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ABA622 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Differential Reinforcement

A 
Reinforcing one response class
Withholding reinforcement for another response lass
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2
Q 
Reinforcing one response class
Withholding reinforcement for another response lass
A

Differential Reinforcement

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3
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

A

Reinforces occurrence of a desirable alternative to the problem behavior
Withholds reinforcement for the problem behavior

DRA has dual effects

  1. Strengthening the alternative behavior
  2. Weakening the problem behavior
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4
Q

Reinforces occurrence of a desirable alternative to the problem behavior
Withholds reinforcement for the problem behavior

A

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

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5
Q

DRI (incompatible)

A

DRA procedure where the reinforcing behavior cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior.

Effectiveness of DRA does not depend upon an incompatible alternative behavior

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6
Q

DRA procedure where the reinforcing behavior cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior.

Effectiveness of DRA does not depend upon an incompatible alternative behavior

A

DRI (incompatible)

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7
Q

DRA with Escape

A

Providing negative reinforcement of the alternative behavior in the form of escape from the task

e.g. giving a therapist a cards with “Break” printed on it, or saying “no” instead of screaming

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8
Q

Providing negative reinforcement of the alternative behavior in the form of escape from the task

A

DRA with Escape

e.g. giving a therapist a cards with “Break” printed on it, or saying “no” instead of screaming

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9
Q

Guidelines for Using DRA

A
  1. Select alternative behavior
    Ideally it would
    - Already exist in the learner’s current repertoire
    Require less effort than the problem behavior
    - Occurs frequently rough to provide sufficient opportunities for reinforcement
    - Likely to receive reinforcement in the learner’s natural environment
  2. Select potent reinforcers and deliver them consistently
  3. Reinforce alternative behavior immediately and consistently
  4. Withhold reinforcement for the problem behavior
  5. Watch for treatment relapse
  6. Combine DRA with other procedures
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10
Q

Previous behavior may occur more frequently when…

A

The reinforcement schedule for the alternative behavior is thinned

Treatment shifts from a clinical to a natural setting

When new therapists and/or caregivers begin working with the client

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11
Q

Resurgence

A

Reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decrease

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12
Q

Reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decrease

A

Resurgence

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13
Q

Factors that may influence resurgence…

A

Magnitude of reinforcement

Thinning the schedules of reinforcement

Response effort

Lapses in treatment integrity

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14
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

A

Reinforcement for not responding

2 types:

  • Interval DRO
  • Momentary DRO
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15
Q

Reinforcement for not responding

A

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

2 types:

  • Interval DRO
  • Momentary DRO
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16
Q

Interval DRO

A

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring throughout intervals of time

FI-DRO
VI-DRO

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17
Q

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring throughout intervals of time

A

Interval DRO

FI-DRO
VI-DRO

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18
Q

FI-DRO

A
  1. Establish a standard interval of time
  2. Deliver reinforcement at the end of the interval if the problem did not occur during the interval
  3. Upon any occurrence of the problem behavior, immediately reset the timer to begin a new interval

Gradually thin the DRO interval and treatment session length as the problem behavior improves

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19
Q

VI-DRO

A
  1. Establish a random sequence of varied intervals of time
  2. Deliver reinforcement at the end of each interval if the problem behavior did not occur at anytime during the interval
20
Q

Momentary DRO

A

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring at specific moments of time

FM-DRO
VM-DRO

21
Q

Delivers reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior not occurring at specific moments of time

A

Momentary DRO

FM-DRO
VM-DRO

22
Q

Fixed-momentary DRO (FM-DRO)

A
  1. Establish a standard interval of time
  2. Observe the participant at the moment each intervals end
  3. Deliver reinforcement at the end of each interval if the problem behavior is not occurring at that moment.
23
Q

Variable-momentary DRO (VM-DRO)

A
  1. Establish a random sequence of varied intervals of time

2. Deliver reinforcement at the end of each interval, if the problem behavior is not occurring at that precise moment

24
Q

Advantages of VM-DRO

A

Practitioner need not monitor the behavior at all times

Participant may obtain higher overall rates of reinforcement

25
Q

Guidelines for Using DRO

A
  1. Select initial DRO intervals that ensure frequent reinforcement
  2. Do not inadvertently reinforce other undesirable behaviors
  3. Gradually increase the DRO interval
  4. Extend the application of DRO to other settings and times of day
  5. Combine DRO with other procedures
  6. Recognize the limitations of DRO
26
Q

limitations of DRO

A

Reinforcement is contingent only on the absence of problem behavior

  • Another inappropriate behavior might have occur during that time and may be inadvertently strengthened
  • In such cases…
    > The length of the DRO interval should be shortened, and/or
    > The definition of the problem behavior should be expanded to include the other undesirable behaviors

Momentary DRO

  • The inappropriate behavior might have occurred during the interval and may be inadvertently strengthened
  • In such cases
    > Use interval DRO and reduce the length of the DRO interval
27
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)

A

It delivers reinforcement

Following each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum amount of time, or

Contingent on the number of response within a period not exceeding a predetermined criterion

28
Q

It delivers reinforcement

Following each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum amount of time, or

Contingent on the number of response within a period not exceeding a predetermined criterion

A

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)

29
Q

Use DRL to decrease the rate of a behavior that occurs too frequently, but not to _______the behavior entirely

A

eliminate

30
Q

3 DRL Procedures

A
  1. Full-Session DRL
  2. Interval DRL
  3. Spaced-Responding DRL
31
Q
  1. Full-Session DRL
A

Reinforcement is delivered when…
- Responding during an entire session is equal to or below a predetermined criteria

Reinforcement is withheld when…
- The number of responses exceeds the specified limit during the session

32
Q

Reinforcement is delivered when…
- Responding during an entire session is equal to or below a predetermined criteria

Reinforcement is withheld when…
- The number of responses exceeds the specified limit during the session

A
  1. Full-Session DRL
33
Q
  1. Interval DRL
A

Divide the total session into series of equal intervals of time

Provide reinforcement at the end of each interval in which the number of occurrences of behavior was equal to or below a criterion limit.
If the learner exceeds the criterion, the practitioner…

  1. Removes the opportunity for reinforcement
  2. Begins the new interval
34
Q

Divide the total session into series of equal intervals of time

Provide reinforcement at the end of each interval in which the number of occurrences of behavior was equal to or below a criterion limit.
If the learner exceeds the criterion, the practitioner…

  1. Removes the opportunity for reinforcement
  2. Begins the new interval
A
  1. Interval DRL
35
Q
  1. Spaced-Responding DRL
A

Practitioner delivers a reinforcer following an occurrence of a response that is separated from the previous response by at least a specified amount of time

Interresponse time (IRT) - the duration of time between two responses

  • The longer the IRT, the lower the overall rate of responding
  • Shorter IRTs correlate with higher response rates

When reinforcement is contingent on longer IRTs, response rate will decrease

36
Q

Practitioner delivers a reinforcer following an occurrence of a response that is separated from the previous response by at least a specified amount of time

Interresponse time (IRT) - the duration of time between two responses

  • The longer the IRT, the lower the overall rate of responding
  • Shorter IRTs correlate with higher response rates

When reinforcement is contingent on longer IRTs, response rate will decrease

A
  1. Spaced-Responding DRL
37
Q

When to use Spaced-Responding DRL

A

Reduce the occurrences of a behavior while maintaining those behaviors at lower rates

38
Q

When to use Full-Session DRL or Interval DRL

A

When it is acceptable that the rate of the problem behavior reaches zero or as an initial step toward the goal of eliminating the behavior

39
Q

When to use Spaced-Responding and Interval DRL

A

May be appropriate and often necessary for learners with severe problem behaviors

40
Q

Recognize the Limitations of DRL

A

Don’t use for reducing behavior quickly
- e.g. SIBs, potentially dangerous behaviors

Using DRL means that practitioner must focus on the inappropriate behavior

May unintentionally give too much attention to the inappropriate behavior, inadvertently reinforcing it

May be difficult to apply the interval DRL procedure in group settings

41
Q

Thinning Full-session DRL

A

Set a new DRL criterion using the participants’s current DRL performances

Set new DRL criterion at slightly less than the mean of the number of responses emitted

42
Q

Thinning Interval DRL

A

Gradually decrease the number of responses per interval

Gradually increase the duration of the criterion interval

43
Q

Thinning Spaced-responding DRL

A

Adjust the IRT criterion based on the mean IRT of recent sessions, or slightly less than that average

44
Q

Decision rules for thinning the DRL Schedule

A
  1. Change the DRL criterion whenever the learner meets or exceeds the criterion for three consecutive sessions
  2. Change the DRL criterion whenever the learner receives reinforcement for at least 90% of the opportunities for three consecutive sessions
45
Q

Different DR Schedules (6 of em)

A 
DRO
DRH
DRL
DRA
DRI
DRC

ABA622 (9 decks)

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