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A&P > Week 2- Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Week 2- Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

Support, protect, and bind organs

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2
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

-Tendons (attach muscle to bone)
-Ligaments (attach bone to bone)
-Adipose connective tissue
-Cartilage
-Bone
-Blood

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3
Q

Similarities between connective tissues

A

-Share common origin: all derived from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
-Levels of vascularity
-Range of regenerative capacity

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4
Q

3 Basic Components of Connective Tissue

A

1) Cells
2) Protein fibers
3) Ground substance

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5
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Formed from ground substance and protein fibers

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6
Q

Two classes of cells

A

1) Resident cells
2) Wandering cells

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7
Q

Resident cells

A

-Stationary cells that are permanently house within connective tissue
-Support, maintain, and repair extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Types of Resident cells

A

1) Fibroblasts
2) Adipocytes
3) Mesenchymal
4) Fixed macrophages

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9
Q

Fibroblasts

A

-Relatively flat cells with tapered ends
-Most abundant resident cells
-Produce fibers and ground substance components of extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Adipocytes

A

-Appear in small clusters within some types of connective tissue proper
-If large clusters of these cells dominate an area, the tissue is called adipose connective tissue

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11
Q

Mesenchymal

A

-Type of embryonic stem cells
-If tissue becomes damaged, these cells with divide
-One cell that’s produced replaces stem cell and other cell becomes a committed cell that moves into the damaged area and differentiates into type of connective tissue cell that’s needed

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12
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

-Relatively large, irregular shaped cells that are derived from monocytes
-Dispersed throughout the matrix where they phagocytize damaged cells/pathogens
-When they encounter foreign material, release chemicals that stimulate immune system and attract wandering cells to tissue

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13
Q

Wandering cells

A

-Continuously move throughout connective tissue proper
-Components of immune system (primarily types of leukocytes)
-Protect body against harmful agents

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14
Q

Protein fibers

A

-Strengthen and support tissue
Types:
1) Collagen fibers
2) Reticular fibers
3) Elastic fibers

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15
Q

Collagen fibers

A

-Unbranched, cablelike, long protein fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching
-Comprises about 25% of body’s protein
-Appears white in fresh tissue
-Appear pink when tissue is stained with hematoxylin and eosin
-In many structures such as tendons and ligaments

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16
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

-Similar to collagen but much thinner
-Contain same protein subunits found in collagen but they’re combined in a different way
-Fiber form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible
-Abundant in stroma of organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and liver

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17
Q

Elastic FIbers

A

-Contain protein elastin
-Fibers branch and rejoin, appear wavy
-Stretch and recoil easily
-Have yellowish color
-Abundant in skin, arteries, and lungs, to allow them to return to their original shape after being stretched

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18
Q

Ground substance

A

-Molecular (not cellular) material produced by connective tissue cells
-Substance in which connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside
-May be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone)
-Contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water
-Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): polysaccrides that have an attached amino group, have neg charge, hydrophilic; able to attract and absorb water and therefore affect viscosity of ground substance
-Proteoglycan: GAG links to a protein and forms an even larger molecules with the ground substance

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19
Q

Types of Embryonic Connective Tissue

A

1) Mesenchyme
2) Mucous connective tissue

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20
Q

Mesenchyme

A

-First type of connective tissue to emerge in developing embryo
-Cells are dispersed within a gel like ground substance that contains fine, immature protein fibers
-Tissue from which all other connective tissues are formed
-Adult connective tissues house numerous mesenchymal cells that act as stem cells to repair damage or injury

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21
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

-aka Wharton’s jelly
-immature protein fibers that are more numerous than those in mesenchyme
-only located within umbilical cord

22
Q

3 Categories of Connective tisaue

A

1) Connective tissue proper
2) Supporting connective tissue
3) Fluid connective tissue

23
Q

Connective Tissue Proper Groups

A

1) Loose
2) Dense
-grouping is based upon relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance

24
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

-Contains relatively fewer cells and protein fibers than dense connective tissue
-protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged
-abundant viscous ground substance
-acts as body’s packing material by supporting and surrounding structures and organs
-subtypes are well vascularized

25
Q

3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A

1) Areolar
2) Adipose
3) Reticular

26
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

-Unconfined organization of collagen and some elastic fibers
-Highly vascularized
-predominated cell type is fibroblast
-ground substance is abundant and viscous
-present nearly everywhere in the body
-found in skin (papillary layer of dermis and subcutaneous layer that is deep to the skin
-binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue
-protects and surrounds organs, some individual nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels

27
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

-fat tissue
-highly vascularized
-composed primarily of adipocytes
-structure: closely packed adipocytes, nucleus pushed to edge of cell by large fat
droplet, and contains many blood vessels
-2 types: brown and white
-located in subcutaneous layer and surrounding/covering some organs

28
Q

Brown adipose

A

-Found in newborns and designed to generate heat
-lost as we age

29
Q

White adipose

A

-functions as long-term storage (stores triglycerides), insulation, packing around structures, and a cushion against shocks

30
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

-houses leukocytes and some fibroblasts within meshwork of reticular fibers
-forms stroma (structural framework) of many lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow)

31
Q

Stroma

A

Structural framework

32
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

-Composed mostly of protein fibers and less ground substance than loose
-aka collagenous tissue because collagen is dominant tissue type
-3 categories: dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

33
Q

Dense regular

A

-few fibroblasts, limited ground substance, and abundant collagen fibers that are tightly packed and parallel to one another
-found in tendons and ligaments
-has few blood vessels and takes long to heal after injury due to weak blood supply

34
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

35
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

36
Q

Dense irregular

A

-bundles and clumps of collagen fibers that extend in all directions
-extensive blood supply to collagen fibers
-forms tough sheaths that provide support and resistance to stress in multiple directions
-found in dermis, epimysium (sheath surrounding skeletal muscle), epineurium (sheath surrounding nerve), periosteum (sheath surrounding bone), and perichondrium (sheath surrounding cartilage)
-also forms capsules around some internal organs such as liver, kidneys, and spleen

37
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

-composed of numerous fibroblasts among branching, densely packed elastic fibers
-provide ability for tissue to stretch and recoil
-found in walls of large arteries (like aorta), trachea, and vocal cords

38
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

2 types: cartilage and bone
-forms strong durable framework that protects and. supports soft body tissue

39
Q

Cartilage

A

-firm, semisolid extracellular matrix that contains variable amounts of collagen and elastic protein fibers
-cells=chondrocytes
-stronger, more flexible, and more resilient than other connective tissue
-present in areas of body that need support and must withstand deformation like tip of nose and auricle (external part) of ear

40
Q

Chondrocytes

A

-mature cartilage cells
-occupy spaces called lucunae
-produce and secrete chemical that prevents blood vessel growth/formation
-cartilage is avascular
-must exchange nutrients and waste products by diffusion with blood vessels
outside

41
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic

42
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

-most common type
-provides flexible support to structures
-named for its clear, glassy appearance
-functions in support
-found in many areas such as respiratory tract (nose, trachea, bronchi, larynx), costal cartilage, and epiphyseal (growth) plates and articular ends of long bones

43
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-weight-bearing cartilage
-resists compression and acts as good shock absorber
-located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee joint

44
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

-resilient and flexible
-found in external ear and epiglottis
-resists deformational pressure

45
Q

Bone connective tissue

A

-more solid but less flexible than cartilage
-highly vascularized
-cells=osteocytes (housed in lucunae)
-provide support, serve as levers for skeletal muscle movement, support soft tissues, and protect vital organs
-2 types:compact and spongy

46
Q

Compact bone

A

-appears solid but is perforated by neurovascular canals
-formed from osteons which display concentric rings of bone tissue called lamellae (which houses blood vessels and nerves)

47
Q

Spongy bone

A

-located within interior of bone
-contains latticework structure of tissue that is very strong yet lightweight
-some houses hematopoietic cells which form a type of reticular connective tissue that makes blood cells (hematopoiesis)

48
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph

49
Q

Blood

A

-composed of formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets)
-ground substance=plasma which contains proteins and solutes
-erythrocytes transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2), leukocytes protect body from infectious agents, platelets clot blood, and plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout body

50
Q

Lymph

A

-derived from blood plasma bit contains no cellular components or fragments

A&P (13 decks)

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