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Ancient Cities > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Timeline of the classical period?

A

in greece happened after archaic period and lines up with the roman republic period

not ca know dates of 480-323 BCE

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2
Q

Fifth century greek history timeline:

A

the first greco persian war (darius)
second greco persian war (xerxes)
(troops destroyed athens)

The greeks won both

Between the wars: rise of the delian league/ athenian empire

the peloponnesian war

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3
Q

what happened in the between the wars: rise of the delian and athenian empire?

A

the delian league was a group of cities that decided to team up bc they want to be protected from future attacks

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4
Q

what happen in the peloponnesian war?

A

athens and their allies fought with starta and their allies bc they didnt want to join the other alliance

sparta wins
and we see spata become more prominent

but we see a power struggle

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5
Q

fouth centrury greek timeline:

A

power struggle between cities (Poleis)

the reign of philip II macedon

then his son alexander the great conquers the persian empire

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6
Q

What is the severe style?

A

the earliest stylistic caterogy of the classical period

more realistic art
more motion
metopes
emotions and expression (loss of archaic smile)
change in hair

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7
Q

bronze sculptures in the classical period?

A

rise in bronze at the end of the archaic period
suvived in low numbers bc bronze is melted down unlike marble

more bronze than marble structures in greece

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8
Q

benifits of using bronze for scuptures?

A

light
better to show emotions
melted down

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9
Q

what is proof that bronze was mostly used in the classical period?

A

bc it was mounted on the platform differently than marble

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10
Q

the high classical style

A

450-400 BCE
more natural
peak in stylistic period
rise in a specific pose called contrapposto-the put all their weight on one leg
detailed hair

men nude
women clothed

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11
Q

who was pheidias?

A

a popular sculptuer of zeuss

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12
Q

the late classical sculpture?

A

the end of the peloponnesian war
end of classical period w the death of alexander the great
showed emotions gods were shown in more realistic ways

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13
Q

what is the aphrodite of knidos?

A

the roman copy of a greek orginal
ca 350-340

in anotilia
first life sized fenal nude
caught entering a bath

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14
Q

dilemma in roman copies?

A

we shouldnt invalidate roman copies of scuptures
helps w achaeology

romans used marble more than bronze where greeks used bronze

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15
Q

Key components of classical athens

A

Kerameikos cemetary
themistoklean wall-built after the second greco persian war so we can date the approx dates better of the stuff inside we know its all from before the time of this wall)
clasical agora
akropolis
areopagos

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16
Q

The Kerameikos Cemetery

A

(became more of a democracy in this period)

early classical
decline in osterntatious grave markers
and increase in number of graves
this suggested a social change

ca 430s
there were funerary relief sculptures (stelai)

by then end of the period we see an increase in elaborate grave markers

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17
Q

what is salvage archaeology?

A

done to salavge sites quickly if they are at risk or need to be escavated quickly bc it is in the way of other projects

often bc of acidental discovery

ex, the kerameikos subway line 1994

syntagma station
when mass graves are discovered
though that it was bc of the plage of athens prolly typhoid bc we dont usually see mass graves in greece

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18
Q

The areopagus

A

the hill of ares: seat of the council-democracy for law court or capital punishment
members are former majestries

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19
Q

the classical agora

A

heart of civic life
there was temples
council building
mints
and many stoas
stoas( multifunctional buildings)

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20
Q

the painted stoa

A

built 470BCE
famous paintings
made up stoicism

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21
Q

what is stoicism?

A

a philosphoical school where people would meet

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22
Q

the stoa of attalos

A

158-138 BCE
re constucted

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23
Q

The history of the athenian acropolis:

A

bronze age was earliers know use as a fortess
archaic period there was a swiych of function to be for use for the goddess athena
it was largely destroyed by the second greco persian war
bc of the oath of plataea they dont rebuild to honor
then there is the 5th century perikles when the rebuilding happens
then fortified villages
and then 1833 athens as the captial of greece

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24
Q

what is the oath of plataea?

A

doesnt let the peole rebuild the acropolis

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25
Q

what is the propylaia?

A

the entry gate to the acropolis
was not symetrical
5 ways to enter-maybe pinakotheke

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26
Q

the temple of athena nike

A

421-415 bce
it was a later building on the acropolis

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27
Q

nike

A

victory

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28
Q

pediments

A

were part of the temple of athena nike there was a east side and west side

east had gigantomachy(battle with the giants)

west has amasonmachy battle with the amason mythical people

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29
Q

temple frieze

A

east has an assembly of gods
south has greek vs persians

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30
Q

parapet frieze showed:

A

the nike procession

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31
Q

The parthenon

A

storage for tributes from allies
a treasury
no evdience of religous practcies

32
Q

athena pathenos=

A

athena the maiden (virgin)

33
Q

stature of athena parthenos

A

made by pheidias
made of gold and ivory
chryselephantine

was like a storage of gold for emergencies
cult statue

34
Q

what is chryselephantine

A

gold and ivory

35
Q

The archeticture of the parthenon:

A

mostly doric with some ionic elements

had a running frieze
not perfectly straight lines
reinements not perfecly square

36
Q

metope

A

is a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze

37
Q

the parthenon sculptures

A

more a teasury
lots of decor

38
Q

the metopes on the parthenon

A

west: amasonomarchy-mythical women
north-trojan war
east-gigantomachy-giants and gods
south-centarumarchy-cenitar and humans

39
Q

the ionic frieze

A

continued along the inside

there was the panathenaic procession-part of the festival of the same name celebrated each year on the occasion of Athena’s birthday.
and

the east-peplos scene (giving athena new clothes each new fesitval) central scene

40
Q

the pediments

A

majority of the scenes are missing

carved fully in the round

east has the birth of athena out of zeusses head

west is athena vs possidean
olive tree vs salt water spring

showed the culture of the poele and the city and themes and the people and mythology

41
Q

the erechtheion

A

the new temple build in diff area than the orignal temple

built on a slope and has an irrgeular plan bc they were trying to avoud the orignal temple
other gods are also worshiped in the temple

42
Q

the religious signifacne of the erecheion

A

dedicated to athena polias

-the xoanon, peplos the traditional stature madeof wood in the templ
the panathenaic festival
king erechteus(mythical king)
olive tree of athena

43
Q

what are the caryatids?

A

the only part that is build on the old temple of athena polias looking over the old temple
columns are women who seem to be mouring the old temples
a sign of respect

connections of history
-mycenan
old temple policies
their past
propoting the glory of the city

44
Q

who is elgin marbles?

A

a greek sculpture

45
Q

Where is elgin marbles stuff and what is it called?

A

Now at the british museum and it is known as the parthenon structures

46
Q

who is Thomas Bruce, 7th Lord Elgin

A

British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire

47
Q

why did elgin marbles send his stuff to europe?

A

to prevent the scupltures from destructuion

48
Q

What are the parthenon sculptures?

A

are a collection of different types of marble architectural decoration from the temple of Athena (the Parthenon)

they consist of: a frieze which shows the procession of the Panathenaic festival (the commemoration of the birthday of the goddess Athena); a series of metopes (sculpted relief panels) depicting the battle between Centaurs and Lapiths at the marriage-feast of Peirithoos; and figures of the gods and legendary heroes from the temple’s pediments.

49
Q

which two cities held power in the archaic period?

A

Athens and Sparta

50
Q

What was the Peloponnesian War?

A

The war between Athens and Sparta (sparta won)

51
Q

What was they system of government in sparta?

A

oligarchy

people were deprived of individuallity

52
Q

how did the people in athens live?

A

freely
flourished
democarcy

53
Q

Pnyx?

A

the smaller hill

54
Q

The acropolis

A

the big hill

55
Q

The south edge of the Agora

A

open-air
law court

56
Q

Altar of the Twelve Gods marked:

A

the centre of the city

57
Q

Athenian potters and painters used two main techniques:

A

black-figure and red-figure.

third was added later (white-ground)

58
Q

The normal sequence of firing consisted of three stages:

A

(1) oxidation: oxygen is let into the kiln;
the clay and the “paint” stay red;

(2) reducing: the air vent is closed, cutting the oxygen supply; the fire
heating the kiln takes oxygen from the ferric oxide in the clay; the ferric oxide (Fe2O3) turns into
black-colored iron oxides (either FeO or Fe3O4); and

(3) partial reoxidation: oxygen is let in again; the
black pot returns to the original red; the more compact “paint” will do the same, but more slowly.

59
Q

Red-figure was simply the reverse: the background was covered with black, whereas the figures
and decorations were left in the natural clay color, orange-red

A
60
Q

what does the The Nessos Amphora show

A

example of late Protoattic, almost early Attic black-figure pottery that illustrates mythological
themes (Figure 14.3). On the neck, the hero Herakles kills Nessos, a centaur. Both figures are
labeled. Below, large gorgons, with wings and monstrous heads, chase Perseus, the killer of their
sister, Medusa.

61
Q

kore wore commonly

A

himation (shawl) over a chiton, a cylindrical piece of cloth with openings for the head and
arms, with loose sleeves buttoned over the shoulders, and worn with a belt.

62
Q

what periods did the persian war help switch?

A

arachic to classical

63
Q

uses of the hilltop of acroplois?

A

myceaean citadel
cyclopean masonry-forification wall

64
Q

how did the use of the acopolis change from bronze age to arachic?

A

Only in the Archaic period did the primary function change from fortress to religious sanctuary,
with the worship of Athena predominat

65
Q

Preservation of the Parthenon

A

church
mosque
destroyed in an explosion

66
Q

What is the diffence between metopes and pediments?

A

metopes show alleogical past of greek history

pediments show distant mythical past of athens

67
Q

how many pedimetns were preserved?

A

small number

68
Q

what is the entrance of the acropolis called:

A

the propylaia
built up until the peloponnesian war

69
Q

what was the erechtheion made of?

A

limestone

70
Q

What is the theather of Dionysos and Choregic Monuments?

A

south slope of the acropolis is dominated by two theathers

71
Q

what is the name of the two theathers?

A

odeion of herodes atticus (less significant more preserved)

theather of dionysos more signifcant

72
Q

what was the theather for?

A

first a religous celebration but for dionysos there was dance and musics etc

73
Q

skene?

A

backdrop, tent or hut orignially

74
Q

The Lysikrates Monument

A

consists of a cylindrical structure standing on a square base. It is
decorated with columns with Corinthian capitals; screen walls of stone connecting the columns,
thereby closing the colonnade; an Ionic frieze that shows Dionysos chased by pirates, who turn
into dolphins when they are thrown into the sea; and on its rooftop, a base for the victory tripod
(the tripod no longer exists).

75
Q

Lower town

A

had houses and the agroa

76
Q

what were houses made of?

A

mudbrick and stone foundations
people relied on wells

77
Q
A

Ancient Cities (12 decks)

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