Week 7 Flashcards
What was the most positive thing Rome got out of expansion?
Hellenism
Who said, “Greeks, though conquered by Rome, conquered the Romans in turn with its culture and arts”?
Horace
What were the Hellenistic influences on Roman style?
- Shaving of beards
In what year did barbers first come to Rome, from Sicily?
300 BC
What medical innovations did Hellenism bring to Rome?
- Medical tools, most notably, knives
Who was the Greek doctor who settled in Rome, and became known as the “Butcher”?
Archagethus
What 7 things did Hellenization bring to Rome?
- Style (shaving beards)
- Medicine (knives)
- Poetry
- Architecture and Art
- Writing History
- Philosophy
- Public Education
Who was the first to Latinize Greek poetry and epics?
Livius Andronicus (a Greek POW)
Who are the first 2 famous Latin playwrights in Rome?
Plotus and Terence
2nd C. BC
True or False: Greek artists were sought after to make private art in Romans houses
TRUE
True or False: Romans got the idea about writing down history from the Greeks
TRUE
Who is the first Roman historian?
Pictor
How was Stoicism introduced to Rome?
- Celes, an ambassador from Pergamon, broke his leg, and had to stay in Rome to recuperate
- He was a Stoic, and so, he taught the Romans stoicism while healing his leg
In what century do Romans start to send their kids to a schoolmaster?
2nd Century BC
The last century of the Roman Republic is marked by _______________
internal strife
List the internal divides happening in the last century of the Republic: (6)
- Senators of less important families desiring power, land or wealth (Nobiles vs. Optimates)
- Equestrians desiring power, land, or wealth (Novus Homo)
- Plebeians desiring land or wealth
- Allies desiring citizenship, land, or wealth
- Provincials desiring justice
- Slaves desiring freedom
__________ was seen as the jewel of Greek civilization.
Pergamon
In Roman hands by 133 BC
What were the names of the Gracchi brothers?
- Tiberius Gracchus (older)
- Gaius Gracchus
Describe Tiberius Gracchus’ story:
- He is from a Nobile family, but choses instead to run for Tribune of the Plebs
- He proposed to the concilum plebis an agrarian bill stating that for landowners who had taken more land than allowed, the land will be taken back by the government, and allocated to the people.
- Tiberius had support from some senators, however, but they quickly became unhappy of how he pushed through the law
- Tiberius is killed by senators, no funeral, his body is dumped in the Tiber
- His murder, unleashes the power of the mob
What did Tiberius Gracchus propose to the Concilum Plebis?
- The lex agraria
- Fair distribution of land to poorer Romans
- Limit the ammount of public land a person could own
What marked the first major act of political violence in Rome?
- The murder of Tiberius Grachus
How many of Tiberius Gracchus’ supporters died in the mob violence after his murder?
- 300
In what year is Tiberius Gracchus murdered?
132 BC
What was Gaius Gracchus’ main goal?
- To avenge his brother’s death through policy
What reforms did Gaius Gracchus pitch to the Concilium Plebis as Tribune of the Plebs? (5)
- Take the poor from Rome and settle them elsewhere in southern Italy
- Have government control over grain supply
- Public granaries
- Roads and infrastructure projects
- Government should pay for equipment and clothing for soldiers
All of these were passed
Describe the death of Gaius Gracchus:
- He was assassinated in the same way as his older brother Tiberius
- Senators riled up their supporters to kill him
- 3000 people were killed in mob violence
What were the 2 political factions in the Senate?
- Optimates
- Pushed populist measures (ex. Gracchi brothers)
- They help poor Romans, but ultimately want to revert Rome to it’s old ways - Populares
- Just want to enrich the wealthy
- Appeased people with grain laws and promises
What marks the beginning of the end of the Republic?
The Gracchi Brothers
What nobile family were the Gracchi brothers from?
Cornelius clan
What ancient author wrote 50 lives, in which he compares a Greek historical figure to a Roman one?
Plutarch
Who said that personal rivalries caused the downfall of the republic?
Plutarch
What is Plutarch’s famous quote?
This is not a history, it is a life
What is Physiognomy?
Interpreting someone’s character through their appearance
True or False: Marius was a Novus Homo.
TRUE
What 2 big things is Marius said to have lacked?
Wealth and Eloquence
Who was Marius’ first major war against?
Jugurtha
Who was Caesar’s most famous uncle?
Marius
Who was Jugurtha?
The Numidian king
When was the war against Jugurtha?
116 BC
Who brought Jugurtha back to Rome in chains?
Marius
(despite Sulla being the one who actually received Jugurtha)(this caused anger from Sulla, for the fact that Marius took the credit)
How does Jugurtha die?
His earring is torn off publicly, and he is thrown into captivity where he starved to death
What ally handed Jugurtha over to Rome?
Bacchus of Mauritania
Who led the Roman army in the Germanic wars of 106 BC?
Marius
What caused the Social war of 90 BC?
- Italian allies were not happy being second class citizens, so they rose up
- Italian allies were known as the Socii
Which two Roman generals fought in the Social War?
Marius
Sulla
What was the result of the Social War?
- Everyone in Italy is given Roman citizenship
- So, technically, the Socii won
____________ was like the Gracchi brothers, but instead of supporting Roman farmers, he supported Roman soldiers.
Marius
What were Marius’ main military reforms? (4)
- Made the basic unit the cohort
- Creates a professional army
- 16 (later 20) years military service period
- Soldiers are expected to march with their own equipment, instead of relying on baggage trains (Marius’ Mules)
What created a greater loyalty from soldiers to their generals, rather than to Rome itself?
Marius’ reforms
