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ABA622 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Recovery from Punishment

A

It’s suppressive effects on behavior are usually not permanent

Recovery of responding to prepunished levels is more likely to occur when

  • The punishment was mild
  • The person can discriminate that the punishment contingency is no longer active
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2
Q

Factors the influence effectiveness of punishment

A

Immediacy
Intensity
Schedule and consistency

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3
Q

Problems with Punishment

A

Emotional and aggressive reactions
- May evoke these behaviors

Escape and avoidance
- As the intensity of a punisher increases so does the likelihood of escape and avoidance

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4
Q

Like emotions and aggressive reaction, escape and avoidance can be minimized or prevented by

A

Providing alternative responses to the problem behavior that both avoid the delivery of punishment and provide reinforcement

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5
Q

Behavioral Contrast

A

Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

e.g. push down on behavior at dad’s house, increase of behavior at mom’s house

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6
Q

Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

A

Behavioral Contrast

e.g. push down on behavior at dad’s house, increase of behavior at mom’s house

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7
Q

Behavioral Contrast Can be minimized by

A
  • Consistently punishing occurrences of the target behavioring all relevant settings and stimulus conditions
  • Withholding or at least minimizing the person’s access to reinforcement for the target behavior
  • Providing alternative desirable behaviors
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8
Q

Positive Punishment Interventions

A 
Reprimands
Response Blocking
Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD) (motor and vocal interrupting)
Contingent Exercise
Overcorrection
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9
Q

Time-Out

A
  • Immediate response-contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcers
  • Immediate loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time
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10
Q
  • Immediate response-contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcers
  • Immediate loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time
A

Time-Out

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11
Q

time-out three important factors:

A
  1. Discrepancy between the “time-in” and the time-out environment must be discriminative
  2. Response-contingent loss of access to reinforcement must occur immediately
  3. A resultant decrease in the future frequency of the time-out-producing behavior must occur
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12
Q

Procedurally

A

Entails removing the person from a reinforcing environment, or prohibiting access to reinforcers within their current environment for a specified period of time contingent upon the occurrence of problem behavior

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13
Q

Entails removing the person from a reinforcing environment, or prohibiting access to reinforcers within their current environment for a specified period of time contingent upon the occurrence of problem behavior

A

Procedurally

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14
Q

Conceptually

A

The client must discriminate between the time-out and time-in environment

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15
Q

The client must discriminate between the time-out and time-in environment

A

Conceptually

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16
Q

Functionally

A

Time-out involves reduces rupture occurrences of similar behaviors.

17
Q

Time-out involves reduces rupture occurrences of similar behaviors.

A

Functionally

18
Q

Nonexclusion

A

Remain in the same environment they were in, opportunities to earn reinforcement has been removed

19
Q

Remain in the same environment they were in, opportunities to earn reinforcement has been removed

A

Nonexclusion

20
Q

Planned Ignoring, nonexclusion

A

Opportunity to earn social reinforcers is removed

  • Looking away
  • Remaining quiet
  • Refraining from any interaction for a specific time
21
Q

Opportunity to earn social reinforcers is removed

  • Looking away
  • Remaining quiet
  • Refraining from any interaction for a specific time
A

Planned Ignoring, nonexclusion

22
Q

Contingent Observation, nonexclusion

A
  • The person is repositioned within an existing setting such that they can observe activities, but don’t have access
  • When the observation period ends, the student rejoins the group and can earn reinforcers
23
Q
  • The person is repositioned within an existing setting such that they can observe activities, but don’t have access
  • When the observation period ends, the student rejoins the group and can earn reinforcers
A

Contingent Observation, nonexclusion

24
Q

Partition, nonexclusion

A
  • Still in same setting, cant see
  • disadvantages
  • Cant see the individual
25
Q
  • Still in same setting, cant see
  • disadvantages
  • Cant see the individual
A

Partition, nonexclusion

26
Q

Exclusion Time-out

A

Physical separation from the environment where reinforcement is available

27
Q

Physical separation from the environment where reinforcement is available

A

Exclusion Time-out

28
Q

Three guiding principles of time-out

A
  1. The welfare of the individual served is the highest priority
  2. Individuals (and parents/guardians) have a right to choose
  3. The principle of least restrictiveness should be followed
29
Q

Terminate the Time-out Program

A
  • The plan to eliminate should begin shortly after produce is initiated
  • Once time-out has been introduced, and data show reduced levels of the target behavior:
  • Switch to positive behavior reductive approaches or
  • Reduce implementation over time
  • Continuing time-out–or any punishment approach–beyond the point of its demonstrated effectiveness risks ethical violations and is counterproductive
30
Q

Response Cost

A

The response-contingent loss of a specific number of positive reinforcers that has the effect of decreasing the future occurrences of similar responses

31
Q

The response-contingent loss of a specific number of positive reinforcers that has the effect of decreasing the future occurrences of similar responses

A

Response Cost

32
Q

Desirable Aspects of Response Cost

A

Effectiveness

Least Restrictive alternative

Convenience

Can be combined with other approaches

33
Q

Two Methods of Response Cost

A

Existing cache response cost

Bonus response cost

34
Q

Existing cache response cost

A
  • Levy a fine against an individual’s existing cache of previously earned reinforcers
  • Individual loses a specific number of positive reinforcers from a supply of currently available reinforcers
35
Q
  • Levy a fine against an individual’s existing cache of previously earned reinforcers
  • Individual loses a specific number of positive reinforcers from a supply of currently available reinforcers
A

Existing cache response cost

36
Q

Bonus response cost

A
  • Levy a fine against an individual’s surplus of extra, non contingently provided reinforcers
  • Operates when practitioners make additional reinforcers available noncontingently to the participant, specifically for removal when a target behavior occurs
37
Q
  • Levy a fine against an individual’s surplus of extra, non contingently provided reinforcers
  • Operates when practitioners make additional reinforcers available noncontingently to the participant, specifically for removal when a target behavior occurs
A

Bonus response cost

38
Q

Two suggestions to reduce the likelihood of hanging no reinforcers available:

A
  1. The ratio of points earned to points lost can be managed
  2. If all reinforcers are lost and another inappropriate behavior occurs consider implementing time-out from positive reinforcement as a supplemental procedure
39
Q

Two situations may require the implementation of a contingency plan:

A
  1. Repeated imposition of response costs serves to reinforce, and not punish, the undesirable behavior
    Stop response cost and switch to other reductive procedure
  2. Person refuses to hand over positive reinforcers
    Clarify the consequences of this beforehand

ABA622 (9 decks)

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