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Ancient Cities > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

When is the greek iron age?

A

ca 1100-800 BCE : iron age

it comes after the bronze age and is before the archaic period

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2
Q

What was the iron age known for?

A

It is known as the “dark age”-bc of the loss of writing

or the “geometric period” bc of all the pottery with geometric designs

To be the time of development of most of the distinct elements of later greek societies

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3
Q

What happened at the beginning of the iron age?

A

There was a population decline about 75% and the occupied site went down 50%

there was a collapse of foreign trade which led to the collapse of bronze production

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4
Q

What was the evolution of geometric pottery?

A

LH IIIC: submycenaean
end of bronze age

Attica-place in greece

protogeometric
early geometric
middle geometric
late geometric

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5
Q

What is protogeometric pottery?

A

1070-900
-simple
with bands and circles (made with compass)
-light background with dark designs
had lip,neck,handles,belly, foot
earliest form

used for food storage, oil, and found in burials

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6
Q

What is early geometric pottery?

A

ca. 900-850

dark background with light designs
no circles
just lines
horizontal
more geometric
designs in same areas

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7
Q

what is an amphora?

A

vase with two handles and wide base

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8
Q

What is middle geometric pottery?

A

ca 850-750 BCE

had decor on the neck and belly
light designs on dark background
the designs covered more surface than prior types

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9
Q

What is late geometric pottery?

A

ca 760-700

dark designs on a light background
decor covers whole pot
geometrics with complex designs with people horses, and funerary context

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10
Q

What is the most famous late geometric pot?

A

The Dyplon Amphora
found at the dyplon gates at athens
very large
had men in nude and women in skirts
and had a famous funerary scene used as grave markers

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11
Q

How did geometric period burials look?

A

They were more complex than the bronze age

cremations happened for the more eltie

stelai and marker vases begin to appear in the early geo period

cemeteries began to appear outside of the city limits bc people began to realize that the dead bodies are bad for the health

extramural (outside of city walls) burials begin in the middle

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12
Q

What is lefkandi?

A

Was one of the largest structures from that time (mid 10th century cemetery in a long aspidal house)

two graves were dug into bed rock
wealthy grave goods
and covered w earth

showed proof of contact w other communities bc there were bronze age heirlooms

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13
Q

What does apsidal mean?

A

round ended

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14
Q

The greek alphabet

A

at the end of the bronze age greeks lost the ability to write linear b and there was several years without writing

they have a phonetic script
in the late 8th century writing returned
it was adapted from the phoenician alphabet (north african)

the greeks added in new vowels

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15
Q

What is the Nestor Cup?

A

ca 720 BCE

I am the cup of nestor, good to drink from. whoever drinks from me will at once be seized by desire of fair crowned aphrodite

it was in homers poems

writing was in right to left
but ended up becoming left to right

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16
Q

What is a Polis?

A

a city state

(in the greek iron age cities didnt become palaces they became cities)

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17
Q

Main physical components of a polis?

A

-marketplace (agora)
-acropolis (city centre) high point of a city like temples and religious centre
-graveyard outside of cities

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18
Q

main political components of a polis?

A

assembly of all free citizen adult males

council and magistrates elected from a selected group (no kings, unified gov, first democracy, independent city states)

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19
Q

What is the archaic period?

A

ca 800-480 BCE
solidification of structures
before classical after iron age

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20
Q

What were the main events of the archaic period?

A

The replacement of geometric pottery style with eastern-influenced styles (west asian styles)

flourishing of the polis
(oligarchies vs the tyrannies)

start of large scale marble sculptures

the beginning of coinage

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21
Q

what is a oligarchies?

A

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

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22
Q

what is a tyranny?

A

a government in which all power is in the hands of a single ruler

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23
Q

What are the main components of a temple?

A

rear porch
adyton
main hall
peristyle
stylobate
front porch
columns
single entrance

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24
Q

what is an opisthodomos?

A

the rear porch

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25
Q

what is the adyton?

A

not for general public cult room for gods

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26
Q

what is the naos?

A

main hall

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27
Q

what is the peristyle?

A

ground

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28
Q

what is the stylobate?

A

the platform

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29
Q

what is the pronanos?

A

the front porch

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30
Q

What is the doric order?

A

a type of arcetecture

more plain

has a stylobate
fluted lines
thicker columns
has a capital (top of column)
had doric frieze
and pediment-sculpture in the triangle part of roof

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31
Q

what are the components of a doric frieze?

A

metope- a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze (where designs are)

Triglyph-is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture,

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32
Q

what is the ionic order?

A

a non-archaic temple design
has a base
thinner columns
no frieze
had a capital that looked like a scroll***

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33
Q

what was the purpose of having orders (architectural order)

A

to please the gods
to simply designs
to simply prices and payment

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34
Q

Why were there temples?

A

Main function as storage of offerings and the cult statue

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35
Q

Archaic marble sculpture?

A

learned from the egyptians
nude men clothed women
acted as crave markers, votives (gifts/offering for gods)
cult statues
had a very formulaic and rigid structure (static)

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36
Q

What is a kouroi (kouros) and korai (kore)?

A

kouros-men
kore-women

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37
Q

life sized statues?

A

had an archaic smile
almond eyes
grave markers and votives
men were youthful-feet one infront of the other
women had hand on chest and feet together

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38
Q

What is polychromy?

A

the multicoloured decor of objects
most marble was painted but the paint has disappeared overtime

39
Q

What is numismatics?

A

the study of coins

40
Q

what is a coin?

A

a piece of metal with distinguishing marks and issued by a government authority for use as money

41
Q

what is money?

A

something accepted as payment for goods and services

42
Q

barter?

A

the trade of goods and services for other goods and services

43
Q

obverse?

A

heads

44
Q

reverse?

A

tails

45
Q

where did coinage start?

A

7th century lydia (630 bc)]

used electrum

46
Q

what is electrum?

A

a gold and silver alloy

47
Q

what did coresus,king of lydia do?

A

fist to mint coinage of gold and silver separately

48
Q

archaic greek coinage?

A

the greeks adopted the system from the lydians

each city has its own symbol to represent the city
not useful for trade between cities
used for large payments by the state

49
Q

what was on the old athens coin?

A

athena and an owl

50
Q

What is west asia?

A

achaemenid persia and persepolis

51
Q

What sources can u find ancient persia?

A

literary
-greeks
-old testament
-persian sources: royal inscriptions and admin

material evidence

(most is in greek pov so biased bc it was from when they were in conflict)

52
Q

Who founded the Achaemenid empire?

A

king cyrus the II (conqured lydia)

550-330 bce

53
Q

who were the 4 kings of the achaemenid empire?

A

Cyrus II r. 559-530 BCE
(conquest of lydian kingdom of croesus)

cambyses r.530-522 BCE
conqured egypt
(maybe bardiya imposter-maybe illegitimately took over)

Darius I: r.522-486 BCE
centralization of gov
the first greco-persian war

Xerxes r. 486-465 bce
son of barius
major construction projects
second greco persian war

54
Q

Achaemenid persian culture

A

multiethnic and multilingual empire (36 diff cultural groups)
“quote that have brought the countries together”

55
Q

what were the captials of achaemind?

A

capitals was Susa(admin) and persepolis(ceremonial)

56
Q

what was the religon of achaemenid?

A

zoroastrian religon( believed in one god)
ahuramazda(god of light) ahriman(darkness)

57
Q

what were the langs spoken for admin in achaemenid?

A

court/admin langs : old perisan (used at palaces, static and very offical not like how we speak today bc it was professional writing) combination of syllabic and alphabetic modified cuneiform script), elamite, babylonian, aramaic

58
Q

achaemenid coins:

A

conquest of lydia brought coinage to the empire of croesids

59
Q

what was persian coinage called?

A

darics

60
Q

what was the iconographic significance of persian coinage?

A

that they have the ability to fight anf battle and win

showing the stability of the persian empire

an image of someone crotching with a bow

61
Q

what is persepolis?

A

persian city

began by darius I and finished by his son xexies

destroyed by alexander the great in 330 bce

lower town not yet destroyed

citadel and place was excavated

there was a main hall
gate of all countries

62
Q

what is the apadana?

A

large meeting hall showing the diff nations image upthe stairs

63
Q

the iconography at perspolis:

A

mostly static side profiles
egyptian influence
low relief (not deep carvings)
has darius and xexies
and subjects birnging stuff
calm obedience to the king

64
Q

adpadana deposits

A

there was a stone box with trilignal inscriptions
had coins from lydia and other cities in anatolia and cyprus with it

the incription explained who darius was, prays to protect, coins for places he conqured

65
Q

The Southern Palace of Nebuchadrezzar (neo babylonians)

A

-on baked brick
-assyrian type(public and private rooms, rectilinear courtyards.
-throne room 3 doorways
-the palace imagined as the site of both Belshazzar’s feast

66
Q

how did the throne room look at this palace?

A

decorated with panels of glazed bricks, with geometric
patterns, trees, and animals.

rooms were elegantly furnished with fine woods
and trimmed with bronze or gold.

67
Q

what was different from the assyrians and the neobabyloians?

A

the neo-babylonians did not lline rooms with stone orthostats or protect entrances with colossal guardian lamassu

68
Q

extreme north-east of the palace

A

fourteen small
vaulted storerooms
thick wall
containing a distinctive well of three adjacent shafts, seemingly designed for the hauling of water with buckets on a chain

69
Q

who conqured babylon?

A

cyrus the great

70
Q

irans capital at the time

A

Ecbatana, modern Hamadan

71
Q

who did the persian empire fall to?

A

alexander

72
Q

Pasargadae?

A

was the newly created capital of Cyrus the Great

73
Q

Darius I marked which city as capital?

A

would designate the ancient Elamite city of Susa in the Mesopotamian
lowlands as his administrative capital

74
Q

Persepolis

A

began in the reign of darius I
complete 100 year later
burned by alexander

75
Q

who did major excavations of persepolis?

A

ernst herzfeld and erich schmidt

76
Q

what was persepolis purpose?

A

as government and ceremonial centre

77
Q

palace at persepolis

A

sat on large platform
mudbrick wall enclosed
entrance through staircase called all counties (xerxes)

it was made up of clusters of seperate buildings loosely connected

77
Q

the apadana

A

great audience hall
daarius I
Elaborate stone capitals of lions, bulls, or human headed
bulls were used.

78
Q

east of the apadana is the _____?

A

Throne room ( hall of 100 columns)

79
Q

throne room decor:

A

The complex was extensively decorated with relief sculptures that show men from different
parts of the far-flung empire

The king himself appears in a relief from the Treasury

80
Q

persian art vs mesopotamian art

A

contrast with earlier Mesopotamian art, no god is
present to affirm divine support

81
Q

royal tombs

A

citadel include private areas or palaces, and a treasury, but cult rooms
are lacking

82
Q

Persians were Zoroastrians and worshiped?:

A

worshipping the god Ahuramazda

They held ceremonies at open-air fire altars

The tombs were robbed in antiquity,
but the decorated façades have survived.

83
Q

The façades are:

A

carved in the shape of a cross, with the
entrance to the tomb chamber in the center. The doorway is flanked by two pairs of columns
with bull capitals;

84
Q

Cyrus the Great was burried in a______?

A

free-standing building at Pasargadae, a simple
single-roomed structure

The tomb was spared the ravages of the Macedonian army on the express orders of Alexander the Great, a man well versed in the
history and full of respect for Cyrus. Miraculously it has survived to the present day.

85
Q

when did the city state become a characteristic of unit of government?

A

the eight century

86
Q

City states were a part of which culture?

A

greeks

87
Q

What are the two key migration events?

A

the Dorian Invasion(fall of troy)

greeks from mainland greece to anatolia

88
Q

why did greeks favour peninsulas?

A

they
could be easily defended

89
Q

why was mud brick put on stones?

A

placed on stone foundations to prevent moisture from causing the
walls to crumble at their base

90
Q

Corinth

A

“Protocorinthian”
Orientalizing style was adopted by Athens

91
Q

Macmillan aryballos?

A

corinth pot that looks like lion

92
Q

propylon

A

a formal gateway

Ancient Cities (12 decks)

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