissue
-strengthens joint to prevent bones from being pulled apart

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24
Q

Synovial membrane

A

-specialized type of connective tissue that contains cells which help produce and secrete synovial fluid
-covers all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
-lines articular capsule

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25
Q

Articular cartilage

A

-thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articulating surfaces of bones
-lacks perichondrium
-avascular (no blood vessels to bring nutrients to or remove wastes from) therefore compression and expansion that occurs during exercise is vital to maintaining this because this action enhances obtaining nutrients and removing waste

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26
Q

Functions of articular cartilage

A

-reduce friction in joint during movement
-acts as cushion to absorb compression placed on joint
-prevents damage to articulating ends of the bones

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27
Q

Joint cavity

A

-Space that permits separation of articulating bones
-articular cartilage and synovial fluid within cavity reduce friction as bones move at synovial joint

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28
Q

Synovial fluid

A

-viscous, oily substance located within synovial joint
-product of both synovial membrane cells and filtrate formed from blood plasma

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29
Q

Functions of Synovial Fluid

A

1) Lubricates: lubricates articular cartilage in surface of articulating bones
2) Nourishes chondrocytes:
-must be circulated continually to provide nutrients to
and remove wastes from articular cartilage’s
chondrocytes
-compression and re expansion of articular cartilage
occurs during movement and circulates fluid in and
out of cartilage matrix
3)Acts as shock absorber: distributes stresses and force evenly across articular surface when pressure in joint suddenly increases

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30
Q

Ligaments

A

-composed of dense regular connective tissue
-connect bone to bone
-stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints

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31
Q

Intrinsic ligaments

A

-thickening of articular capsule
-include extracapsular ligaments outside articular capsule and intracapsular ligaments within capsule

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32
Q

Extrinsic ligaments

A

outside of and physically separate from articular capsule

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33
Q

Blood vessels

A

all synovial joints have numerous blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to tissue and to remove wastes

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34
Q

Sensory receptors

A

-innervate articular capsule and associated ligaments
-include proprioceptors that detect movement, stretch, and positioning of joint (detect change in posture and adjust body movements through nervous system)
-nociceptors detect painful stimuli in joint (detect possible injury to joint)

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35
Q

Tendons

A

-attach muscle to bone
-dense regular connective tissue
-not actually part of synovial joint itself
-when muscle contracts, tendon from that muscle moves the bone it’s attached to, causing movement at joint
-help stabilize joint because they pass across and around a joint to provide mechanical support
-sometimes limit range or amount of movement permitted at joint

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36
Q

Bursa

A

-fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined internally by a synovial membrane
-numerous in body
-associated with most synovial joints
-where bones, ligaments, muscles, skins, or tendons overlie each other and rub together
-may be connected to joint cavity or completely separate
-alleviate friction resulting from various body movements such as where a tendon or ligament ribs against bone

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37
Q

Tendon sheath

A

-type of elongated bursa
-wraps around tendon where there may be excessive friction
-especially common in confined spaces of wrist and ankle

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38
Q

Fat pads

A

-often distributed along periphery of synovial joint
-act as packing material and provide some protection for joint
-often fill spaces that form when bones move and joint cavity changes shape

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39
Q

Movement of bone at synovial joint

A

1) Uniaxial: bone moves in just one plane or axis
2) Biaxial: bone moves in 2 planes or axes
3) Multiaxial or triaxial: bones moves in multiple planes or axes

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40
Q

6 Types of Synovial Joints

A

1) Plane joints
2) Hinge joints
3) Pivot joints
4) Condylar joints
5) Saddle joints
6) Ball-and-socket joints

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41
Q

Plane joint

A

-aka planar or gliding joint
-simplest synovial articulation and least mobile type of diarthrosis
-uniaxial
-allows only for limited side to side movements in a single plane
-articular surfaces of bones are flat or planar
-examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints

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42
Q

Hinge joint

A

-formed by convex surface of one bone fitting into concave depression on other bone in joint
-uniaxial
-movement similar to hinge of a door
-examples: elbow joint (trochlear notch of ulna fits directly into trochlea of humerus so forearm can only be moved anteriorly toward the arm or posteriorly away from arm), knee joint, and interphalangeal joints

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43
Q

Pivot joint

A

-uniaxial
-one bone with rounded surface fits into ring formed by ligament or another bone
-first bone rotates on longitudinal axis relative to second bone
-examples: proximal radioulnar joint (rounded head of radius pivots along ulna and permits radius to rotate) and atlantoaxial joint(between atlas and axis, rounded dens of axis fits snugly against articular facet on anterior arch of atlas, allows you to shake head “no”)

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44
Q

Condylar joint

A

-biaxial
-oval, convex surface on one bone articulates with concave articular surface of another bone of joint
-example: metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) of finger 2-5 (can flex and extend, and move fingers apart and closer together)

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45
Q

Saddle joint

A

-bones have convex and concave regions that resemble shape of a saddle
-biaxial
-allows greater range of movement than condylar or hinge joints
-example: carpometacarpal joint of thumb(between trapezium and 1st metacarpal, permits thumb to move toward other finger so we can grasp objects)

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46
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

-multiaxial (permits movement in 3 planes)
-spherical head of one bone fits into rounded, cuplike socket of 2nd bone
-examples: coxal (hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder) joints

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47
Q

Gliding

A

-Simple movement in which 2 opposing surfaces slide slightly back and forth or side to side with respect to one another in any direction
-angle between bones does not change
-occurs along plane joints

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48
Q

Angular motion

A

-increases or decreases angle between 2 bones
-occurs at many synovial joints
-includes: flexion and extension, lateral flexion, abduction and adduction, and circumduction

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49
Q

Flexion

A

-movement in anterior-posterior plane of body that decreases the angle between bones
-bones are brought closer together as angle between them decreases
-bending fingers toward palm, bending of forearm toward arm at elbow, flexion at shoulder when arm is raised anteriorly, and looking down at your feet

50
Q

Extension

A

-movement on anterior-posterior plane of body that increases angle between bones
-straightening actions
-straightening fingers after making fist, straightening forearm after bending toward forearm

51
Q

Hyperextension

A

-extension of joint beyond its normal range of motion
-may occur if someone has extensively mobile joints or injury at that joint

52
Q

Lateral flexion

A

-occurs when trunk of body moves in coronal plane laterally away from body
-occurs primarily between vertebrae in cervical and lumbar regions of vertebral column

53
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movement of body part away from midline

54
Q

Adduction

A

Medial movement of body part toward midline

55
Q

Circumduction

A

Proximal end of appendage remains relatively stationary while distal end makes a circular motion

56
Q

Rotation

A

-pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis
-limb rotations include lateral and medial rotations

57
Q

Protonation

A

-medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly
-radius and ulna are crossed to form a X

58
Q

Supination

A

-forearm rotates laterally so that palm faces anteriorly or posteriorly
-forearm is supinated in anatomic position

59
Q

Depression

A

-Inferior movement of body part
-Opening mouth to chew food and moving shoulders in inferior direction

60
Q

Elevation

A

-Superior movement of body part
-Closing mouth and shrugging your shoulders

61
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

-limited to ankle joint
-occurs when talocrural (ankle) joint is bent such that the dorsum (superior surface) and toes move toward leg

62
Q

Plantar flexion

A

-limited to ankle joint
-movement of foot at talocrural joint so that toes point inferiorly

63
Q

Eversion

A

-occurs only at intertarsal joints
-sole of foot turns to face laterally or outward

64
Q

Inversion

A

-occurs only at intertarsal joints
-sole of foot turns medially or inward

65
Q

Protraction

A

-anterior movement of body part from anatomic position
-example: jutting your jaw out

66
Q

Retraction

A

-posteriorly directed movement of body part from anatomic position

67
Q

Opposition

A

-thumb moves toward palmar tips of fingers as it crosses palm of hand
-enables hand to grasp objects

68
Q

Reposition

A

Opposite movement of opposition

69
Q

Axial Skeleton Joints

A

-Suture
-Temporomandibular joint
-Atlanto-occipital joint
-Atlantoaxial joint
-Intervertebral joint
-Vertebrocostal joint
-Lumbosacral joint
-Sternocostal joint

70
Q

Anatomy of Temporomandibular joint

A

Articular capsule: surrounds joint and promotes extensive range of motion
Articular disc: thick pad of fibrocartilage separating articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide synovial cavity into 2 chambers (TMJ is really 2 synovial joints)
Supported by several ligaments:
-Sphenomandibular ligament: thin band that extends
anteriorly and inferiorly from sphenoid to medial
surface of mandibular ramus
-Temporomandibular ligament: 2 short bands that
extend inferiorly and posteriorly from articular tubercle
of temporal bone to mandible

71
Q

Articulation Components of TMJ

A

-head of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
-head of mandible and articular tubercle of temporal bone

72
Q

Structural Classification of TMJ

A

Synovial (hinge, plane) joints

73
Q

Functional Classification of TMJ

A

Diarthrosis

74
Q

Movement of TMJ

A

Depression, elevation, lateral displacement, protraction, retraction, slight rotation of mandible

75
Q

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb Joints

A

-Sternoclavicular joint
-Acromioclavicular joint
-Glenohumeral joint
-Elbow joint
-Radioulnar joint
-Radiocarpal joint
-Intercarpal joint
-Carpometacarpal joint
-Metacarpophalangeal joint
-Interphalangeal joint

76
Q

Joints Associated with Movement of Shoulder

A

Sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joint

77
Q

Anatomy of Sternoclavicular Joint

A

-Saddle joint
Articular disc: fibrocartilaginous disc partitions joint into 2 parts and forms 2 seperate synovial cavities, allowing for wide range of movement
-support and stability provided to this joint by fibers of articular capsule and by multiple extracapsular ligaments

78
Q

Articulation Components of Sternoclavicular Joint

A

Manubrium of sternum and sternal end of clavicle

79
Q

Structural Classification of Sternoclavicular Joint

A

Synovial (Saddle)

80
Q

Functional Classification of Sternoclavicular Joint

A

Diarthrosis

81
Q

Movement of Sternoclavicular Joint

A

Depression, elevation, and circumduction of clavicle

82
Q

Anatomy of Acromioclavicular Joint

A

-Plane joint
-fibrocartilaginous articular disc lies within joint cavity between scapula and clavicle
-works with other shoulder joints to give upper limb full range of motion
Ligaments provide stability:
-articular capsule is strengthened superiorly by acromioclavicular ligament
-coracoclavicular ligament binds clavicle to coracoid process of scapula

83
Q

Articulation Components of Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle

84
Q

Structural Classification of Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Synovial (Plane)

85
Q

Functional Classification of Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Diarthrosis

86
Q

Movement of Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Gliding of scapula on clavicle

87
Q

Anatomy of Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

A

-Ball and socket joint
-Permits greatest range of motion of any joint in the body (most unstable and frequently dislocated)
-Glenoid labrum: encircles and covers surface of glenoid cavity
-loose articular capsule attaches to surgical neck of humerus
-ligaments provide little support
-most of it’s strength comes from rotator cuff muscles surrounding it
-bursa decrease friction at specific places on shoulder where tendons and large muscles extend across articular capsule

88
Q

Ligaments of Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

A

1) Coracoacromial ligament: between coracoid process and acromion
2) Coracohumeral ligament: thickening of superior part of articular capsule, extends from coracoid process to humeral head
3) Glenohumeral ligaments: 3 thickenings of anterior portion of articular capsule, often indistinct or absent and provide little support

89
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

A

-subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
-work as a group to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity
-tendons of these muscles encircle the joint and fuse with articular capsule
-inferior portion of joint lacks support from muscles, making area weak and prone to injury

90
Q

Articulation Components of Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

A

Glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus

91
Q

Structural Classification of Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

A

Synovial (Ball-and-Socket)

92
Q

Functional Classification of Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

A

Diarthrosis

93
Q

Movement of Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

A

Abduction, adduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, lateral rotation, and medial rotation of arm

94
Q

Elbow joint

A

-Hinge joint composed of 2 articulations:
1) Humeroulnar joint
2) Humeroradial joint
-both joints enclosed in single, thick articular capsule
-bony surfaces of humerus and ulna interlock very well, providing solid bony support
-ligaments provide strong support
-very stable but not as mobile as some other joints

95
Q

Ligaments of Elbow Joint

A

Radial Collateral Ligament: responsible for stabilizing joint at lateral surface, extends from lateral epicondyle of humerus to head of radius
Ulnar Collateral Ligament: stabilizes medial side joint, extends from medial epicondyle of humerus to both coronoid process and olecranon of ulna
Anular Ligament: surrounds neck of radius and binds proximal head of radius to ulna, helps hold head of radius in place

96
Q

Articulation Components of Elbow Joint

A

Humeroulnar joint: trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus and head of radius

97
Q

Structural Classification of Elbow Joint

A

Synovial (Hinge)

98
Q

Functional Classification of Elbow Joint

A

Diarthrosis

99
Q

Movement of Elbow Joint

A

Flexion and extension of forearm

100
Q

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Joints

A

-Sacroiliac
-Hip (coxal)
-Pubic symphysis
-Knee
-Tibiofibular
-Talocrural (ankle)
-Intertarsal
-Tarsometatarsal
-Metatarsophalangeal
-Interphalangeal

101
Q

Coxal (Hip) Joint

A

-fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum further deepens this socket
-must be more stable and less mobile because it supports body weight
-secured by strong articular capsule, several ligaments, and a number of powerful muscles
-articular capsule extends from acetabulum to trochanters of femur, enclosing both femoral head and neck
-retinacular fibers reflect(fold over) around neck of femur and provide additional stability to capsule
-retinacular arteries: branches of the deep femoral artery located within retinacular fibers and supply almost all the blood to head and neck of femur

102
Q

Ligaments of Coxal (Hip) Joint

A

Iliofemoral ligament: Y shaped ligament that provides strong reinforcement for anterior region of articular capsule
Ischiofemoral ligament: spiral shaped and posteriorly located
Pubofemoral ligament: triangular thickening of capsule’s inferior region
Ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres): originates along acetabulum, attaches at fovea of head of femur, does not provide stability, contains small artery that supplies head of femur

103
Q

Articulation Components of Coxal (Hip) Joint

A

Head of femur and acetabulum of os coxae

104
Q

Structural Classification of Coxal (Hip) Joint

A

Synovial (Ball-and-socket)

105
Q

Functional Classification of Coxal (Hip) Joint

A

Diarthrosis

106
Q

Movement of Coxal (Hip) Joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation of thigh

107
Q

Knee Joint

A

-largest and most complex diarthrosis in body
Composed of 2 Separate Articulations:
1) Tibiofemoral joint
2) Patellofemoral joint

108
Q

Anatomy of Knee Joint

A

-articular capsule encloses medial, lateral, and posterior regions of knee joint
-quadriceps femoris muscle tendon passes over anterior surface and patella is embedded within tendon
-Patellar ligament: extends beyond the patella and continues to where it attaches on tibial tuberosity of tibia
-no single unified capsule or common joint cavity

109
Q

Collateral Ligaments of Knee Joint

A

-on either side of knee joint and provide stability
Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament: reinforces lateral surface of joint, extends from femur to fibula, and prevents hyperadduction of leg at knee
Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament: reinforces medial surface of joint, runs from femur to tibia, attaches to medial meniscus, and prevents hyperabduction of leg at knee

110
Q

Fibrocartilage Pads of Knee Joint

A

-within joint is pair of C shaped fibrocartilage pads positioned on condyles of tibia
-Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
-partially stabilize joint medially and laterally, act as cushions between articular surfaces, and continuously change shape to conform to articulating surfaces as femur moves

111
Q

Cruciate Ligaments of Knee Joint

A

-deep to articular capsule of joint and limit anterior and posterior movement of femur on tibia
-cross each other in form of an X
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL): extends from posterior femur to anterior side of tibia, prevents hyperextension of leg at knee joint, and prevents tibia from moving too far anteriorly relative to the femur
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): attaches from anteroinferior femur to posterior side of tibia, prevents hyperextension of leg at knee joint, and prevents posterior displacement of tibia relative to femur

112
Q

Articulation Components of Knee Joint

A

Tibiofemoral joint: medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia
Patellofemoral joint: patella and petellar surface of femur

113
Q

Structural Classification of Knee Joint

A

-Synovial
-Hinge at tibiofemoral joint
-Hinge and plane at patellofemoral joint

114
Q

Functional Classification of Knee Joint

A

Diarthrosis

115
Q

Movement of Knee Joint

A

Flexion, extension, lateral rotation of leg in flexed position, slight medial rotation

116
Q

Talocrural (ankle) Joint

A

-includes 2 articulations within one articular capsule
-one articulation is between distal end of tibia and talus
-other articulation between distal end of fibula and lateral aspect of talus
-medial and lateral malleoli of tibia and fibula form extensive medial and lateral margins and prevent talus from sliding side to side

117
Q

Anatomy of Talocrural (Ankle) Joint

A

Articular capsule: covers distal surfaces of tibia, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, and talus
Deltoid (Medial) ligament: binds tibia to foot on media side, prevents overeversion of foot, incredibly strong and rarely tears
Lateral Ligament: much thinner, binds fibula to foot on lateral side, prevents overinversion, prone to sprains and tears
Anterior and posterior ligaments: bind tibia to fibula

118
Q

Articulation Components of Talocrural (Ankle) Joint

A

-Distal end of tibia and medial malleolus of tibia with talus
-Lateral malleolus of fibula and talus

119
Q

Structural Classification of Talocrural (Ankle) Joint

A

Synovial (Hinge)

120
Q

Functional Classification of Talocrural (Ankle) Joint

A

Diarthrosis

121
Q

Movement of Talocrural (Ankle) Joint

A

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot

A&P (13 decks)

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