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Roman Republic Midterm > Week 3: Early Struggles > Flashcards

Week 3: Early Struggles Flashcards

1
Q

Who defended the bridge alone against the Etruscans?

A

Horatius Cocles

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2
Q

Who attempted to sneak into the Etruscan camp to kill King Porcena?

A

Scaevola

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3
Q

Recite the story of Scaevola:

A
  • Scaevola sneaks into the Etruscan camp to assassinate the Etruscan king, Porcena
  • Thinking it was Porcena, Scaevola mistakenly kills the secretary
  • Scaevola is captured, and when about to be tortured for information, Scaevola puts his own hand into an open fire pit and burns it in defiance
  • Upon seeing this extreme bravery, Porcena started initiating peace terms with Rome
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4
Q

Who was the only woman that Livy praised as a hero of Rome?

A

Cloelia

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5
Q

Recite Cloelia’s story:

A
  • Cloelia was taken hostage by the Etruscans
  • She, along with a few other female hostages, escape on horseback
  • In honour of her bravery, Etruscan king Porcena agreed to send back larger groups of Roman hostages
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6
Q

Why is Cincinnatus considered a hero of early Rome?

A
  • When the people called him back to be consul again after his first term, he refused
  • When he was asked to become dictator in the face of invasion, he initially refused, but then, seeing Rome needed him, accepted
  • BUT, he only stayed dictator for 15 days, then went back to be a farmer (instead of the 6 months customary time to be a dictator)
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7
Q

Who reflected the ideal Roman image of the Farmer-Soldier?

A

Cincinnatus

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8
Q

How long could a dictator hold power in the event of an emergency?

A

6 months

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9
Q

Who were Rome’s first 4 heroes?

A
  1. Cocles
  2. Scaevola
  3. Cloelia
  4. Cincinattus
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10
Q

Who were Rome’s first 3 villains/traitors?

A
  1. Coriolanus
  2. Quinctius
  3. Appius
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11
Q

Recite the story of Coriolanus:

A
  • Started off as a war hero against the Volsci
  • When Rome was starving, he refused to give them grain
  • He defected and joined the Volsci against Rome
  • Right before he was going to sack Rome, his womenfolk convinced him to stop, so he did
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12
Q

Who was Cincinnatus’ disgraceful son?

A

Quinctus

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13
Q

What did Quinctus do?

A
  • He broke up an assembly of the people
  • He is brought to trial, but his father, Cincinnatus bails him out
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14
Q

Who is famous for wanting to return to one man rule?

A

Appius

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15
Q

In what century did Rome begin to have serious internal problems?

A

Mid 5th Century BC

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16
Q

What were Rome’s 2 biggest internal problems in the mid 5th century BC?

A
  1. Certain people wanting to restore one-man rule
  2. Class strife
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17
Q

When was the emergence of Party Politics?

A

Mid 5th Century BC

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18
Q

When did the First Plebeian Secession begin?

A

509 BC

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19
Q

In what 2 ways did Plebeians strike during the First Plebeian Secession?

A
  1. Leaving Rome to establish a Plebeian Assembly on the Sacred Mount
  2. Refusing to fight when called
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20
Q

Why were Plebeians upset at the onset of the Secession?

A
  • The whole system of Centuries (from the Servian Constitution) was dominated by Elites
  • These Elites pressured their subordinate citizens to vote their way
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21
Q

What 2 governmental bodies were created from the First Plebeian Secession?

A
  1. Tribune of the Plebs (493 BC)
  2. Tribal Assembly (471 BC)
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22
Q

What is a Plebiscite?

A
  • A vote from the Tribune of the Plebs and the Tribal Assembly
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23
Q

What is the formal term for a vote from the Tribune of the Plebs and the Tribal Assembly?

A

A Plebiscite

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24
Q

What did the Plebeians want for the Second Plebeian Secession?

A
  • A written down code of laws and decrees in a uniformed codex
  • Why? –> To establish equality under the law
25
Q

In what way do the Patricians concede to the demands of the Second Plebeian Secession?

A
  • The Patricians send an ambassador to Greece, to learn the Greek way of categorizing laws
26
Q

What 2 things came out of the Second Plebeian Secession?

A
  1. Reinforcement of the Right of Appeal
  2. The Twelve Tables (law code)
27
Q

What is a Decemvir?

A
  • “One of the Ten”
  • One of the ten Patricians chosen to write down the laws
28
Q

Who spearheaded the creation of the Twelve Tables?

A

Appius

29
Q

What do the Decemvirs do after writing the law code?

A

They form a powerful, corrupt third party in Rome, and supersede the consuls.

30
Q

***What happened to Lucius Siccius?

A
  • Lucius Siccius tried to get his fellow soldiers to not fight and go on another Plebian strike
  • The commander of his unit, a Patrician, orders the men to kill Siccius
  • Siccius fights off and kills one, but the rest sympathize with him and go back to the commander, claiming that the enemy ambushed them
31
Q

What awful thing did Appius do?

A
  • Appius wanted a Plebeian girl named Virginia
  • So, Appius hatches a plot where his friend goes to court claiming that Virginia was his slave (Appius was the judge, so he would claim her as his slave)
  • But, when Appius summoned her to court, Virginia’s father, Virginius, kills his daughter Virginia, so that she doesn’t fall into his sadistic hands.
32
Q

What were the results of the Second Plebeian Secession?

A
  1. Creation of the Plebiscites
  2. Reinforcement of the Right to Appeal
  3. Reinforcement of the Tribunes
33
Q

What right did the Plebeians NEVER get?

A

Consulship

34
Q

What was the Tribune of the Plebs?

A
  • An assembly where the Plebeians could elect their own leaders
35
Q

In what 2 ways did Rome deal with her enemies?

A
  1. Assimilation (ex. the Sabines)
  2. Alliance (ex. the Latins)(aka Latin League)
36
Q

Early Roman warfare started off as _________ combat

A

Heroic

37
Q

In what century did the Romans adopt Phalanx warfare?

A

6th century BC

38
Q

Define the term “Imperium”:

A

The full command of military forces

39
Q

Imperator

A

The title for a consul who was given Imperium

40
Q

Who is the dictator’s second in command in times of emergency?

A

Master of Horse

41
Q

What was the first rule of the army?

A

There could be NO armies in the city of Rome itself

42
Q

What did the Romans create to ease command logistics on wars with multiple fronts?

A

The Military Tribune (assigns commanders)

43
Q

What 2 types of Priests were needed before battle?

A
  1. Augurs
  2. Fetiales
44
Q

Define: Augur

A
  • A priest who interprets divine messages through bird patterns
45
Q

Define: Fetiales

A
  • Priests dealing with international relations, who tried to see if they could mediate affairs diplomatically before a war broke out
46
Q

What were the 4 Roman Rules of War?

A
  1. Had to formally declare war
  2. Had to send ambassadors to try and resolve a peace settlement before battle
  3. Messengers should NOT be killed
  4. Allow each other to bury your dead
47
Q

What happened if an enemy refused a pitched battle?

A

The Romans would blockade and siege their city, subsequently starving it out or storming it.

48
Q

Define: Decimation

A
  • When an entire unit is insubordinate, each tenth man is executed
  • Every soldier who has lost his equipment, standard, post are to be decimated and beheaded
49
Q

By the time of the phalanx, what are Romans now being punished for?

A
  • Fighting alone, heroic style
50
Q

True or False: Even commanders could be brought to trial for insubordination

A

TRUE

*Though often simply for monetary fines

51
Q

Define: Yoke

A
  • Captured enemy soldiers were stripped then forced to crawl under a “yoke” (three spears forming a small hurdle to pass under) to prove submission
52
Q

Define: Spolia Optima

A

The enemy King/Commander’s spoils (The Most Important Spoils)

53
Q

What was done with the Spolia Optima?

A
  • It was given to the temple of Jupiter as an offering
54
Q

What was the main way to get slaves in this period in Rome?

A
  • Captured enemy soldiers
55
Q

What was given to Horatius Cocles as a reward for his bravery?

A

As much land as he could plow in a day

56
Q

True or False: A list of ALL the triumphant generals were kept by the Romans

A

TRUE

57
Q

Define: Triumph

A
  • A victory procession led by the consul who acted as general, marching with enemy prisoners in chains
58
Q

Define: Ovation

A
  • The minor appreciation walk for the consul who didn’t get a triumph
59
Q

What did the consul on triumph look like?

A
  • Face painted red
  • Purple lined toga
  • Laurel crown

Roman Republic Midterm (3 decks)

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