Week 7 Flashcards

Question

what are the advantages of case-control study?

Answer 1

less expensive easier to do and takes less time useful when obtaining follow-up data that is difficult to obtain due to the nature of the population being studied more effecient if the disease is rare the design may be the only ethical way to evaluate something

Answer 2

potential recall bias subject to selection bias generally do not allow investigators to calculate an incidence or absolute risk

Answer 3

research participants over a period of time

Answer 4

can more clearly ahow the time of exposure and development of the outcome because the subjects are without the disease at baseline allows for evaluation of more than one outcome as it relates to an exposure

Answer 5

can be expensive and time consuming as of needing to follow a large number of people loss of follow up can begin to introduce bias may not be good for rare diseases

Answer 6

a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups treatment vs placebo

Answer 7

considered the gold standard this design allows for washout of most population bias reduced influence by cofounders reduced variability in the outcome easier to blind patients than obsorvational studies

Answer 8

generally more time consuming tend to be more expensive

Answer 9

a literature review that is designed to locate, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence relating to a specific research question to provide informative and evidence-based answers. this can then be combined with proffesional judgment to make decisions about how to deliver interventions or to make changes to policy

Answer 10

the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of independant studies. by combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates of the effects of health care than thoses derived from the individual studies included within a review.

Answer 11

objective evaluation of research findings

Answer 12

not all topics have sufficient research evidence to allow a meta-analysis to be conducted

Answer 13

Are on topic of relevance to population (usually determined by NHS England or the Department of Health and Social Care). * Thorough and transparent development process to ensure fairness. * Representative stakeholders involved in the process. * Guidelines are developed using thorough literature reviews of many RCTs and other forms of evidence. * Directly applicable to patients. * Often take into account a huge number of potential treatments and drug classes, e.g. type 2 diabetes guidelines. * Complex issues simplified. * Regularly reviewed. * Take into account cost considerations.

Answer 14

resources conflict of interest

Answer 15

an endpoint is an event or outcome that can be objectively measured in a study

Answer 16

the main results that are measured at the end of a study to see if a given intervention was effective

Answer 17

these are additional events of interest but which the study may not be specifically poweredd to assess

Answer 18

an ideal endpoint should be a valid and applicable measure of how a patient feels, functions and survives

Answer 19

do not directly measure how a person feels, functions or survives but should be so closely associated with a clinically meaningful endpoint that they are taken to be a reliable substitute for them