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NURS 416 > Week 6b: > Flashcards

Week 6b: Flashcards

1
Q

the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

A

pericardial effusion

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2
Q

slow or rapid compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid, pus or blood in the pericardial sac

A

cardiac tamponade

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3
Q

an acute inflammatory process of the pericardium that can be acute, chronic or constrictive

A

pericarditis

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4
Q

the result of calcified scar tissue that develops between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium. Cardiac output and cardiac reserves become fixed

A

constrictive pericarditis

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5
Q

what is friction rub associated with?

A

pericarditis

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6
Q

what is beck’s triad and what is it associated with?

A
  1. Elevated JVP
  2. Hypotension
  3. Decreased heart sounds (with narrowing pulse pressure)
    associated with cardiac tamponade
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7
Q

chronic stable angina

A

associated with a fixed coronary obstruction that produces a disparity between coronary blood flow and metabolic demands of the heart

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8
Q

stable angina

A

the initial manifestation of ischemic heart disease in approximately half of people with CAD. Mostly starts with exertion or stress. relieved by rest.

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9
Q

unstable angina (acute coronary syndrome)

A

unexpected chest pain that can occur while resting or is not relived by rest

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10
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of pain with unstable angina?

A
  1. occurs at rest and lasts more than 20 minutes
  2. severe pain described as frank pain with new onset
  3. pain is more severe, prolonged and or frequent than previously experienced
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11
Q

what are the 3 causes of unstable angina?

A
  1. atherosclerotic plaque disruption
  2. platelet aggregation
  3. secondary hemostasis
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12
Q

what 3 types of drugs are used to prevent MIs?

A
  1. aspirin
  2. Ticlopidine and clopidogrel (ADP inhibitors)
  3. platelet receptor antagonists (abciximab)
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13
Q

what is the preferred anti platelet agent for preventing platelet aggregation in persons with CAD?

A

aspirin

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14
Q

what preventive medications may be used when aspirin is contraindicated?

A

Ticlopidine and clopidogrel

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15
Q

what are some of the manifestations of a ST-segment elevation MI?

A
  • abrupt onset
  • severe crushing pain, usually substernal. radiating to the left arm, neck or jaw
  • GI complaints
  • fatigue and weakness
  • tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness, feeling of impending doom,
  • pale, cool and moist skin
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16
Q

what populations present with atypical MI symptoms?

A

elderly, women, heart failure, diabetes

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17
Q

transmural infarcts

A
  • involve the full thickness of the ventricular wall

- occurs when there is an obstruction of a single artery

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18
Q

Subendocardial infarcts

A
  • involve the inner one third to one half of the ventricular wall
  • occur more frequently in the presence of severely narrowed but still patent arterial ductus
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19
Q

What is the treatment for MI?

A

M: Morphine
O: Oxygen
N: Nitrates
A: Aspirin/Antiplatelets

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20
Q

Persons with evidence of infarction (i.e., cardiac biomarker) should receive immediate reperfusion therapy with a fibrinolytic agent within?

A

30 minutes

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21
Q

Persons with evidence of infarction (i.e., cardiac biomarker) should receive immediate percutaneous coronary intervention within?

A

90 minutes

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22
Q

How is pain with MIs managed?

A

combination of nitrates, analgesics (morphine), oxygen, and beta blockers

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23
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle and conduction system without evidence of myocardial infarction

24
Q

primary cardiomyopathies

A

heart muscle diseases of unknown origin

25
Q

secondary cardiomyopathies

A

conditions in which the cardiac abnormality results from another cardiovascular disease such as MI

26
Q

a heterogenous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilation and that are due to a variety of causes that are frequently genetic

A

cardiomyopathies

27
Q

which type of cardiomyopathy involves disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum and intermittent left ventricular flow obstruction?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

28
Q

what medications are used for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

beta adrenergic blockers to prevent outflow obstruction

29
Q

what are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies?

A

dyspnea, chest pain during exertion, exercise intolerance, syncope and palpitations. Can also be asymptomatic

30
Q

colonization of heart valves and the mural endocardium by a microbial agent

A

infective endocarditis

31
Q

what type of infections cause infective endocarditis?

A

staphylococcal and streptococcal infections

32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis?

A

fever, signs of systemic infection, anemia, a change in the character of an existing heart murmur and evidence of embolic distribution of the vegetative lesions

33
Q

a complication of the immune mediated response to group A hemolytic streptococcal throat infection

A

rheumatic fever

34
Q

acute stage of rheumatic fever

A
  • history of an initiating strep infection

- involves mesenchymal connective tissue of the heart, blood vessel, joints and subcutaneous tissues

35
Q

recurrent phase of rheumatic fever

A

extension of the cardiac effects of the disease

36
Q

chronic phase of rheumatic fever

A

permanent deformity of heart valves

37
Q

radiographic signs for PE are?

A

not a specific or a sensitive test for PE

38
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing of the valve opening so it does not open properly

39
Q

incompetent or regurgitant valve

A

distortion of the valve so it does not close properly. permits backward flow to occur when the valve should be closed.

40
Q

what occurs as mitral valve stenosis progresses?

A

symptoms of decreased cardiac output which occur during extreme exertion

41
Q

what happens in the late stages of mitral valve stenosis

A

pulmonary hypertension

42
Q

mitral valve stenosis may eventually lead to?

A

right sided heart failure

43
Q

mitral valve regurgitation can occur…?

A

After MI, valve perforation in IE, or ruptured chord tendinae in mitral valve prolapse

44
Q

mitral valve regurgitation leads to?

A

a rapid rise in left atrial pressure and pulmonary edema

45
Q

what happens to the left ventricular wall in aortic valve stenosis?

A

the left ventricular wall becomes thicker (hypertrophy) but a normal chamber volume is maintained

46
Q

incompetent aortic valve that allows blood to flow back to the left ventricle during diastole

A

aortic valve regurgitation

47
Q

what can result due to aortic valve regurgitation?

A

pulmonary edema

48
Q

congenital defects that increase resistance to aortic outflow increase?

A

left to right shunting

49
Q

congenital defects that obstruct pulmonary outflow increase?

A

right to left shunting

50
Q

an opening in the atrial septum permitting free communication of blood in the atria.

A

atrial septal defect

51
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

persistence of the normal fetal vessel that joins the pulmonary artery to the aorta

52
Q

what happens as a result of higher aortic pressure and PDA?

A

blood shunts left to right through the ductus from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

53
Q

PDA leads to increased ______ _____ disease

A

pulmonary vascular disease

54
Q

a narrowing of the aorta at varying points anywhere from the transverse arch to iliac bifurcation

A

coarctation

55
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of the tetralogy of fallot?

A

1) ventricular septal defect
2) right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
3) overriding aorta
4) right ventricular hypertrophy

NURS 416 (17 decks)

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