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A&P > Week 5&6- Axial and Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Week 5&6- Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-bones of skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
-main function= form framework that supports and protects organs
-spongy bone in axial contains hematopoietic tissue

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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

-bones of upper and lower limbs, and girdles of bones that attach upper and lower limbs to axial skeleton
-pectoral girdle= bones that hold upper limbs in place
-pelvic girdle= bones that hold lower limbs in place

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3
Q

Bones of Axial Skeleton

A

-80 in total
-22 in skull
-7 associated bones of skull
-26 in vertebral column
-25 in thoracic cage

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4
Q

Bones of skull

A

22 in total
Cranial bones (8):
-Frontal bone (1)
-Parietal bones (2)
-Temporal bones (2)
-Occipital bone (1)
-Sphenoid bone (1)
-Ethmoid bone (1)
Facial bones (14):
-Zygomatic bones (2)
-Lacrimal bones (2)
-Nasal bones (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Inferior nasal conchae (2)
-Palatine bones (2)
-Maxillae (2)
-Mandible (1)

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5
Q

Associated Bones of Skull

A

7 in total
-Auditory Ossicles (6)= malleus(2), incus(2), & stapes (2)
-Hyoid bone (1)

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6
Q

Vertebral Column

A

26 in total
-Cervical vertebrae (7)
-Thoracic vertebrae (12)
-Lumbar vertebrae (5)
-Sacrum (1)
-Coccyx (1)

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7
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

25 in total
-Sternum (1)
-Ribs (24)

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8
Q

Bones of Appendicular Skeleton

A

63 bones/side=126 in total
-Pectoral girdle (4)
-Upper limbs (30 bones/ each limb=60 in total)
-Pelvic girdle (2)
-Lower limbs (30 bones/limb = 60 in total)

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9
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

4 in total
-Clavicle (2)
-Scapula (2)

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10
Q

Upper limbs

A

60 in total (30/limb)
-Humerus (2)
-Radius (2)
-Ulna (2)
-Carpals (16)
-Metacarpals (10)
-Phalanges (28)

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11
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

2 in total
-Os coxae (2)

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12
Q

Lower limbs

A

60 in total (30/limb)
-Femur (2)
-Patella (2)
-Tibia (2)
-Fibula (2)
-Tarsals (14)
-Metatarsals (10)
-Phalanges (28)

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13
Q

Bone markings

A

Surface features that characterize each bone in the body
4 types:
1) Articulating surfaces
2) Depressions
3) Projections
4) Openings and spaces

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14
Q

Articulating Surfaces

A

Between adjacent bones and tend to be smooth
4 Types:
1) Condyle
2) Facet
3) Head
4) Trochlea

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15
Q

Condyle

A

Large, smooth, rounded, oval structure

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16
Q

Facet

A

Small, flat, shallow surface

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17
Q

Head

A

Prominent, rounded epiphysis

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18
Q

Trochlea

A

Smooth, grooved, pulleylike process

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19
Q

Depressions

A

Provide space for bony articulation, muscular structure, or other body component
3 Types:
1) Alveolus
2) Fossa
3) Sulcus

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20
Q

Alveolus

A

Deep pit or socket in maxillae or mandible

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21
Q

Fossa

A

Flattened or shallow depression

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22
Q

Sulcus

A

Narrow groove

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23
Q

Projections

A

Mark points where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach
9 Types:
1) Crest
2) Epicondyle
3) Line
4) Process
5) Ramus
6) Spine
7) Trochanter
8) Tubercle
9) Tuberosity

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24
Q

Crest

A

Narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection

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25
Q

Epicondyle

A

Projection adjacent to condyle

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26
Q

Line

A

Low ridge

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27
Q

Process

A

Any marked bony prominence

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28
Q

Ramus

A

Angular extension of bone relative to rest of the structure

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29
Q

Spine

A

Pointed, slender process

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30
Q

Trochanter

A

Massive, rough projection found only on femur

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31
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, round projection

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32
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rough projection

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33
Q

Openings and spaces

A

Indicate sites for passageways for blood vessels and nerves
5 Types:
1) Canal
2) Fissure
3) Foramen
4) Meatus
5) Sinus

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34
Q

Canal

A

Passageway through a bone

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35
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

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36
Q

Foramen

A

Rounded passageway through a bone

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37
Q

Meatus

A

Passageway through a bone

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38
Q

Cranium

A

-Formed by cranial bones
-8 bones form a roof and base

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39
Q

Calvaria

A

-Roof of cranium
-Superior part of frontal bone, parietal bones, and small section of occipital bone

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40
Q

Base of Cranium

A

Portions of frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, and temporal bones

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41
Q

Facial Bones

A

-Protect entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
-Give shape/individuality to face
-Form part of orbit and nasal cavity
-Support teeth
-Provide attachment for muscle involved in facial expressions and mastication

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42
Q

Cavities of Skull

A

Cranial, orbits, oral, nasal, and paranasal

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43
Q

Features of Frontal Bone

A

Passageways: Supraorbital foramen & supraorbital notch
Description/Boundaries: Form superior and anterior parts of skull, part of anterior cranial fossa and orbit
Features:
-Frontal crest: attachment site for meninges to help stabilize brain within skull
-Frontal sinuses: lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
-Orbital part: forms roof of orbit
-Squamous part: attachment of scalp muscles
-Supraorbital margin: Forms protective superior border of orbit
-Zygomatic process: articulates with zygomatic bone

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44
Q

Features of Parietal Bones

A

Passageway: Parietal foramen
Description: each forms most lateral and superior walls of skull
Features:
-Superior and inferior temporal lines: attachment sites for temporalis muscle
-Parietal eminence: forms rounded prominence on each side of skull

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45
Q

Features of Temporal Bones

A

Passageways:
-Stylomastoid foramen
-Carotid canal
-External acoustic meatus
-Internal acoustic meatus
-Mastoid foramen
-Jugular foramen
Description: each forms inferolateral wall of skull & forms part of middle cranial fossa
Features:
-Petrous part: protects sensory structures in inner ear
-Squamous part: attachment site of some jaw muscles
-Tympanic part: houses external acoustic meatus
-Mastoid process: attachment site of some neck muscles to extend or rotate head
-Styloid process: attachment site for hyoid bone ligaments and muscles
-Zygomatic process: articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch
-Mandibular fossa: articulates with mandible
-Articular tubercle: limits displacement of head of mandible with mandibular fossa

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46
Q

Features of Occipital Bone

A

Passageways:
-Foramen magnum
-Hypoglossal canal
-Jugular foramen
-Condylar canal
Description: forms posteroinferior part of skull including most of posterior cranial fossa, & forms part of base of skull
Features:
-External occipital crest: attachment site for ligaments
-External occipital protuberance: attachment site for neck ligaments and muscles
-Inferior and superior nuchal lines: attachment sites for neck ligaments and muscles
-Occipital condyles: articulate with first cervical vertebra

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47
Q

Features of Sphenoid

A

Passageways:
-foramen lacerum
-foramen ovale
-foramen rotundum
-optic canal
-pterygoid canal
-superior orbital fissure
Description: forms part of base of skull; posterior part of orbit; part of anterior and middle cranial fossae
Features:
-Hypophyseal fossa: depression that houses pituitary gland
-Body: houses sphenoidal sinuses
-Sella turcica: bony enclosure around hypophyseal fossa
-Optic groove: depression on body between optic canals
-Medial and lateral pterygoid plates: attachment site for chewing muscles
-Lesser wings: form part of anterior cranial fossa, contain optic canals
-Greater wings: form part of middle cranial fossa, lateral surface of skull, and orbits
-Sphenoidal sinuses: lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice

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48
Q

Features of Ethmoid

A

Passageways: Cribriform foramina
Description: forms part of anterior cranial fossa, part of nasal septum, roof, and lateral walls of nasal cavity, and part of medial wall of orbit
Features:
-Cribriform plate: contains cribriform foramina for passageway of olfactory nerves
-Crista galli: attachment site for cranial dura septa to help stabilize brain within skull
-Ethmoidal labyrinths: contain ethmoidal sinuses and nasal conchae
-Ethmoidal sinuses (cells): lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
-Nasal conchae (middle and superior): increase airflow turbulence through nasal cavity so air can be adequately moistened and cleaned by nasal mucosa
-Orbital plate: forms part of medial wall of orbit
-Perpendicular plate: forms superior part of nasal septum

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49
Q

Features of Zygomatic bones

A

No passageways
Description: each forms a cheek and lateral part of orbit
Features:
-Frontal process: articulates with frontal bone
-Temporal process: articulates with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch
-Maxillary process: articulates with maxilla

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50
Q

Features of Lacrimal bones

A

No passageways
Description: each forms part of medial wall of orbit
Features:
-Lacrimal groove: contains nasolacrimal duct

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51
Q

Features of Vomer

A

No passageways
Description: forms inferior/posterior part of nasal septum
Features:
-Ala: articulates with sphenoid bone
-Vertical plate: articulates with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

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52
Q

Inferior nasal concha

A

No passageways
Description: curved bone that projections medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity
Functions: increases airflow turbulence in nasal cavity

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53
Q

Features of Palatine Bone

A

Passageways: greater and lesser palatine foramina
Description: each forms posterior part of hard palate; also forms small part of nasal cavity and orbit wall
Features:
-Horizontal plate: forms posterior part of hard palate
-Perpendicular plate: forms part of nasal cavity and orbit

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54
Q

Features of Maxilla

A

Passageways: Inclusive foramen and infraorbital foramen
Description: each forms anterior portion of face, upper jaw and parts of hard palate, inferior parts of orbits, and part of the walls of nasal cavity
Features:
-Anterior nasal spine: anterior projection formed by union of left and right maxillae
-Alveolar process: houses the teeth
-Frontal process: forms part of lateral aspect of nasal bridge
-Infraorbital margin: forms inferolateral border of orbit
-Maxillary sinus: lightens bone
-Orbital surface: forms part of orbit
-Palatine process: forms most of bony palate
-Zygomatic process: articulates with zygomatic bone

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55
Q

Features of Mandible

A

Passageways: mandibular foramen and mental foramen
Description: forms lower jaw
Features:
-Alveolar process: houses teeth
-Angle of mandible: junction between body and ramus
-Body: horizontal portion of mandible
-Condylar process: posterior projection off ramus, contains head of mandible
-Coronoid process: anterior projection off ramus
-Head of mandible: articulates with temporal bone
-Mandibular notch: U shaped depression between coronoid and condylar processes
-Mental protuberance: forms chin
-Ramus: vertical portion of mandible

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56
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa

A

-Shallowest of the 3 depressions
-formed by frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and less wings of sphenoid bone
-houses frontal lobes of brain

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57
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

A

-inferior and posterior to anterior cranial fossa
-ranges from posterior edge of lesser wings of sphenoid bone to anterior region of petrous part of temporal bone
-houses temporal lobes of brain and pituitary gland

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58
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa

A

-most inferior and posterior of the 3
-extends from posterior region of petrous part of temporal bones to occipital bone
-supports part of brainstem and cerebellum

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59
Q

Sutures

A

-immovable fibrous joints that form boundaries between cranial bones
-dense regular connective tissue connects cranial bones at suture

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60
Q

Coronal suture

A

-Extends laterally across superior surface of skull along coronal plane
-articulation between frontal bone and parietal bones

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61
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

-extends like an arc across posterior surface of skull
-site where parietal bones and occipital bone articulate

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62
Q

Sagittal sutures

A

-extends between coronal and lambdoid sutures along midsagittal plane
-site where where right and left parietal bones articulate

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63
Q

Squamous suture

A

-on each side of the skull where temporal bone and parietal bone of that side articulate
-squamous part of temporal bone usually overlaps parietal bone

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64
Q

Orbital complex

A

7 bones form each orbit: sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, ethmoid, and lacrimal

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65
Q

Nasal complex

A

Composed of bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

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66
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

-Includes ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses
-have mucous membrane lining that humidifies and warms inhaled air
-reduce weight of skull bones in which they’re located
-provide resonance to voice

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67
Q

Hyoid bone

A

-slender U shaped bone
-inferior to skull between mandible and larynx
-has medial body and two hornlike processes (greater and lesser cornua)
-serves as attachment sites for tongue and anterior neck muscles and ligaments

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68
Q

Types of Vertebrae

A

-7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) form bones of neck
-12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) form superior region of back and each articulates laterally with one or 2 pairs of ribs
-5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) form inferior concave region of back
-Sacrum is formed from 5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5) that fuse into a single bony structure in late 20s
-Coccyx is formed from 4 coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4) that start to unite during puberty and complete by mid 20s

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69
Q

Spinal Curvatures

A

1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral

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70
Q

Primary curves

A

-Thoracic and sacral
-present at birth
-arch posteriorly and result in C shape of vertebral column

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71
Q

Structural Features of Vertebrae

A

-body=anterior region, weight bearing structure
-vertebral arch= posterior to vertebral body
-vertebral arch= opening that is enclosed by body and arch
-vertebral canal= contains spinal cord
-intervertebral foramina= lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae, provide horizontally directed passageway through which spinal nerves extend to various parts of the body

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72
Q

Vertebral arch

A

-composed of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae
-pedicles originate from posterolateral margins of body
-laminae extend posteromedially from posterior edge of each pedicle

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73
Q

Spinous process

A

Projects posteriorly from junction of left and right laminae

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74
Q

Transverse processes

A

Lateral projections on both sides of vertebral arch

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75
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes

A

-originate at junction between pedicles and laminae
-each vertebrae has them

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76
Q

Articular facet

A

Smooth surface of articular process

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77
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

-pads of fibrocartilage that separate adjacent cartilage
-anulus fibrosus= outer ring of fibrocartilage
-nucleus pulposus= inner gelatinous circular region
-act as shock absorbers and permit vertebral column to bend

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78
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

-most superiorly located vertebrae
-only support weight of the head (vertebral bodies are relatively small and light)
-distinguished from other vertebrae by presence of transverse foramina

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79
Q

Atlas

A

-C1 (first cervical vertebra)
-supports head through its articulation with occipital condyles of occipital bone (atlanto-occipital joint)
-permits us to nod our head yes
-lacks a body and spinous process
-has lateral masses that are connected by semicircular anterior and posterior arches (each containing anterior and posterior tubercles)
-has depressed, oval superior and inferior articular facets that articulate with occipital condyles and axis (C2)
-has articular facet for dens on anterior arch

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80
Q

Axis

A

-C2
-body of atlas separates from atlas and fuses during development to the body of axis
-fusion produces most distinct feature of axis, the
dens
-dens acts as pivot for lateral rotation of both atlas and skull
-articulation between atlas and axis (atlantoaxial joint) permits us to shake our heads no

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81
Q

Vertebra Prominens

A

-C7
-represents transition fron cervical to thoracic vertebral region
-easily palpated through skin between shoulder blades and inferior to neck

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82
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

-12 and each articulates with the rib
-typically have heart shaped bodies
-distinguished from others by presence of costal facets or costal demifacets
-T1-T10 have transverse costal facets on transverse processes
-T11 & T12 lack facets because 11th and 12th ribs don’t have tubercules

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83
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

-largest vertebrae, thicker
-bear most of weight of body
-oval or round
-lack transverse foramina and costal facets
-thick spinous process provides extensive surface area for attachment of inferior back muscles that reinforce or adjust lumbar curvature

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84
Q

Sacrum

A

-anteriorly curved, triangular bone that forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
-articulates with L5 via pair of superior articular

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85
Q

Apex of sacrum

A

narrow, pointed portion that projects inferiorly

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86
Q

Base of sacrum

A

broad superior surface

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87
Q

Transverse ridges

A

horizontal lines of fusion that remain on sacrum

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88
Q

Sacral canal

A

Vertebral canal becomes much more narrow and continues through sacrum on posterior side

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89
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

Inferior opening in which sacral canal terminates

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90
Q

Sacral cornua

A

Bony projections on either side of sacral hiatus

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91
Q

Promontory

A

Anterosuperior edge of first sacral vertebra bulges anteriorly into pelvic cavity

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92
Q

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

A

Permit passage of nerves to pelvic organs and gluteal region

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93
Q

Median sacral crest

A

Formed by fusion of spinous process of individual sacral vertebrae

94
Q

Ala

A

Wings on lateral surface of sacrum

95
Q

Auricular surface

A

-on lateral side of ala
-marks site of articulation with ox caxae, which forms the sacroiliac joint

96
Q

Coccyx

A

-Four small coccygeal vertebrae fuse around age 25
-attachment site for several ligaments and muscles
-coccygeal cornua= prominent laminae of first coccygeal vertebrae; curve to meet sacral cornua
-males= projects anteriorly
-females= projects inferiorly

97
Q

Functions of Thoracic Cage

A

Acts as protective enclosure around thoracic organs and provides attachment points for many muscles

98
Q

Sternum

A

-flat bone that forms anterior midline of thoracic wall
-three parts= manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

99
Q

Manubrium

A

-widest, most superior portion
-2 clavicular notches articulate with left and right clavicles
-suprasternal notch= shallow superior indentation between clavicular notches
-pair of costal notches represent articulations for first ribs’ costal cartilages

100
Q

Body

A

-longest part
-attaches ribs 2-7 through costal cartilages

101
Q

Sternal angle

A

-body and manubrium articulate here
-horizontal ridge that can be palpated under skin
-costal cartilages of 2nd ribs attach here (can be used as a landmark and can be used to count the ribs)

102
Q

Xiphoid process

A

-bottom tip of sternum
-small, inferiorly pointed, cartilaginous projection
-often doesn’t ossify until after age 40

103
Q

Ribs

A

-elongated, curved, flattened bones that extend from thoracic vertebrae to anterior thoracic wall
-12 pairs of ribs

104
Q

True ribs

A

-Ribs 1-7
-articulate directly and individually to sternum by costal cartilages
-rib 1 is smallest

105
Q

False Ribs

A

-Ribs 8-12
-costal cartilages do not articulate directly to the ribs
-costal cartilages of 8-10 fuse to costal cartilage of rib 7 (indirectly articulate with sternum)
-11& 12 are floating ribs (no articulation with sternum)

106
Q

Angle of ribs

A

-site where tubular shaft begins to curve anteriorly toward sternum

107
Q

Vertebral bodies and ribs

A

-vertebral bodies articulate with head of a rib
-articular facets on head articulate with costal facets or demifacets on bodies of thoracic vertebrae

108
Q

Neck of rib

A

lies between head and tubercle

109
Q

Tubercle of rib

A

has articular facet for costal facet on transverse process of thoracic vertebra

110
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

-clavicle and scapulae
-articulates trunk and supports upper limbs

111
Q

Clavicle

A

-collarbone
-elongated, S-shaped bone that extends between manubrium of sternum and acromion of scapula
-sternal (medial) end articulates with manubrium of sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint
-acromial (lateral) end of clavicle is broad and flattened; articulates with acromion of scapula forming the acromioclavicular joint
-superior surface is smooth and inferior surface is rough

112
Q

Conoid tubercle

A

-Rough tuberosity for conoid ligament
-on inferior surface, near acromial end

113
Q

Costal tuberosity

A

inferiorly located prominence at sternal end of clavicle for attachment of shoulder’s costoclavicular ligament

114
Q

Scapula

A

broad, flat, triangular bone that forms shoulder blade

115
Q

Spine of scapula

A

-ridge on the bone on the posterior aspect of scapula

116
Q

Acromion

A

-Bony tip of the shoulder
-articulates with acromial end of clavicle

117
Q

Coracoid process

A

smaller, more anterior, hook shaped projection that is a site for muscle attachment

118
Q

Superior border

A

horizontal edge of scapula superior to spine of scapula

119
Q

Medial border

A

edge of scapula closest to vertebrae

120
Q

Lateral border

A

Closest to axilla

121
Q

Suprascapular notch/foramen

A

Superior border provides passage for suprascapular nerve and blood vessels

122
Q

Superior angle

A

Located between superior and medial borders

123
Q

Inferior angle

A

Positioned between medial and lateral borders

124
Q

Lateral angle

A

Primarily made up of cup shaped shallow glenoid cavity(articulates with humerus)

125
Q

Subscapular fossa

A

-Broad, smooth anterior surface of scapula
-large muscle called subscapularis overlies this

126
Q

Supraspinous fossa

A

Depression super to spine

127
Q

Infraspinous fossa

A

-broad extensive surface
-inferior to spine

128
Q

Humerus

A

-longest and largest upper limb bone

129
Q

Parts of humerus

A

-head
-greater tubercle
-lesser tubercle
-intertubercular sulcus
-anatomical neck
-surgical neck
-shaft
-deltoid tuberosity
-radial groove
-medial and lateral epicondyles
-capitulum
-trochlea
-radial fossa
-coronoid fossa
-olecranon fossa

130
Q

Head

A

at proximal end, articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

131
Q

Greater tubercle

A

positioned lateral to head and helps form rounded contour of shoulder

132
Q

Lesser tubercle

A

smaller and located more medical to head

133
Q

Intertubercle sulcus

A

a depression between 2 tubercles that contains the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii muscle

134
Q

Anatomical neck

A

-distinct groove that marks the location of the former epiphyseal plate
-between tubercles and head

135
Q

Surgical neck

A

a narrowing of bone immediately distal to tubercles at the transition from head to shaft

136
Q

Deltoid tuberosity

A

-Extends on the lateral surface of shaft for about 1/2 length of humerus
-deltoid muscle attaches here

137
Q

Radial groove

A

Located adjacent to deltoid tuberosity and is location of radial nerve/blood vessels

138
Q

Medial and lateral epicondyles

A

Bony projections on distal humerus that provide surfaces for muscle attachment

139
Q

Capitulum and trochlea

A

-two smooth curved surfaces at distal end of humerus that serve as sites for articulation with bones of forearm
-capitulum: located laterally and articulates with head of radius
-trochlea: pulley shape, located medially, and articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

140
Q

3 Depressions on Distal End of Humerus

A

-Radial fossa
-Coronoid fossa
-Olecranon fossa

141
Q

Radial fossa

A

Accommodates head of radius

142
Q

Coronoid fossa

A

Accommodates coronoid process of ulna

143
Q

Olecranon fossa

A

-Posterior depression
-Accommodates olecranon of ulna when elbow is extended

144
Q

Radius

A

Located more laterally on forearm

145
Q

Head

A

-proximal end of radius
-disc shaped
-articulates with capitulum of humerus

146
Q

Neck

A

Extends from radial head to radial tuberosity

147
Q

Radial tuberosity

A

Attachment site for biceps brachii muscle

148
Q

Shaft

A

Curves slightly and leads to wider distal end

149
Q

Styloid process

A

-laterally placed
-bony projections that can be palpated just proximal to thumb

150
Q

Ulnar notch

A

-on distal medial surface of radius
-articulates with medial surface of distal end of ulna at distal radioulnar joint

151
Q

Ulna

A

Longer, medially placed bone of forearm

152
Q

Trochlear notch

A

-at proximal end of ulna
-interlocks with trochlea of humerus

153
Q

Olecranon

A

-prominent projection on posterosuperior aspect of trochlear notch
-articulates with olecranon fossa of humerus and forms posterior bump of elbow

154
Q

Coronoid process

A

-inferior lip of trochlear notch
-articulates with humerus at coronoid fossa

155
Q

Radial notch

A

accommodates head of radius and helps form radioulnar joint

156
Q

Tuberosity of Ulna

A

-at proximal end
-where brachialis tendon attaches

157
Q

Distal end of Ulna

A

-shaft narrows and terminates in knoblike head that has posteromedial styloid process (palpated on pinky side of wrist)

158
Q

Interosseous borders

A

-both radius and ulna have them
-radius’s faces medially
-ulna’s faces laterally
-connected by interosseous membrane

159
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

-composed of dense regular connective tissue
-keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart
-provides pivot of rotation for forearm

160
Q

Supination

A

-palm of hand facing anteriorly and radius and ulna are parallel to each other
-radius on thumb side and ulna on pinky side

161
Q

Pronation

A

-radius crosses over ulna and both bones pivot along interosseous membrane

162
Q

Carrying angle

A

-bones of forearm angle laterally from elbow joint
-positions bones of forearms such that the forearms will clear the hips during walking as the forearms swing

163
Q

Proximal row of carpal bones

A

-scaphoid
-lunate
-triquetrum
-pisiform

164
Q

Distal row of carpal bones

A

-trapezium
-trapezoid
-capitate
-hamate

165
Q

Metacarpals

A

-5
-denoted by roman numerals
-metacarpal I is base of thumb and metacarpal V is base of pinky

166
Q

Phalanges

A

-3 in each finger (thumb only has 2)
-proximal phalanx=articulates with head of metacarpal
-middle phalanx (not present in thumb)
-distal phalanx=tip of finger

167
Q

Pelvis

A

Composed of 4 bones
1) Sacrum
2) Coccyx
3/4) right and left ossa coxae (hip bones)

168
Q

Os coxae

A

1) Ilium
2) Ischium
3) Pubis
-articulates posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joint

169
Q

Acetabulum

A

-deep, curved depression on lateral surface of os coxae that articulates with femur

170
Q

Lunate surface

A

-smooth, curved surface on acetabulum
-C-shaped and articulates with femoral head

171
Q

Ilium

A

-forms superior region of os coxae and part of acetabular surface

172
Q

Ala

A

-Wide, fan shape portion of ilium
-terminates inferiorly at ridge called arcuate line on medial surface of ilium
-on medial side there’s a depression called iliac fossa

173
Q

Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines

A

attachment sites for gluteal muscles of buttock on lateral surface of ilium

174
Q

Auricular Surface

A

large roughened area on posteromedial side of ilium that articulates with sacrum

175
Q

Iliac crest

A

-arises anteriorly from projection called anterior superior iliac spine and extends posteriorly to posterior superior iliac spine

176
Q

Anterior and posterior inferior iliac spine

A

Located inferiorly to ala of ilium

177
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

Where sciatic nerve extends to lower limb

178
Q

Ischium

A

Fuses with ilium near superior and posterior margins of acetabulum

179
Q

Ischial spine

A

-posterior to acetabulum and projects medially

180
Q

Body of ischium

A

Bulky bone superior to ischial spine

181
Q

Lesser sciatic notch

A

semicircular depression inferior to the ischial spine

182
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

Roughened projections that forms the posterolateral border of ischium

183
Q

Ramus of ischium

A

Extends from ischial tuberosity toward the anterior fusion with the pubis

184
Q

Pubis

A

Fuses with ilium and ischium at acetabulum

185
Q

Ramus of ischium

A

Fuses anteriorly with the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus

186
Q

Superior pubic ramus

A

Originates at anterior margin of acetabulum

187
Q

Body of pubis

A

Anteriorly placed mass of bone between superior and inferior pubic rami

188
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Space in os coxae that is encircled by both pubic and ischial rami

189
Q

Pubic crest

A

Roughened ridge located on anterosuperior surface of superior pubic ramus and ends at pubic tubercle

190
Q

Symphysial surface (Pubic symphysis)

A

-roughened area on body of pubis that denotes site of articulation between pubic bones

191
Q

Pectineal line

A

originates and extends diagonally across pubis to merge with arcuate line

192
Q

Pelvic brim

A

-Continuous, oval ridge that extends from pubic crest, pectineal line, and arcuate line to rounded inferior edges of sacral ala and promontory
-helps subdivide entire pelvis into true pelvis and false pelvis

193
Q

True pelvis

A

-lies inferior to pelvic brim
-encloses pelvic cavity and forms deep bowl that contains pelvic organs

194
Q

False pelvis

A

-lies superior to pelvic brim
-enclosed by alae of ilia
-forms inferior region of abdominal cavity and houses inferior abdominal organs

195
Q

Pelvic inlet

A

-superiorly positioned space enclosed by pelvic brim
-opening at boundary between true pelvis and false pelvis

196
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

-Inferior placed opening bound by the coccyx
-covered with muscle and skin
-forms perineum
-opening must be wide enough to accommodate fetal head during childbirth

197
Q

Preauricular sulcus

A

Depression or groove between greater sciatic notch and sacroiliac articulation
-only present in females

198
Q

Subpubic angle

A

-angle formed when left and right pubic bones are aligned at their symphysial surfaces
-wider and more convex on females

199
Q

Femur

A

-longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in body

200
Q

Head of femur

A

articulates with os coxae at acetabulum

201
Q

Fovea

A

small depression within head of femur

202
Q

Medial angling of femur

A

-neck joins shaft at angle
-brings knees closer to midline

203
Q

Greater trochanter

A

projects laterally from junction of neck and shaft

204
Q

Lesser trochanter

A

-located on femur’s posteromedial surface
-greater and lesser serve as attachment sites for powerful gluteal and thigh muscles

205
Q

Intertrochanteric line

A

-connects 2 trochanters on anterior surface of femur
-extends between 2 trochanters and marks distal edge of hip joint capsule

206
Q

Intertochanteric crest

A

thick oblique ridge of bone that connects trochanters on posterior surface of femur

207
Q

Pectineal line

A

-inferior to intertochanteric crest
-attachment of pectineus muscle

208
Q

Gluteal tuberosity

A

Attachment of gluteus maximus muscle

209
Q

Linea aspera

A

-elevated, midline ridge where pectineal line and gluteal tuberosity merge
-many thigh muscles attach here
-branches into medial and lateral supracondylar lines

210
Q

Popliteal surface

A

Flattened triangular area border by the medial and lateral supracondylar lines

211
Q

Adductor tubercle

A

-where medial supracondylar ridge terminates
-rough raised projection that is the site if attachment for adductor magnus muscle

212
Q

Medial and lateral condyles

A

2 smooth, oval articulating surfaces on distal, inferior surface of femur

213
Q

Medial and lateral epicondyles

A

Projections superior to each condyle

214
Q

Intercondylar fossa

A

-Seperates 2 condyles
-on distal posterior surface of femur

215
Q

Patellar surface

A

a smooth medial depression on anterior surface where patella articulates with femur

216
Q

Patella

A

-large, roughly triangular bone
-sesamoid bone housed within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle and allows tendon to glide more smoothly
-superior base is broad and inferior apex is pointed
-posterior aspect has articular surface that articulates with patellar surface of femur

217
Q

Tibia and fibula

A

Connected by interosseous membrane that extends between interosseous borders

218
Q

Tibia

A

-medially placed bone and only weight-bearing bone of leg
-head has medial and lateral condyles which articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur

219
Q

Intercondylar eminence

A

-prominent ridge that separates condyles of tibia

220
Q

Fibular articular facet

A

where head of fibula articulates to form superior tibiofibular joint

221
Q

Tibial tuberosity

A

-rough anterior surface near proximal condyles
-attachment site for patellar ligament

222
Q

Anterior border

A

-“shin”
-prominent ridge that extends distally along anterior tibial surface from tibial tuberosity

223
Q

Medial malleolus

A

-large prominent process at medial border

224
Q

Fibular notch

A

On distal posterolateral side of tibia where fibula articulates and forms inferior tibiofibular joint

225
Q

Inferior articular surface

A

-for talus, one of tarsal bones
-on inferior distal surface of tibia

226
Q

Fibula

A

-long, thin, lateral bone
-doesn’t bear any weight but several muscles attach to it
-rounded knoblike head is slightly inferior and posterior to lateral condyle of tibia
-distal to head is the neck followed by shaft

227
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

-fibula’s distal tip
-extends laterally to ankle joint where it provides lateral stability

228
Q

Proximal row of tarsal bones

A

1) talus= 2nd largest and articulates with tibia
2) calcaneus= largest tarsal and forms heel
3) navicular= medial side of ankle

229
Q

Distal row of tarsal bones

A

-Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms = wedge shaped bones that articulate with and are positioned anterior to navicular bone
-cuboid bone= articulates with medial surface with lateral cuneiform and its posterior surface with calcaneus

230
Q

Metatarsals

A

-numbered with roman numerals I-V
-articulate proximally with either cuneiform bones or cuboid bones
-each articulates with a proximal phalanx
-at the head of the first metatarsal are 2 sesamoid bones, which insert tendons of flexor hallucis brevis muscle and help these tendons move freely

231
Q

Phalanges

A

-bones of toes
-great toe (hallux) has only 2 (proximal and distal)
-all other toes have 3 (proximal, middle, and distal)

232
Q

3 arches of the foot

A

1) Medial longitudinal = highest of the 3 and extends from heel to great toe and gives footprint characteristic shape
2) Lateral longitudinal = extends between little toe and heel, contributes to footprint, not as high as medial
3) Transverse = runs perpendicular to longitudinal arches

A&P (13 decks)

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