Week 5&6- Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
-bones of skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
-main function= form framework that supports and protects organs
-spongy bone in axial contains hematopoietic tissue
Appendicular Skeleton
-bones of upper and lower limbs, and girdles of bones that attach upper and lower limbs to axial skeleton
-pectoral girdle= bones that hold upper limbs in place
-pelvic girdle= bones that hold lower limbs in place
Bones of Axial Skeleton
-80 in total
-22 in skull
-7 associated bones of skull
-26 in vertebral column
-25 in thoracic cage
Bones of skull
22 in total
Cranial bones (8):
-Frontal bone (1)
-Parietal bones (2)
-Temporal bones (2)
-Occipital bone (1)
-Sphenoid bone (1)
-Ethmoid bone (1)
Facial bones (14):
-Zygomatic bones (2)
-Lacrimal bones (2)
-Nasal bones (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Inferior nasal conchae (2)
-Palatine bones (2)
-Maxillae (2)
-Mandible (1)
Associated Bones of Skull
7 in total
-Auditory Ossicles (6)= malleus(2), incus(2), & stapes (2)
-Hyoid bone (1)
Vertebral Column
26 in total
-Cervical vertebrae (7)
-Thoracic vertebrae (12)
-Lumbar vertebrae (5)
-Sacrum (1)
-Coccyx (1)
Thoracic Cage
25 in total
-Sternum (1)
-Ribs (24)
Bones of Appendicular Skeleton
63 bones/side=126 in total
-Pectoral girdle (4)
-Upper limbs (30 bones/ each limb=60 in total)
-Pelvic girdle (2)
-Lower limbs (30 bones/limb = 60 in total)
Pectoral girdle
4 in total
-Clavicle (2)
-Scapula (2)
Upper limbs
60 in total (30/limb)
-Humerus (2)
-Radius (2)
-Ulna (2)
-Carpals (16)
-Metacarpals (10)
-Phalanges (28)
Pelvic girdle
2 in total
-Os coxae (2)
Lower limbs
60 in total (30/limb)
-Femur (2)
-Patella (2)
-Tibia (2)
-Fibula (2)
-Tarsals (14)
-Metatarsals (10)
-Phalanges (28)
Bone markings
Surface features that characterize each bone in the body
4 types:
1) Articulating surfaces
2) Depressions
3) Projections
4) Openings and spaces
Articulating Surfaces
Between adjacent bones and tend to be smooth
4 Types:
1) Condyle
2) Facet
3) Head
4) Trochlea
Condyle
Large, smooth, rounded, oval structure
Facet
Small, flat, shallow surface
Head
Prominent, rounded epiphysis
Trochlea
Smooth, grooved, pulleylike process
Depressions
Provide space for bony articulation, muscular structure, or other body component
3 Types:
1) Alveolus
2) Fossa
3) Sulcus
Alveolus
Deep pit or socket in maxillae or mandible
Fossa
Flattened or shallow depression
Sulcus
Narrow groove
Projections
Mark points where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach
9 Types:
1) Crest
2) Epicondyle
3) Line
4) Process
5) Ramus
6) Spine
7) Trochanter
8) Tubercle
9) Tuberosity
Crest
Narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection
Epicondyle
Projection adjacent to condyle
Line
Low ridge
Process
Any marked bony prominence
Ramus
Angular extension of bone relative to rest of the structure
Spine
Pointed, slender process
Trochanter
Massive, rough projection found only on femur
Tubercle
Small, round projection
Tuberosity
Large, rough projection
Openings and spaces
Indicate sites for passageways for blood vessels and nerves
5 Types:
1) Canal
2) Fissure
3) Foramen
4) Meatus
5) Sinus
Canal
Passageway through a bone
Fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening through a bone
Foramen
Rounded passageway through a bone
Meatus
Passageway through a bone
Cranium
-Formed by cranial bones
-8 bones form a roof and base
Calvaria
-Roof of cranium
-Superior part of frontal bone, parietal bones, and small section of occipital bone
Base of Cranium
Portions of frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, and temporal bones
Facial Bones
-Protect entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
-Give shape/individuality to face
-Form part of orbit and nasal cavity
-Support teeth
-Provide attachment for muscle involved in facial expressions and mastication
Cavities of Skull
Cranial, orbits, oral, nasal, and paranasal
Features of Frontal Bone
Passageways: Supraorbital foramen & supraorbital notch
Description/Boundaries: Form superior and anterior parts of skull, part of anterior cranial fossa and orbit
Features:
-Frontal crest: attachment site for meninges to help stabilize brain within skull
-Frontal sinuses: lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
-Orbital part: forms roof of orbit
-Squamous part: attachment of scalp muscles
-Supraorbital margin: Forms protective superior border of orbit
-Zygomatic process: articulates with zygomatic bone
Features of Parietal Bones
Passageway: Parietal foramen
Description: each forms most lateral and superior walls of skull
Features:
-Superior and inferior temporal lines: attachment sites for temporalis muscle
-Parietal eminence: forms rounded prominence on each side of skull
Features of Temporal Bones
Passageways:
-Stylomastoid foramen
-Carotid canal
-External acoustic meatus
-Internal acoustic meatus
-Mastoid foramen
-Jugular foramen
Description: each forms inferolateral wall of skull & forms part of middle cranial fossa
Features:
-Petrous part: protects sensory structures in inner ear
-Squamous part: attachment site of some jaw muscles
-Tympanic part: houses external acoustic meatus
-Mastoid process: attachment site of some neck muscles to extend or rotate head
-Styloid process: attachment site for hyoid bone ligaments and muscles
-Zygomatic process: articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch
-Mandibular fossa: articulates with mandible
-Articular tubercle: limits displacement of head of mandible with mandibular fossa
Features of Occipital Bone
Passageways:
-Foramen magnum
-Hypoglossal canal
-Jugular foramen
-Condylar canal
Description: forms posteroinferior part of skull including most of posterior cranial fossa, & forms part of base of skull
Features:
-External occipital crest: attachment site for ligaments
-External occipital protuberance: attachment site for neck ligaments and muscles
-Inferior and superior nuchal lines: attachment sites for neck ligaments and muscles
-Occipital condyles: articulate with first cervical vertebra
Features of Sphenoid
Passageways:
-foramen lacerum
-foramen ovale
-foramen rotundum
-optic canal
-pterygoid canal
-superior orbital fissure
Description: forms part of base of skull; posterior part of orbit; part of anterior and middle cranial fossae
Features:
-Hypophyseal fossa: depression that houses pituitary gland
-Body: houses sphenoidal sinuses
-Sella turcica: bony enclosure around hypophyseal fossa
-Optic groove: depression on body between optic canals
-Medial and lateral pterygoid plates: attachment site for chewing muscles
-Lesser wings: form part of anterior cranial fossa, contain optic canals
-Greater wings: form part of middle cranial fossa, lateral surface of skull, and orbits
-Sphenoidal sinuses: lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
Features of Ethmoid
Passageways: Cribriform foramina
Description: forms part of anterior cranial fossa, part of nasal septum, roof, and lateral walls of nasal cavity, and part of medial wall of orbit
Features:
-Cribriform plate: contains cribriform foramina for passageway of olfactory nerves
-Crista galli: attachment site for cranial dura septa to help stabilize brain within skull
-Ethmoidal labyrinths: contain ethmoidal sinuses and nasal conchae
-Ethmoidal sinuses (cells): lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
-Nasal conchae (middle and superior): increase airflow turbulence through nasal cavity so air can be adequately moistened and cleaned by nasal mucosa
-Orbital plate: forms part of medial wall of orbit
-Perpendicular plate: forms superior part of nasal septum
Features of Zygomatic bones
No passageways
Description: each forms a cheek and lateral part of orbit
Features:
-Frontal process: articulates with frontal bone
-Temporal process: articulates with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch
-Maxillary process: articulates with maxilla
Features of Lacrimal bones
No passageways
Description: each forms part of medial wall of orbit
Features:
-Lacrimal groove: contains nasolacrimal duct
Features of Vomer
No passageways
Description: forms inferior/posterior part of nasal septum
Features:
-Ala: articulates with sphenoid bone
-Vertical plate: articulates with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
No passageways
Description: curved bone that projections medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity
Functions: increases airflow turbulence in nasal cavity
Features of Palatine Bone
Passageways: greater and lesser palatine foramina
Description: each forms posterior part of hard palate; also forms small part of nasal cavity and orbit wall
Features:
-Horizontal plate: forms posterior part of hard palate
-Perpendicular plate: forms part of nasal cavity and orbit
Features of Maxilla
Passageways: Inclusive foramen and infraorbital foramen
Description: each forms anterior portion of face, upper jaw and parts of hard palate, inferior parts of orbits, and part of the walls of nasal cavity
Features:
-Anterior nasal spine: anterior projection formed by union of left and right maxillae
-Alveolar process: houses the teeth
-Frontal process: forms part of lateral aspect of nasal bridge
-Infraorbital margin: forms inferolateral border of orbit
-Maxillary sinus: lightens bone
-Orbital surface: forms part of orbit
-Palatine process: forms most of bony palate
-Zygomatic process: articulates with zygomatic bone
Features of Mandible
Passageways: mandibular foramen and mental foramen
Description: forms lower jaw
Features:
-Alveolar process: houses teeth
-Angle of mandible: junction between body and ramus
-Body: horizontal portion of mandible
-Condylar process: posterior projection off ramus, contains head of mandible
-Coronoid process: anterior projection off ramus
-Head of mandible: articulates with temporal bone
-Mandibular notch: U shaped depression between coronoid and condylar processes
-Mental protuberance: forms chin
-Ramus: vertical portion of mandible
Anterior Cranial Fossa
-Shallowest of the 3 depressions
-formed by frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and less wings of sphenoid bone
-houses frontal lobes of brain
Middle Cranial Fossa
-inferior and posterior to anterior cranial fossa
-ranges from posterior edge of lesser wings of sphenoid bone to anterior region of petrous part of temporal bone
-houses temporal lobes of brain and pituitary gland
Posterior Cranial Fossa
-most inferior and posterior of the 3
-extends from posterior region of petrous part of temporal bones to occipital bone
-supports part of brainstem and cerebellum
Sutures
-immovable fibrous joints that form boundaries between cranial bones
-dense regular connective tissue connects cranial bones at suture
Coronal suture
-Extends laterally across superior surface of skull along coronal plane
-articulation between frontal bone and parietal bones
Lambdoid suture
-extends like an arc across posterior surface of skull
-site where parietal bones and occipital bone articulate
Sagittal sutures
-extends between coronal and lambdoid sutures along midsagittal plane
-site where where right and left parietal bones articulate
Squamous suture
-on each side of the skull where temporal bone and parietal bone of that side articulate
-squamous part of temporal bone usually overlaps parietal bone
Orbital complex
7 bones form each orbit: sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, ethmoid, and lacrimal
Nasal complex
Composed of bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses
-Includes ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses
-have mucous membrane lining that humidifies and warms inhaled air
-reduce weight of skull bones in which they’re located
-provide resonance to voice
Hyoid bone
-slender U shaped bone
-inferior to skull between mandible and larynx
-has medial body and two hornlike processes (greater and lesser cornua)
-serves as attachment sites for tongue and anterior neck muscles and ligaments
Types of Vertebrae
-7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) form bones of neck
-12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) form superior region of back and each articulates laterally with one or 2 pairs of ribs
-5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) form inferior concave region of back
-Sacrum is formed from 5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5) that fuse into a single bony structure in late 20s
-Coccyx is formed from 4 coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4) that start to unite during puberty and complete by mid 20s
Spinal Curvatures
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
Primary curves
-Thoracic and sacral
-present at birth
-arch posteriorly and result in C shape of vertebral column
Structural Features of Vertebrae
-body=anterior region, weight bearing structure
-vertebral arch= posterior to vertebral body
-vertebral arch= opening that is enclosed by body and arch
-vertebral canal= contains spinal cord
-intervertebral foramina= lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae, provide horizontally directed passageway through which spinal nerves extend to various parts of the body
Vertebral arch
-composed of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae
-pedicles originate from posterolateral margins of body
-laminae extend posteromedially from posterior edge of each pedicle
Spinous process
Projects posteriorly from junction of left and right laminae
Transverse processes
Lateral projections on both sides of vertebral arch
Superior and inferior articular processes
-originate at junction between pedicles and laminae
-each vertebrae has them
Articular facet
Smooth surface of articular process
Intervertebral discs
-pads of fibrocartilage that separate adjacent cartilage
-anulus fibrosus= outer ring of fibrocartilage
-nucleus pulposus= inner gelatinous circular region
-act as shock absorbers and permit vertebral column to bend
Cervical Vertebrae
-most superiorly located vertebrae
-only support weight of the head (vertebral bodies are relatively small and light)
-distinguished from other vertebrae by presence of transverse foramina
Atlas
-C1 (first cervical vertebra)
-supports head through its articulation with occipital condyles of occipital bone (atlanto-occipital joint)
-permits us to nod our head yes
-lacks a body and spinous process
-has lateral masses that are connected by semicircular anterior and posterior arches (each containing anterior and posterior tubercles)
-has depressed, oval superior and inferior articular facets that articulate with occipital condyles and axis (C2)
-has articular facet for dens on anterior arch
Axis
-C2
-body of atlas separates from atlas and fuses during development to the body of axis
-fusion produces most distinct feature of axis, the
dens
-dens acts as pivot for lateral rotation of both atlas and skull
-articulation between atlas and axis (atlantoaxial joint) permits us to shake our heads no
Vertebra Prominens
-C7
-represents transition fron cervical to thoracic vertebral region
-easily palpated through skin between shoulder blades and inferior to neck
Thoracic vertebrae
-12 and each articulates with the rib
-typically have heart shaped bodies
-distinguished from others by presence of costal facets or costal demifacets
-T1-T10 have transverse costal facets on transverse processes
-T11 & T12 lack facets because 11th and 12th ribs don’t have tubercules
Lumbar vertebrae
-largest vertebrae, thicker
-bear most of weight of body
-oval or round
-lack transverse foramina and costal facets
-thick spinous process provides extensive surface area for attachment of inferior back muscles that reinforce or adjust lumbar curvature
Sacrum
-anteriorly curved, triangular bone that forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
-articulates with L5 via pair of superior articular
Apex of sacrum
narrow, pointed portion that projects inferiorly
Base of sacrum
broad superior surface
Transverse ridges
horizontal lines of fusion that remain on sacrum
Sacral canal
Vertebral canal becomes much more narrow and continues through sacrum on posterior side
Sacral hiatus
Inferior opening in which sacral canal terminates
Sacral cornua
Bony projections on either side of sacral hiatus
Promontory
Anterosuperior edge of first sacral vertebra bulges anteriorly into pelvic cavity
Anterior and posterior sacral foramina
Permit passage of nerves to pelvic organs and gluteal region
Median sacral crest
Formed by fusion of spinous process of individual sacral vertebrae
Ala
Wings on lateral surface of sacrum
Auricular surface
-on lateral side of ala
-marks site of articulation with ox caxae, which forms the sacroiliac joint
Coccyx
-Four small coccygeal vertebrae fuse around age 25
-attachment site for several ligaments and muscles
-coccygeal cornua= prominent laminae of first coccygeal vertebrae; curve to meet sacral cornua
-males= projects anteriorly
-females= projects inferiorly
Functions of Thoracic Cage
Acts as protective enclosure around thoracic organs and provides attachment points for many muscles
Sternum
-flat bone that forms anterior midline of thoracic wall
-three parts= manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Manubrium
-widest, most superior portion
-2 clavicular notches articulate with left and right clavicles
-suprasternal notch= shallow superior indentation between clavicular notches
-pair of costal notches represent articulations for first ribs’ costal cartilages
Body
-longest part
-attaches ribs 2-7 through costal cartilages
Sternal angle
-body and manubrium articulate here
-horizontal ridge that can be palpated under skin
-costal cartilages of 2nd ribs attach here (can be used as a landmark and can be used to count the ribs)
Xiphoid process
-bottom tip of sternum
-small, inferiorly pointed, cartilaginous projection
-often doesn’t ossify until after age 40
Ribs
-elongated, curved, flattened bones that extend from thoracic vertebrae to anterior thoracic wall
-12 pairs of ribs
True ribs
-Ribs 1-7
-articulate directly and individually to sternum by costal cartilages
-rib 1 is smallest
False Ribs
-Ribs 8-12
-costal cartilages do not articulate directly to the ribs
-costal cartilages of 8-10 fuse to costal cartilage of rib 7 (indirectly articulate with sternum)
-11& 12 are floating ribs (no articulation with sternum)
Angle of ribs
-site where tubular shaft begins to curve anteriorly toward sternum
Vertebral bodies and ribs
-vertebral bodies articulate with head of a rib
-articular facets on head articulate with costal facets or demifacets on bodies of thoracic vertebrae
Neck of rib
lies between head and tubercle
Tubercle of rib
has articular facet for costal facet on transverse process of thoracic vertebra
Pectoral girdle
-clavicle and scapulae
-articulates trunk and supports upper limbs
Clavicle
-collarbone
-elongated, S-shaped bone that extends between manubrium of sternum and acromion of scapula
-sternal (medial) end articulates with manubrium of sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint
-acromial (lateral) end of clavicle is broad and flattened; articulates with acromion of scapula forming the acromioclavicular joint
-superior surface is smooth and inferior surface is rough
Conoid tubercle
-Rough tuberosity for conoid ligament
-on inferior surface, near acromial end
Costal tuberosity
inferiorly located prominence at sternal end of clavicle for attachment of shoulder’s costoclavicular ligament
Scapula
broad, flat, triangular bone that forms shoulder blade
Spine of scapula
-ridge on the bone on the posterior aspect of scapula
Acromion
-Bony tip of the shoulder
-articulates with acromial end of clavicle
Coracoid process
smaller, more anterior, hook shaped projection that is a site for muscle attachment
Superior border
horizontal edge of scapula superior to spine of scapula
Medial border
edge of scapula closest to vertebrae
Lateral border
Closest to axilla
Suprascapular notch/foramen
Superior border provides passage for suprascapular nerve and blood vessels
Superior angle
Located between superior and medial borders
Inferior angle
Positioned between medial and lateral borders
Lateral angle
Primarily made up of cup shaped shallow glenoid cavity(articulates with humerus)
Subscapular fossa
-Broad, smooth anterior surface of scapula
-large muscle called subscapularis overlies this
Supraspinous fossa
Depression super to spine
Infraspinous fossa
-broad extensive surface
-inferior to spine
Humerus
-longest and largest upper limb bone
Parts of humerus
-head
-greater tubercle
-lesser tubercle
-intertubercular sulcus
-anatomical neck
-surgical neck
-shaft
-deltoid tuberosity
-radial groove
-medial and lateral epicondyles
-capitulum
-trochlea
-radial fossa
-coronoid fossa
-olecranon fossa
Head
at proximal end, articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater tubercle
positioned lateral to head and helps form rounded contour of shoulder
Lesser tubercle
smaller and located more medical to head
Intertubercle sulcus
a depression between 2 tubercles that contains the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii muscle
Anatomical neck
-distinct groove that marks the location of the former epiphyseal plate
-between tubercles and head
Surgical neck
a narrowing of bone immediately distal to tubercles at the transition from head to shaft
Deltoid tuberosity
-Extends on the lateral surface of shaft for about 1/2 length of humerus
-deltoid muscle attaches here
Radial groove
Located adjacent to deltoid tuberosity and is location of radial nerve/blood vessels
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Bony projections on distal humerus that provide surfaces for muscle attachment
Capitulum and trochlea
-two smooth curved surfaces at distal end of humerus that serve as sites for articulation with bones of forearm
-capitulum: located laterally and articulates with head of radius
-trochlea: pulley shape, located medially, and articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
3 Depressions on Distal End of Humerus
-Radial fossa
-Coronoid fossa
-Olecranon fossa
Radial fossa
Accommodates head of radius
Coronoid fossa
Accommodates coronoid process of ulna
Olecranon fossa
-Posterior depression
-Accommodates olecranon of ulna when elbow is extended
Radius
Located more laterally on forearm
Head
-proximal end of radius
-disc shaped
-articulates with capitulum of humerus
Neck
Extends from radial head to radial tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
Attachment site for biceps brachii muscle
Shaft
Curves slightly and leads to wider distal end
Styloid process
-laterally placed
-bony projections that can be palpated just proximal to thumb
Ulnar notch
-on distal medial surface of radius
-articulates with medial surface of distal end of ulna at distal radioulnar joint
Ulna
Longer, medially placed bone of forearm
Trochlear notch
-at proximal end of ulna
-interlocks with trochlea of humerus
Olecranon
-prominent projection on posterosuperior aspect of trochlear notch
-articulates with olecranon fossa of humerus and forms posterior bump of elbow
Coronoid process
-inferior lip of trochlear notch
-articulates with humerus at coronoid fossa
Radial notch
accommodates head of radius and helps form radioulnar joint
Tuberosity of Ulna
-at proximal end
-where brachialis tendon attaches
Distal end of Ulna
-shaft narrows and terminates in knoblike head that has posteromedial styloid process (palpated on pinky side of wrist)
Interosseous borders
-both radius and ulna have them
-radius’s faces medially
-ulna’s faces laterally
-connected by interosseous membrane
Interosseous membrane
-composed of dense regular connective tissue
-keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart
-provides pivot of rotation for forearm
Supination
-palm of hand facing anteriorly and radius and ulna are parallel to each other
-radius on thumb side and ulna on pinky side
Pronation
-radius crosses over ulna and both bones pivot along interosseous membrane
Carrying angle
-bones of forearm angle laterally from elbow joint
-positions bones of forearms such that the forearms will clear the hips during walking as the forearms swing
Proximal row of carpal bones
-scaphoid
-lunate
-triquetrum
-pisiform
Distal row of carpal bones
-trapezium
-trapezoid
-capitate
-hamate
Metacarpals
-5
-denoted by roman numerals
-metacarpal I is base of thumb and metacarpal V is base of pinky
Phalanges
-3 in each finger (thumb only has 2)
-proximal phalanx=articulates with head of metacarpal
-middle phalanx (not present in thumb)
-distal phalanx=tip of finger
Pelvis
Composed of 4 bones
1) Sacrum
2) Coccyx
3/4) right and left ossa coxae (hip bones)
Os coxae
1) Ilium
2) Ischium
3) Pubis
-articulates posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joint
Acetabulum
-deep, curved depression on lateral surface of os coxae that articulates with femur
Lunate surface
-smooth, curved surface on acetabulum
-C-shaped and articulates with femoral head
Ilium
-forms superior region of os coxae and part of acetabular surface
Ala
-Wide, fan shape portion of ilium
-terminates inferiorly at ridge called arcuate line on medial surface of ilium
-on medial side there’s a depression called iliac fossa
Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines
attachment sites for gluteal muscles of buttock on lateral surface of ilium
Auricular Surface
large roughened area on posteromedial side of ilium that articulates with sacrum
Iliac crest
-arises anteriorly from projection called anterior superior iliac spine and extends posteriorly to posterior superior iliac spine
Anterior and posterior inferior iliac spine
Located inferiorly to ala of ilium
Greater sciatic notch
Where sciatic nerve extends to lower limb
Ischium
Fuses with ilium near superior and posterior margins of acetabulum
Ischial spine
-posterior to acetabulum and projects medially
Body of ischium
Bulky bone superior to ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
semicircular depression inferior to the ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Roughened projections that forms the posterolateral border of ischium
Ramus of ischium
Extends from ischial tuberosity toward the anterior fusion with the pubis
Pubis
Fuses with ilium and ischium at acetabulum
Ramus of ischium
Fuses anteriorly with the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus
Superior pubic ramus
Originates at anterior margin of acetabulum
Body of pubis
Anteriorly placed mass of bone between superior and inferior pubic rami
Obturator foramen
Space in os coxae that is encircled by both pubic and ischial rami
Pubic crest
Roughened ridge located on anterosuperior surface of superior pubic ramus and ends at pubic tubercle
Symphysial surface (Pubic symphysis)
-roughened area on body of pubis that denotes site of articulation between pubic bones
Pectineal line
originates and extends diagonally across pubis to merge with arcuate line
Pelvic brim
-Continuous, oval ridge that extends from pubic crest, pectineal line, and arcuate line to rounded inferior edges of sacral ala and promontory
-helps subdivide entire pelvis into true pelvis and false pelvis
True pelvis
-lies inferior to pelvic brim
-encloses pelvic cavity and forms deep bowl that contains pelvic organs
False pelvis
-lies superior to pelvic brim
-enclosed by alae of ilia
-forms inferior region of abdominal cavity and houses inferior abdominal organs
Pelvic inlet
-superiorly positioned space enclosed by pelvic brim
-opening at boundary between true pelvis and false pelvis
Pelvic outlet
-Inferior placed opening bound by the coccyx
-covered with muscle and skin
-forms perineum
-opening must be wide enough to accommodate fetal head during childbirth
Preauricular sulcus
Depression or groove between greater sciatic notch and sacroiliac articulation
-only present in females
Subpubic angle
-angle formed when left and right pubic bones are aligned at their symphysial surfaces
-wider and more convex on females
Femur
-longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in body
Head of femur
articulates with os coxae at acetabulum
Fovea
small depression within head of femur
Medial angling of femur
-neck joins shaft at angle
-brings knees closer to midline
Greater trochanter
projects laterally from junction of neck and shaft
Lesser trochanter
-located on femur’s posteromedial surface
-greater and lesser serve as attachment sites for powerful gluteal and thigh muscles
Intertrochanteric line
-connects 2 trochanters on anterior surface of femur
-extends between 2 trochanters and marks distal edge of hip joint capsule
Intertochanteric crest
thick oblique ridge of bone that connects trochanters on posterior surface of femur
Pectineal line
-inferior to intertochanteric crest
-attachment of pectineus muscle
Gluteal tuberosity
Attachment of gluteus maximus muscle
Linea aspera
-elevated, midline ridge where pectineal line and gluteal tuberosity merge
-many thigh muscles attach here
-branches into medial and lateral supracondylar lines
Popliteal surface
Flattened triangular area border by the medial and lateral supracondylar lines
Adductor tubercle
-where medial supracondylar ridge terminates
-rough raised projection that is the site if attachment for adductor magnus muscle
Medial and lateral condyles
2 smooth, oval articulating surfaces on distal, inferior surface of femur
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Projections superior to each condyle
Intercondylar fossa
-Seperates 2 condyles
-on distal posterior surface of femur
Patellar surface
a smooth medial depression on anterior surface where patella articulates with femur
Patella
-large, roughly triangular bone
-sesamoid bone housed within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle and allows tendon to glide more smoothly
-superior base is broad and inferior apex is pointed
-posterior aspect has articular surface that articulates with patellar surface of femur
Tibia and fibula
Connected by interosseous membrane that extends between interosseous borders
Tibia
-medially placed bone and only weight-bearing bone of leg
-head has medial and lateral condyles which articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur
Intercondylar eminence
-prominent ridge that separates condyles of tibia
Fibular articular facet
where head of fibula articulates to form superior tibiofibular joint
Tibial tuberosity
-rough anterior surface near proximal condyles
-attachment site for patellar ligament
Anterior border
-“shin”
-prominent ridge that extends distally along anterior tibial surface from tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
-large prominent process at medial border
Fibular notch
On distal posterolateral side of tibia where fibula articulates and forms inferior tibiofibular joint
Inferior articular surface
-for talus, one of tarsal bones
-on inferior distal surface of tibia
Fibula
-long, thin, lateral bone
-doesn’t bear any weight but several muscles attach to it
-rounded knoblike head is slightly inferior and posterior to lateral condyle of tibia
-distal to head is the neck followed by shaft
Lateral malleolus
-fibula’s distal tip
-extends laterally to ankle joint where it provides lateral stability
Proximal row of tarsal bones
1) talus= 2nd largest and articulates with tibia
2) calcaneus= largest tarsal and forms heel
3) navicular= medial side of ankle
Distal row of tarsal bones
-Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms = wedge shaped bones that articulate with and are positioned anterior to navicular bone
-cuboid bone= articulates with medial surface with lateral cuneiform and its posterior surface with calcaneus
Metatarsals
-numbered with roman numerals I-V
-articulate proximally with either cuneiform bones or cuboid bones
-each articulates with a proximal phalanx
-at the head of the first metatarsal are 2 sesamoid bones, which insert tendons of flexor hallucis brevis muscle and help these tendons move freely
Phalanges
-bones of toes
-great toe (hallux) has only 2 (proximal and distal)
-all other toes have 3 (proximal, middle, and distal)
3 arches of the foot
1) Medial longitudinal = highest of the 3 and extends from heel to great toe and gives footprint characteristic shape
2) Lateral longitudinal = extends between little toe and heel, contributes to footprint, not as high as medial
3) Transverse = runs perpendicular to longitudinal arches
