Week 1

Question 1

What is archaeology?

Answer 1

The study of human history through examining its material remains like material culture

Question 2

what are the kinds of materials?

Answer 2

structures
artifacts
ecofacts

Question 3

structures

Answer 3

non-movable manmade objects
ex building and infrastructure

Question 4

artifacts

Answer 4

movable manmade objects
artwork
everyday objects

Question 5

ecofacts

Answer 5

natural, non-manmade objects
organic remains and inorganic remains (seed and stones respectively)

Question 6

finding material

Answer 6

material in continuous use
survey
excavation
out of context finds

Question 7

evaluating material

Answer 7

what is it
what was its function
when was it made

Question 8

material in continuous use ex

Answer 8

the pantheon

has been renovated and bc of the continuous use its hard to learn about its early days

Question 9

survey

Answer 9

looking for finds on the survface of the ground

field walking
drones

just land no digging

Question 10

excavation

Answer 10

uncovering buried material remains
uses stratigraphy

Question 11

what is stratigraphy?

Answer 11

the study of strata
or stratum (layers of soil)

further down the earlier the item is from

Question 12

out of context finds

Answer 12

might not have archaeolgical context
old finds, chance finds, lootings

the value of the item may be lost and might be difficult to authenticate

Question 13

know about the helemt out of context find

Question 14

what was the treasury of atreus used for

Answer 14

it was a tomb provided evidence of burial practices

Question 15

how to date in antiquity

Answer 15

BCE olders is bigger number
CE is rn and bigger is more recent

Question 16

BCE

Answer 16

Before Christ/Before Common Era
Dates go backwards, ex Julius Caesar lived from 100-44 BCE

Question 17

AD/CE

Answer 17

Anno domine (the year Jessus was born)

dates go forwards like now

Question 18

ca.

Answer 18

circa= apporx

Question 19

r.

Answer 19

rexit=when someone reigned

Question 20

terminus post quem

Answer 20

limit after which (earliest possible date)
ex if you find a coin from that time then is everything post that date

Question 21

Terminus ante quem

Answer 21

point before which
lastest possible date

ex if we know a site was destroyed we know what everything must be from before that date

Question 22

how do you say centuries

Answer 22

450 BCE is the 5th century
1900 is the 20th century add 1 to the hundreds column

Question 23

prehistory

Answer 23

time before written records

Question 24

what are some problem with talking about hisotry in periods

Answer 24

biases towards major historical figures, regardless of changes in daily life

can give a negative impression of some periods (dark ages)

can give false impression of neat division between times in history
bronze age-there was bronze is all time periods and othe metals were also being used

Question 25

how is it useful to discuss hisotry in periods?

Answer 25

bc then we can desible and refer to things in broad terms

Question 26

how do we date ancient material?
2 types

Answer 26

relative dating
absolute dating

Question 27

absolute dating

Answer 27

documentary material sources
known historical/enviromental events
scientific dating methods

Question 27

relative dating

Answer 27

stratigraphy
typology

Question 28

stratigraphy

Answer 28

studying the different levels of soil
lower is earlier

Question 29

typology

Answer 29

objects
type: a group of artifcats build around the same general model
typology: the study and seqencing of these etypes
this is also know as seriation

Question 30

typology example: attic kouroi

Answer 30

Kouroi (nude statues of men) from attica athens
look at then and identify the similar style and change in style but same type

Question 31

documentary meaterial sources

Answer 31

inscriptions: words carved into stone or other materials

clay tablets, wooden tablets etc

coins

Question 32

known historical/ enviromental events

Answer 32

sites and objects can sometimes be more narrowly dated based on their connection to externally known datable informaiton

Question 33

scientific dating methods

Answer 33

radiocarbon dating
dendrochronolgy

Question 34

radiocarbon dating

Answer 34

C14 dating
dating based on the decay of carbon 14
drawbacks
this can only apply to organic materials
narrowest dating within +/- 50 years

Question 35

Dendrochronology

Answer 35

dating based on tree ring patterns

drawbacks
can only tell us when the tree was cut and not when the material was used
requires a intact sample

Question 36

What is mesopotamia

Answer 36

the earliest cities are found in ancient mesopotamia

refers to meso (middle)
potamia (of the river)

Question 37

the greek world

Answer 37

the hellenistic period the height of greek power

Question 38

the roman world

Answer 38

point where roman empire was the largest

Question 39

general timelines

Answer 39

mesopotamia/western asia
neotlitihic
bronze age
iron age

greece
bronze age
iron age
archaic period
classical period
hellenisitic period

rome
iron age
the monarchy
the rebublic
the primcipate
the dominaye

Question 40

what is a city

Answer 40

demographic, geogrpahic, social, economic, and ideolofical aspects

Question 41

mumford

Answer 41

a point of maximum concentraiton for the power and culture of a community

Question 42

wirth

Answer 42

a relatively large, dense, and permanant settlement of socially heterogenous individuals

Question 43

childe’s 10 criteria

Answer 43

concentration of relatively large numbers of people in restricted area
developed social stratififcation
notall doing agricultureal occupations
produciton of economic surplus and appropriation by cenral authroiryt
witing
exact and predicitve sciences to forecast weather
monumental pubic architecture
figural art
doreign trade
residence based group membership