Week 6 - The Greek Iron Age

Question 1

The Iron Age

Answer 1

• ca. 1100-800 BCE
• aka the Dark Ages / Geometric Period cuz pottery
• beginning: pipulation down 75%, occupied sites down 50%
• collapse of foreign trade leads to collapse of bronze productions
• time ot development of most of the distinct elements of later Greek society

Question 2

Greek Iron Age

what defined it

Answer 2

rebuilding of something new

Question 3

1st Period: Protogeometric Pottery (ca. 1000-900)

Answer 3

• general storage vessels
• very simple
• neck and belly are empty
• light colour background

Question 4

2nd Period: Early Geometric Pottery

Answer 4

• dark background with lighter decoration
• still has small designs
• amphora

Question 5

3: Middle Geometric Pottery

Answer 5

• decoration still does not cover whole pot
• light decorations on dark backgrounds
• more of the vase is covered

Question 6

4: Late geometric Pottery

Answer 6

• dark on light background
• whole thing is covered
• stick figures, not just abstract designs
• lots of funerary scenes
• figural design

Question 7

The Dyplon Amphora

Answer 7

• 5 ft 1 inch tall
• quite well preserved
• central scene is a funerary scene
• men nude
• women have clothes on

Question 8

Geometric Period burials

Answer 8

• cremation more common for the elite
• stelai and marker vases being to appear in the Early Geometric Period
• cemeteries begin to be built outside of city limits
• extramural burials begin in the middle geometric
• grave markers get bigger and bigger as periods go on

Question 9

Lefkandi

Answer 9

• mid 10th century cemetery in a long apsidal house
• two graves dug into the bedrock
• wealthy grave goods
• covered with mound of Earth
• one of the largest structures in the Iron age
• consisted of extremly wealthy people (horses)
• buried with a knife beside her, could be because she was executed
• objects from bronze age found in. here
• evidence of hero worship

Question 10

The Greek Alphabet

Answer 10

• a phonetic script
• late 8th century
• adapted from the Phoenician alphabet
• they add additional vowels in

Question 11

The Nestor Cup (Greek writing)

Answer 11

• i am the cup of Nestor, good to drink from
• whoever drinks from me will be at once seized by desire of fair crowned Aphrodite
• lots of poems being written

Question 12

The Birth of the Polis

Answer 12

• the city state

Question 13

Main physical components of the cities

Answer 13

• marketpalce (agora)
• acropolis or city centre (each city dedicated to a God)
• graveyard

Question 14

Main political components

Answer 14

• assembly of all free citizen adult males (able to participae in the state)
• council and magistrates elected from a select group (birth, wealth, class based structure)

Question 15

Archaic Period

Answer 15

older period before Classical Period

Question 16

The Archaic Period components

Answer 16

• replacement of geometric with eastern influenced styles (more people in it)
• flourishing of the polis (oligarchies vs tyrannies)
• tyranny usually collapses then goes back to oligarchy and then repeated
• start of large-scale marble sculpture
• the beginning of coinage

Question 17

The Main Components of a Temple in Greece

Answer 17

• single entrance
• peristyle columns (run all around)
• front porch in front of main hall
• adyton(back room)
• rear porch (opisthodomos)
• front porch is called (pronaos)
• people perform rituals here

Question 18

The Doric Order

Answer 18

• main patterns (orders) they followed
• platform with wide columns and they are fluted
• capital: top of column (sqaure shaped)
• frieze (metope and triglyph) the design right above the columns, individuals scenes shown all the way around

Question 19

The Ionic Order

Answer 19

• capitals and bases
• thinner flutted columns
• swirly capital
• running freeze: continuous design

Question 20

Archaic Marble Sculpture

Answer 20

• learned from the Egyptians
• men nude, women fully clothed
• grave markers, votives, and cult statutes
• very formualic and rigid
• offerings to Gods

Question 21

Life-sized Statuary

Answer 21

• Archaic smile (neutral type of smile)
• almond shaped eyes
• grave markers and voitves
• male Kouroi
• female Korai

important picture to identify

Question 22

Polychromy

Answer 22

• multicoloured statues
• white marble
• brightly painted
• remenant of paint left in eye

Question 23

Numismatics

Answer 23

• the study of coins
• coin: a piece of metal with marks and issued by a government authority for use as money
• money: something generally accepted as payment for goods and services
• barter: the trade of goods and services for other goods and services
• obverse = heads; reverse = tails

Question 24

The Birth of Coinage

Answer 24

• 7th century Lydia
• electrum
• made government coinage so people knew the material it was made of

Question 25

Croesus, King of Lydia | his impact on coinage

Answer 25

- first to mint coinage of gold and silver separetly - not a mix of both anymore

Question 26

Archaic Greece Coinage | hint: Greece cities are different

Answer 26

- each city's coinage had its own symbol - not useful for trade between cities - used for large payments by the state

Question 27

Sources on Ancient Persia

Answer 27

- liteterary accounts are written by Greeks, Old Testament, Persian sources: royal inscriptions (meant to promote ideas of the King) and administrative documents - material evidence

Question 28

The Archaemenid Empire

Answer 28

Cyrus II * 546 BCE: Conquest of Lydian kingdom of Croesus Cambyses: Conquers Egypt * Bardiya imposter? (takes over throne) Darius I: r. 522-486 BCE - Centralization of government * The First Greco-Persian War (first person to try and conquer Greece) Xerxes I: r. 486-465 BCE * Major construction projects * The Second Greco-Persian War

Question 29

Archaemenid Persian Culture

Answer 29

Multiethnic and multilingual empire: * Capitals: Susa and Persepolis Zoroastrian religion * Gods worshipped are Ahuramazda (God of light) and Ahriman (darkness guy, not worshipped) Court/Administrative Languages: Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian, Aramaic

Question 30

Achaemenid Coins

Answer 30

Conquest of Lydia brings coinage to the Empire: Croesids * Persian coinage: Darics - Lydia is now part of Persia - archer with drawn bow (King keeping the empire safe)

Question 31

Persepolis

Answer 31

- begun by Darius - destroyed by Alexander the great - lower town not yet indentitfied - citadel and palace complex excavated - square structures, columns, grand city - large - enter through grand staircase, main assembly hall - people from all nations came to meet the king (the Apadana)

Question 32

Iconography at Persepolis

Answer 32

- subjects coming to pay respect - influences by Egypt - carvings are not that deep - new hairstyles and clothing - shows calm, obidience order