1. Establish a standard interval of time 2. Deliver reinforcement at the end of the interval if the problem did not occur during the interval 3. Upon any occurrence of the problem behavior, immediately reset the timer to begin a new interval Gradually thin the DRO interval and treatment session length as the problem behavior improves

Week 7 Flashcards by Emily Tucker

Differential Reinforcement

Reinforcing one response class
Withholding reinforcement for another response lass

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Reinforcing one response class
Withholding reinforcement for another response lass

Differential Reinforcement

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Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

Reinforces occurrence of a desirable alternative to the problem behavior
Withholds reinforcement for the problem behavior

DRA has dual effects

Strengthening the alternative behavior
Weakening the problem behavior

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Reinforces occurrence of a desirable alternative to the problem behavior
Withholds reinforcement for the problem behavior

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

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DRI (incompatible)

DRA procedure where the reinforcing behavior cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior.

Effectiveness of DRA does not depend upon an incompatible alternative behavior

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DRA procedure where the reinforcing behavior cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior.

Effectiveness of DRA does not depend upon an incompatible alternative behavior

DRI (incompatible)

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DRA with Escape

Providing negative reinforcement of the alternative behavior in the form of escape from the task

e.g. giving a therapist a cards with “Break” printed on it, or saying “no” instead of screaming

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Providing negative reinforcement of the alternative behavior in the form of escape from the task

DRA with Escape

e.g. giving a therapist a cards with “Break” printed on it, or saying “no” instead of screaming

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Guidelines for Using DRA

Select alternative behavior
Ideally it would
- Already exist in the learner’s current repertoire
Require less effort than the problem behavior
- Occurs frequently rough to provide sufficient opportunities for reinforcement
- Likely to receive reinforcement in the learner’s natural environment
Select potent reinforcers and deliver them consistently
Reinforce alternative behavior immediately and consistently
Withhold reinforcement for the problem behavior
Watch for treatment relapse
Combine DRA with other procedures

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Previous behavior may occur more frequently when…

The reinforcement schedule for the alternative behavior is thinned

Treatment shifts from a clinical to a natural setting

When new therapists and/or caregivers begin working with the client

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Resurgence

Reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decrease

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Reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decrease

Resurgence

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Factors that may influence resurgence…

Magnitude of reinforcement

Thinning the schedules of reinforcement

Response effort

Lapses in treatment integrity

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Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Reinforcement for not responding

2 types:

Interval DRO
Momentary DRO

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Reinforcement for not responding

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

2 types:

Interval DRO
Momentary DRO

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Interval DRO

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring throughout intervals of time

FI-DRO
VI-DRO

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Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring throughout intervals of time

Interval DRO

FI-DRO
VI-DRO

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FI-DRO

Establish a standard interval of time
Deliver reinforcement at the end of the interval if the problem did not occur during the interval
Upon any occurrence of the problem behavior, immediately reset the timer to begin a new interval

Gradually thin the DRO interval and treatment session length as the problem behavior improves

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VI-DRO

Establish a random sequence of varied intervals of time
Deliver reinforcement at the end of each interval if the problem behavior did not occur at anytime during the interval

Momentary DRO

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring at specific moments of time

FM-DRO
VM-DRO

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring at specific moments of time

Momentary DRO

FM-DRO
VM-DRO

Fixed-momentary DRO (FM-DRO)

Establish a standard interval of time
Observe the participant at the moment each intervals end
Deliver reinforcement at the end of each interval if the problem behavior is not occurring at that moment.

Variable-momentary DRO (VM-DRO)

Establish a random sequence of varied intervals of time

2. Deliver reinforcement at the end of each interval, if the problem behavior is not occurring at that precise moment

Advantages of VM-DRO

Practitioner need not monitor the behavior at all times

Participant may obtain higher overall rates of reinforcement

Guidelines for Using DRO

1. Select initial DRO intervals that ensure frequent reinforcement 2. Do not inadvertently reinforce other undesirable behaviors 3. Gradually increase the DRO interval 4. Extend the application of DRO to other settings and times of day 5. Combine DRO with other procedures 6. Recognize the limitations of DRO

limitations of DRO

Reinforcement is contingent only on the absence of problem behavior - Another inappropriate behavior might have occur during that time and may be inadvertently strengthened - In such cases… > The length of the DRO interval should be shortened, and/or > The definition of the problem behavior should be expanded to include the other undesirable behaviors Momentary DRO - The inappropriate behavior might have occurred during the interval and may be inadvertently strengthened - In such cases > Use interval DRO and reduce the length of the DRO interval

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)

It delivers reinforcement Following each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum amount of time, or Contingent on the number of response within a period not exceeding a predetermined criterion

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)

Use DRL to decrease the rate of a behavior that occurs too frequently, but not to _______the behavior entirely

eliminate

3 DRL Procedures

1. Full-Session DRL 2. Interval DRL 3. Spaced-Responding DRL

1. Full-Session DRL

Reinforcement is delivered when… - Responding during an entire session is equal to or below a predetermined criteria Reinforcement is withheld when… - The number of responses exceeds the specified limit during the session

1. Full-Session DRL

2. Interval DRL

Divide the total session into series of equal intervals of time Provide reinforcement at the end of each interval in which the number of occurrences of behavior was equal to or below a criterion limit. If the learner exceeds the criterion, the practitioner… 1. Removes the opportunity for reinforcement 2. Begins the new interval

2. Interval DRL

3. Spaced-Responding DRL

Practitioner delivers a reinforcer following an occurrence of a response that is separated from the previous response by at least a specified amount of time Interresponse time (IRT) - the duration of time between two responses - The longer the IRT, the lower the overall rate of responding - Shorter IRTs correlate with higher response rates When reinforcement is contingent on longer IRTs, response rate will decrease

3. Spaced-Responding DRL

When to use Spaced-Responding DRL

Reduce the occurrences of a behavior while maintaining those behaviors at lower rates

When to use Full-Session DRL or Interval DRL

When it is acceptable that the rate of the problem behavior reaches zero or as an initial step toward the goal of eliminating the behavior

When to use Spaced-Responding and Interval DRL

May be appropriate and often necessary for learners with severe problem behaviors

Recognize the Limitations of DRL

Don’t use for reducing behavior quickly - e.g. SIBs, potentially dangerous behaviors Using DRL means that practitioner must focus on the inappropriate behavior May unintentionally give too much attention to the inappropriate behavior, inadvertently reinforcing it May be difficult to apply the interval DRL procedure in group settings

Thinning Full-session DRL

Set a new DRL criterion using the participants’s current DRL performances Set new DRL criterion at slightly less than the mean of the number of responses emitted

Thinning Interval DRL

Gradually decrease the number of responses per interval Gradually increase the duration of the criterion interval

Thinning Spaced-responding DRL

Adjust the IRT criterion based on the mean IRT of recent sessions, or slightly less than that average

Decision rules for thinning the DRL Schedule

1. Change the DRL criterion whenever the learner meets or exceeds the criterion for three consecutive sessions 2. Change the DRL criterion whenever the learner receives reinforcement for at least 90% of the opportunities for three consecutive sessions

Different DR Schedules (6 of em)

``` DRO DRH DRL DRA DRI DRC ```