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Functional Anatomy > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Maximum efficiency for males

A

0.0072m/steps/min

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2
Q

Maximum efficiency for females

A

0.0064 m/steps/min

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3
Q

Speed formula

A

Step rate (cadence) x step length

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4
Q

Strategies to decrease energy expenditure (5)

A 
Horizontal plane pelvic rotation
Sagittal plane ankle rotation
Stance phase knee flexion
Frontal plane pelvic rotation
Frontal plane hip rotation (step width)
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5
Q

Horizontal plane pelvic rotation does what

A

minimises hip flexion & extension for given length

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6
Q

Sagittal plane ankle rotation - does what

A

heel strike - ankle DF places calcaneus in contact with the ground, elongating the limb
End of stance (hip ext + knee flex) - lower extremity elongating lower limb
End of stance (hip ext +knee flex ) - lower extremity elongated via ankle PF
Function elongation decreases downward displacement of CoM

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7
Q

Knee flexion in stance phase does what

A

decrease upward displacement of CoM

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8
Q

Frontal plane pelvic rotation does what

A

stance phase = ipsilateral crest rises & contralateral iliac crest falls
(acts like a see-saw through gait cycle

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9
Q

Gait impacted by what clinical presentations (4)

A

Ankle disorders that decrease PFDF range
Knee disorders that impact on flex ROM and control
Inability to shift pelvis - frontal & sagittal plane
- consider link to LB and hip
-Need for increase base of support

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10
Q

Large muscle activity involves

A

eccentric contraction then concentric contraction

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11
Q

Result of EC-CC

A

Lengthening decelerates joint
subsequent shortening begin joint’s forward movement
At most joints, motion continues after concentric contraction ceases

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12
Q

Eccentric - concentric pattern =

A

Stretch - shortening cycle

  • energy stored by stretched muscle released during muscle lengthening
    • helps propel limb segment without additional contraction
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13
Q

Erector spinae (Lx) role during gait

A

control forward angular momentum of trunk relative to hips

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14
Q

Rectus abdominis role in gait

A

stabilises pelvis and Lx

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15
Q

Gluteus maximus role during gait

A

initiates hip ext + prepares for support of BW during stance
Prevents uncontrolled trunk flexion over the femur

  • assists in knee flex indirectly

Largely inactive during swing

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16
Q

Hamstring role during gait

A

large activity duringfirst 10% for similar reasons to glute max

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17
Q

Iliopsoas role during gait

A

Active well before toe off
eccentric activity 30-50% as hip flexion before tow off
Remains active through initial swing decrease beyond 50%
– hip flexion continues by forward momentum of thigh
assisted by rec fem

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18
Q

Hip abductors role during gait

A

Frontal plane stability of pelvis
Stabilise pelvis over relatively fixed femur
control lowering of contralateral pelvis of swing limb
Generates compressive forces at the hip during stance phase
- produce force 2x BW to achieve stability during SL support phase
prevents excessive valgus

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19
Q

Glute med + min role in gait

A

most active in first 40%

glute med
-active at end of swing phase in prep for heel contact
anterior fibres also assist hip flex and IR
Posterior fibres also assist hip ext and ER

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20
Q

Quadriceps during gait

A

Active as group late swing phase
Major burst after heel contact to control knee flexion in first 10%
- shock absorption +prevents excessive flex
-concentrically to extend knee +take BW mid stance

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21
Q

Vastii role in gait

A

very active at heel contact

primarily shock absorbers

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22
Q

Rec Fem role in gait

A

primarily - transition from stance to swing
aids initiation of hip flexion +control of knee extension
May assist shock absorption at high walking speeds and running only

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23
Q

Hamstrings during gait (knee flex)

A

Most active just before to just after heel contact
Decelerates knee extension preparing for ground contact of foot
Initial 10% stance
- assists active hip ext
-co-contraction to stabilise knee

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24
Q

Triceps surae function during gait

A

Active through most of stance excel first 1-% (PF controlled by eccentric DF)

10% to heel off

  • eccentrically controls ankle DF
  • prevents excessive DF and knee flex

Major burst near heel off then decrease rapidly to toe off
-creates PF torque +forward propulsion = push off

25
Q

Gastroc function during gait

A

low level activity in initial swing to assist knee flex

26
Q

Tib post, FHL, FDL & peroneals function during gait

A

Assists triceps surae

27
Q

Tib post function during gait

A

Potent supinator of foot
active 5-55% gait cycle
-decelerates foot pronation = 5-35%
Supinates foot =35-55%

Late stance
-supinates rearfoot and ER tibia
Raises MLA
Stabilises foot for push off

linked to lower limb overuse injuries

28
Q

PL and PB function during gait

A

10% tojust before toe off

Counteract strong tib post inversion action

29
Q

PL function during gait

A

Assists foot kinematics
Holds 1st ray rigidly to gound
Base of support for action of foot as rigid lever during terminal stance to push off
-link to windlass mechanism

30
Q

Foot intrinsics function during gait

A

Active mid stance to toe off 30-60%
Stabilise forefoot
Raise MLA
-provide rigid lever for PF in terminal stance

31
Q

Kinetics of gait examines what parameters (8)

A 
Forces 
Moments
Power generated 
Moments generated by muscles 
Forces applied at joints
Mechanical power 
Energy generated
32
Q

Define dynamic equilibrium

A

a state of balance between two processes

33
Q

Ground reaction forces occur in how many directions

A

3
vertical
AP
ML

34
Q

Peak forces in vertical direction (%BW)

A

120% BW

35
Q

Role of Vertical ground reaction forces

A

Deceleration and acceleration role

36
Q

AP GRF Peak forces

A

20% BW

37
Q

Role of AP GRF

A

control foot slippage forward & backwards

38
Q

Peak forces ML

A

5%

39
Q

Roleof ML GRF

A

control medial and lateral shear of foot

40
Q

What is required for normal gait function

A

sufficient joint ROM

sophisticated control of movement via the CNS

41
Q

Common causes of gait dysfunction

A

Pain
CNS disorders
MSK impairments

42
Q

Primary changes in antalgic gait include

A

shortened step length + decrease stance time on injured limb

43
Q

Neurological disorders that affect gait

A

Cerebral palsy
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

44
Q

what does the warm up impact on

A 
muscle force and power
muscle stiffness
flexibility
muscle tone
stretch-shortening cycle
45
Q

biomechanical performance of the motor system is improved by

A

temperature - this is why a warm up us useful

46
Q

What is muscle tone

A

resistance to stretch within a relaxed muscle

47
Q

Define a relaxed muscle

A

not altered by stretch reflex

48
Q

Muscle stiffness is

A

structural elements of muscle and tendon resist imposed length during stretching

49
Q

What is muscle fatigue

A

exercise induced reduction in ability to of muscle to produce force or power whether or not the task can be sustained

50
Q

What is muscle strength

A

index of force generating capacity of a muscle

51
Q

How is muscle strength measured

A

Maximal force exerted during an isometric contraction
Maximal load able to be lifted once
Peak torque during isokinetic (shortening or lengthening) contraction

52
Q

Training techniques for strength training

A

Isometric
resistance training
plyometric

53
Q

What is muscle strength

A

index of force generating capacity of a muscle

54
Q

how is muscle strength measured

A

maximal force exerted during an isometric contraction

maximal load able to be lifted once

peak torque during isokinetic (shortening and lengthening) contraction

55
Q

muscle strength training techniques

A

isometric
resistance training
plyometric
vibration

56
Q

how does adaptation occur?

A

changes with training = combination of chnge in muscle size and strength + specificity of strength gain

57
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of muscle fibres

58
Q

what is reaction time

A

time from target displacement to start of response by subject

Functional Anatomy (13 decks)

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